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Detection And Influence Of Biological Aerosols In Marine And Coastal Environments
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Book Synopsis Detection and Influence of Biological Aerosols in Marine and Coastal Environments by : Brock A. Mitts
Download or read book Detection and Influence of Biological Aerosols in Marine and Coastal Environments written by Brock A. Mitts and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols influence climate by directly scatter radiation and affecting cloud properties and lifetime. Biological aerosols (bioaerosols) act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles (INPs) and can impact human and ecosystem health. Oceans, which cover over 70% of the Earth's surface, comprise an important source of bioaerosols emitted in both primary sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles and formed as secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the influence of marine bioaerosols on clouds and climate remains an area of high uncertainty. In this dissertation, bioaerosols from marine environments were measured in laboratory-based systems and the ambient coastal environment to analyze their impact on cloud formation and on local communities. Studies on the ice nucleating ability of SSA showed supermicron-size SSA particles, rather than submicron, were the predominant source of INPs released from a marine environment. The size of these particles suggests these INPs represented bioaerosols, like marine bacteria, their fragments, or exudates. Bioaerosol emissions in SSA were measured with single-particle fluorescence spectrometry over the course of a mesocosm phytoplankton bloom and showed, for the first time, the fluorescence signature and size distribution of these particles in nascent SSA. To uncover how atmospheric oxidants impact the SSA fluorescence profile, an oxidative flow reactor was used to simulate days of atmospheric aging during a phytoplankton bloom study in an ocean-atmosphere system. This study revealed that aged SSA particles underwent chemical transformations from proteinaceous to humic-like particles, reflected in the loss of protein-like fluorescence and the production of humic-like fluorescence. Applying these online fluorescence methods to aerosols in an urban-coastal environment demonstrated the ability to distinguish and characterize marine and continental air masses. Lastly, we developed a novel system combining a sublimation-condensation flow tube with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization matrix and an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer to identify sub-100 nm SOA produced from biogenic VOCs. By improving bioaerosol detection in marine environments and better understanding their ability to seed clouds, the findings from this work enable more accurate representations and parameterizations of marine emissions for global climate models.
Book Synopsis Direct Measurements of Marine Aerosols to Examine the Influence of Biological Activity, Anthropogenic Emissions, and Secondary Processing on Particle Chemistry by : Cassandra Jayne Gaston
Download or read book Direct Measurements of Marine Aerosols to Examine the Influence of Biological Activity, Anthropogenic Emissions, and Secondary Processing on Particle Chemistry written by Cassandra Jayne Gaston and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols influence global climate directly by scattering and absorbing incoming solar radiation and indirectly by initiating cloud droplet and ice crystal formation; both particle size and chemical composition play a role in these impacts. Particle size and composition constantly evolve due to atmospheric processing. The physicochemical properties of marine aerosols, including sea spray and anthropogenic emissions, are of particular interest since oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. This dissertation aims to probe the role of oceanic biological activity, anthropogenic emissions, and subsequent atmospheric processing on marine particle chemistry by measuring the size-resolved chemistry of individual ambient marine aerosols and laboratory-generated particles using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS). The impact of biological activity on the mixing-state of sea spray particles was examined by adding biologically-derived organic material and/or phytoplankton cells to seawater then generating particles through bubble bursting. Unique particles characterized by organics, Mg2 and/or Ca2 were detected during these experiments as well as in the ambient atmosphere during periods of elevated biological activity. Additionally, elemental sulfur ions were also detected in ambient marine particles in regions of elevated biological activity at night. These particles were successfully reproduced from bubble bursting experiments suggesting that these particles are directly ejected from the ocean. In addition to sea spray aerosol, the particle chemistry of marine aerosols from anthropogenic sources was also examined during shipboard measurements made during CalNex along the California coast. Soot was dominant in Southern California while organics characterized the particle chemistry in the Sacramento area highlighting regional differences in anthropogenic emissions in California. Further, measurements made at the Port of Los Angeles and those made on the Scripps Pier showed a decline in emissions from ships combusting residual fuel compared to earlier measurements; these results are in compliance with recent regulations requiring ships to combust low sulfur fuel when approaching the California coast. Finally, during the Study of Organic Aerosols in Riverside, CA (SOAR), the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) oxidation product methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was detected in anthropogenic particle types, and was elevated in vanadium-containing emissions characteristic of residual fuel combustion suggesting that anthropogenic particles can enhance the atmospheric processing of marine biogenic emissions.
Book Synopsis A Framework for Assessing the Health Hazard Posed by Bioaerosols by : National Research Council
Download or read book A Framework for Assessing the Health Hazard Posed by Bioaerosols written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-11-30 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological warfare agent (BWA) detectors are designed to provide alerts to military personnel of the presence of dangerous biological agents. Detecting such agents promptly makes it possible to minimize contamination and personnel exposure and initiate early treatment. It is also important, though, that detectors not raise an alarm when the situation does not warrant it. The question considered in this book is whether Agent-Containing Particles per Liter of Air (ACPLA) is an appropriate unit of measure for use in the evaluation of aerosol detectors and whether a better, alternative measure can be developed. The book finds that ACPLA alone cannot determine whether a health threat exists. In order to be useful and comparable across all biological agents and detection systems, measurements must ultimately be related to health hazard. A Framework for Assessing the Health Hazard Posed by Bioaerosols outlines the possibility of a more complex, but more useful measurement framework that makes it possible to evaluate relative hazard by including agent identity and activity, particle size, and infectious dose.
Book Synopsis Improving Our Understanding of High-latitude Tropospheric Marine Aerosols Using NASA Earth-Observing Satellites and the Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE) by : Srishti Dasarathy
Download or read book Improving Our Understanding of High-latitude Tropospheric Marine Aerosols Using NASA Earth-Observing Satellites and the Biogeochemical Southern Ocean State Estimate (B-SOSE) written by Srishti Dasarathy and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropospheric marine aerosol presence in the western Antarctic is coupled to physical and biological processes. These aerosols may be biogenic, formed from the activity of primary producers, and can be associated with seasonal dynamics of sea ice melt and phytoplankton blooms. These aerosols may also influence local environments of polar regions by absorbing and scattering solar radiation and by initiating cloud formation. To study tropospheric marine aerosol in the remote marine Bellingshausen Sea environment, we used a specialized instrument onboard the NASA Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) capable of detecting the presence of aerosols at altitudes close to the sea surface. We termed this measurement marine aerosol optical depth (MAOD). To further support these observations, we also examined coarse-mode aerosol optical depth (AODC), often used as a proxy for sea spray aerosol (SSA). We used MAOD and AODC to examine trends in marine tropospheric aerosol and undertook a multi-year remote sensing analysis in the Bellingshausen Sea from 2006-2018. Across open ocean to coastal regions, daily fluctuations in nighttime and daytime winds, respectively, drove increasing MAOD and AODC. MAOD depicted strong correlations with wind speed across the open ocean and weak correlations in coastal regions, suggesting that daily fluxes in wind speed drive the production of SSA. In the open ocean, we further observed that warmer SST enhanced AODC and the associated production of SSA, supporting prior studies. We also observed seasonal increases in MAOD alongside a seasonal increase in chl-a and the melt of sea ice; these patterns suggest that biological activity of primary producers likely contributed towards magnitudes of marine tropospheric aerosol. This work is also the first to distinguish a late winter to early spring temporal MAOD signal, likely tied to an aerosol source from either venting of biogenic aerosol from breaks in sea ice or to the production of SSA resulting from pulses in wind speed. Our work extends upon previous findings of marine aerosol in polar environments and more fully characterizes interactions during polar winter.
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Aerosols by : Rekha Kale
Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Rekha Kale and published by Scitus Academics LLC. This book was released on 2015-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Aerosols is a vital problem in current environmental research due to its importance in atmospheric optics, energetics, radiative transfer studies, chemistry, climate, biology and public health. Aerosols can influence the energy balance of the terrestrial atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric dynamics and monsoon circulations. Because of the heterogeneous aerosol field with large spatial and temporal variability and reduction in uncertainties in aerosol quantification is a challenging task in atmospheric sciences. Keeping this in view the present study aims to assess the impact of aerosols on coastal Indian station Visakhapatnam and the adjoining Bay of Bengal. An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, forest exudates and geyser steam.
Book Synopsis Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms by : Babin, Marcel
Download or read book Real-time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms written by Babin, Marcel and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2008-06-05 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proliferation of harmful phytoplankton in marine ecosystems can cause massive fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, impact local and regional economies and dramatically affect ecological balance. Real-time observations are essential for effective short-term operational forecasting, but observation and modelling systems are still being developed. This volume provides guidance for developing real-time and near real-time sensing systems for observing and predicting plankton dynamics, including harmful algal blooms, in coastal waters. The underlying theory is explained and current trends in research and monitoring are discussed.Topics covered include: coastal ecosystems and dynamics of harmful algal blooms; theory and practical applications of in situ and remotely sensed optical detection of microalgal distributions and composition; theory and practical applications of in situ biological and chemical sensors for targeted species and toxin detection; integrated observing systems and platforms for detection; diagnostic and predictive modelling of ecosystems and harmful algal blooms, including data assimilation techniques; observational needs for the public and government; and future directions for research and operations.
Book Synopsis Ocean Acidification by : National Research Council
Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.
Book Synopsis Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles by : Peter S. Liss
Download or read book Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles written by Peter S. Liss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.
Book Synopsis Sea Salt Aerosol Production by : Ernie R. Lewis
Download or read book Sea Salt Aerosol Production written by Ernie R. Lewis and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 152. Sea salt aerosol (SSA) exerts a major influence over a broad reach of geophysics. It is important to the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere and to marine geochemistry and biogeochemistry generally. It affects visibility, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality. Sea salt aerosol particles interact with other atmospheric gaseous and aerosol constituents by acting as sinks for condensable gases and suppressing new particle formation, thus influencing the size distribution of these other aerosols and more broadly influencing the geochemical cycles of substances with which they interact. As the key aerosol constituent over much of Earth's surface at present, and all the more so in pre-industrial times, SSA is central to description of Earth's aerosol burden.
Book Synopsis Bioaerosols Handbook by : Christopher S. Cox
Download or read book Bioaerosols Handbook written by Christopher S. Cox and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-11-26 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook provides up-to-date knowledge and practical advice from established authorities in aerosol science. It covers the principles and practices of bioaerosol sampling, descriptions and comparisons of bioaerosol samplers, calibration methods, and assay techniques, with an emphasis on practicalities, such as which sampler to use and where it should be placed. The text also offers critiques concerning handling the samples to provide representative and meaningful assays for their viability, infectivity, and allergenicity. A wide range of microbes-viz., viruses, bacteria, fungi and pollens, and their fragments-are considered from such perspectives. Bioaerosols Handbook is divided into four parts, providing a wide-ranging reference work, as well as a practical guide on how best to sample and assay bioaerosols using current technology.
Book Synopsis Maritime Traffic Effects on Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea by : Ameer Abdulla
Download or read book Maritime Traffic Effects on Biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea written by Ameer Abdulla and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2008 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9781009157971 Total Pages :755 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (579 download)
Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Book Synopsis The Fungal Community by : John Dighton
Download or read book The Fungal Community written by John Dighton and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-05-24 with total page 982 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, Third Edition addresses many of the questions related to the observations, characterizations, and functional attributes of fungal assemblages and their interaction with the environment and other organisms. This edition promotes awareness of the functional methods of classification over taxonomic methods, and approaches the concept of fungal communities from an ecological perspective, rather than from a fungicentric view. It has expanded to examine issues of global and local biodiversity, the problems associated with exotic species, and the debate concerning diversity and function. The third edition also focuses on current ecological discussions - diversity and function, scaling issues, disturbance, and invasive species - from a fungal perspective. In order to address these concepts, the book examines the appropriate techniques to identify fungi, calculate their abundance, determine their associations among themselves and other organisms, and measure their individual and community function. This book explains attempts to scale these measures from the microscopic cell level through local, landscape, and ecosystem levels. The totality of the ideas, methods, and results presented by the contributing authors points to the future direction of mycology.
Download or read book Research Awards Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 1230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Inventory of Federal Energy-related Environment and Safety Research for ... by :
Download or read book Inventory of Federal Energy-related Environment and Safety Research for ... written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation by : Zev Levin
Download or read book Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation written by Zev Levin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-30 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life on Earth is critically dependent upon the continuous cycling of water between oceans, continents and the atmosphere. Precipitation (including rain, snow, and hail) is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere back to the Earth’s surface. It is also the key physical process that links aspects of climate, weather, and the global hydrological cycle. Changes in precipitation regimes and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, severe ice/snow storms, monsoon fluctuations and hurricanes are of great potential importance to life on the planet. One of the factors that could contribute to precipitation modification is aerosol pollution from various sources such as urban air pollution and biomass burning. Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric aerosols might have important implications for precipitation by influencing the hydrological cycle, which in turn could feed back to climate changes. From an Earth Science perspective, a key question is how changes expected in climate will translate into changes in the hydrological cycle, and what trends may be expected in the future. We require a much better understanding and hence predictive capability of the moisture and energy storages and exchanges among the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, continents and biological systems. This book is a review of our knowledge of the relationship between aerosols and precipitation reaching the Earth's surface and it includes a list of recommendations that could help to advance our knowledge in this area.
Download or read book Blue Carbon written by C. Nellemann and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 2009 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores the potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change by improved management and protection of marine ecosystems and especially the vegetated coastal habitat, or blue carbon sinks. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in assisting policy makers to mainstream an oceans agenda into national and international climate change initiatives. While emissions' reductions are currently at the centre of the climate change discussions, the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems has been vastly overlooked.
