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Despeckle Filtering Algorithms And Software For Ultrasound Imaging
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Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering Algorithms and Software for Ultrasound Imaging by : Christos Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering Algorithms and Software for Ultrasound Imaging written by Christos Loizou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2008-06-27 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well-known that speckle is a multiplicative noise that degrades image quality and the visual evaluation in ultrasound imaging. This necessitates the need for robust despeckling techniques for both routine clinical practice and teleconsultation. The goal for this book is to introduce the theoretical background (equations), the algorithmic steps, and the MATLABTM code for the following group of despeckle filters: linear filtering, nonlinear filtering, anisotropic diffusion filtering and wavelet filtering. The book proposes a comparative evaluation framework of these despeckle filters based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by medical experts, in the assessment of cardiovascular ultrasound images recorded from the carotid artery. The results of our work presented in this book, suggest that the linear local statistics filter DsFlsmv, gave the best performance, followed by the nonlinear geometric filter DsFgf4d, and the linear homogeneous mask area filter DsFlsminsc. These filters improved the class separation between the asymptomatic and the symptomatic classes (of ultrasound images recorded from the carotid artery for the assessment of stroke) based on the statistics of the extracted texture features, gave only a marginal improvement in the classification success rate, and improved the visual assessment carried out by two medical experts. A despeckle filtering analysis and evaluation framework is proposed for selecting the most appropriate filter or filters for the images under investigation. These filters can be further developed and evaluated at a larger scale and in clinical practice in the automated image and video segmentation, texture analysis, and classification not only for medical ultrasound but for other modalities as well, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Table of Contents: Introduction to Ultrasound Imaging / Despeckle Filtering Algorithms / Evaluation Methodology / Applications of Despeckle Filtering in Ultrasound Imaging / Comparison and Discussion of Despeckle Filtering Algorithms / Summary and Future Directions
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering Algorithms and Software for Ultrasound Imaging by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering Algorithms and Software for Ultrasound Imaging written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2008 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well-known that speckle is a multiplicative noise that degrades image quality and the visual evaluation in ultrasound imaging. This necessitates the need for robust despeckling techniques for both routine clinical practice and teleconsultation. The goal for this book is to introduce the theoretical background (equations), the algorithmic steps, and the MATLAB code for the following group of despeckle filters: linear filtering, nonlinear filtering, anisotropic diffusion filtering and wavelet filtering. The book proposes a comparative evaluation framework of these despeckle filters based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by medical experts, in the assessment of cardiovascular ultrasound images recorded from the carotid artery. The results of our work presented in this book, suggest that the linear local statistics filter DsFlsmv, gave the best performance, followed by the nonlinear geometric filter DsFgf4d, and the linear homogeneous mask area filter DsFlsminsc. These filters improved the class separation between the asymptomatic and the symptomatic classes (of ultrasound images recorded from the carotid artery for the assessment of stroke) based on the statistics of the extracted texture features, gave only a marginal improvement in the classification success rate, and improved the visual assessment carried out by two medical experts. A despeckle filtering analysis and evaluation framework is proposed for selecting the most appropriate filter or filters for the images under investigation. These filters can be further developed and evaluated at a larger scale and in clinical practice in the automated image and video segmentation, texture analysis, and classification not only for medical ultrasound but for other modalities as well, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images.
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume I by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume I written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that speckle is a multiplicative noise that degrades image and video quality and the visual expert's evaluation in ultrasound imaging and video. This necessitates the need for robust despeckling image and video techniques for both routine clinical practice and tele-consultation. The goal for this book (book 1 of 2 books) is to introduce the problem of speckle occurring in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background (equations), the algorithmic steps, and the MATLABTM code for the following group of despeckle filters: linear filtering, nonlinear filtering, anisotropic diffusion filtering, and wavelet filtering. This book proposes a comparative evaluation framework of these despeckle filters based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by medical experts. Despeckle noise reduction through the application of these filters will improve the visual observation quality or it may be used as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image and video segmentation, and texture characterization in ultrasound cardiovascular imaging, as well as in bandwidth reduction in ultrasound video transmission for telemedicine applications. The aforementioned topics will be covered in detail in the companion book to this one. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two books. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / List of Symbols / List of Abbreviations / Introduction to Speckle Noise in Ultrasound Imaging and Video / Basics of Evaluation Methodology / Linear Despeckle Filtering / Nonlinear Despeckle Filtering / Diffusion Despeckle Filtering / Wavelet Despeckle Filtering / Evaluation of Despeckle Filtering / Summary and Future Directions / References / Authors' Biographies
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume II by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume II written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ultrasound imaging and video visual perception is hindered by speckle multiplicative noise that degrades the quality. Noise reduction is therefore essential for improving the visual observation quality or as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image/video segmentation, texture analysis and encoding in ultrasound imaging and video. The goal of the first book (book 1 of 2 books) was to introduce the problem of speckle in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background, algorithmic steps, and the MatlabTM for the following group of despeckle filters: linear despeckle filtering, non-linear despeckle filtering, diffusion despeckle filtering, and wavelet despeckle filtering. The goal of this book (book 2 of 2 books) is to demonstrate the use of a comparative evaluation framework based on these despeckle filters (introduced on book 1) on cardiovascular ultrasound image and video processing and analysis. More specifically, the despeckle filtering evaluation framework is based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by experts. This framework is applied in cardiovascular ultrasound image/video processing on the tasks of segmentation and structural measurements, texture analysis for differentiating between two classes (i.e. normal vs disease) and for efficient encoding for mobile applications. It is shown that despeckle noise reduction improved segmentation and measurement (of tissue structure investigated), increased the texture feature distance between normal and abnormal tissue, improved image/video quality evaluation and perception and produced significantly lower bitrates in video encoding. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two monographs.
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that speckle is a multiplicative noise that degrades image and video quality and the visual expert's evaluation in ultrasound imaging and video. This necessitates the need for robust despeckling image and video techniques for both routine
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume II by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume II written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-12 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ultrasound imaging and video visual perception is hindered by speckle multiplicative noise that degrades the quality. Noise reduction is therefore essential for improving the visual observation quality or as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image/video segmentation, texture analysis and encoding in ultrasound imaging and video. The goal of the first book (book 1 of 2 books) was to introduce the problem of speckle in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background, algorithmic steps, and the MatlabTM for the following group of despeckle filters: linear despeckle filtering, non-linear despeckle filtering, diffusion despeckle filtering, and wavelet despeckle filtering. The goal of this book (book 2 of 2 books) is to demonstrate the use of a comparative evaluation framework based on these despeckle filters (introduced on book 1) on cardiovascular ultrasound image and video processing and analysis. More specifically, the despeckle filtering evaluation framework is based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by experts. This framework is applied in cardiovascular ultrasound image/video processing on the tasks of segmentation and structural measurements, texture analysis for differentiating between two classes (i.e. normal vs disease) and for efficient encoding for mobile applications. It is shown that despeckle noise reduction improved segmentation and measurement (of tissue structure investigated), increased the texture feature distance between normal and abnormal tissue, improved image/video quality evaluation and perception and produced significantly lower bitrates in video encoding. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two monographs.
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ultrasound imaging and video visual perception is hindered by speckle multiplicative noise that degrades the quality. Noise reduction is therefore essential for improving the visual observation quality or as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image/video segmentation, texture analysis and encoding in ultrasound imaging and video. The goal of the first book (book 1 of 2 books) was to introduce the problem of speckle in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background, algorithmic steps, and the MatlabTM for the following group of despeckle filters: linear despeckle filtering, non-linear despeckle filtering, diffusion despeckle filtering, and wavelet despeckle filtering. The goal of this book (book 2 of 2 books) is to demonstrate the use of a comparative evaluation framework based on these despeckle filters (introduced on book 1) on cardiovascular ultrasound image and video processing and analysis. More specifically, the despeckle filtering evaluation framework is based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by experts. This framework is applied in cardiovascular ultrasound image/video processing on the tasks of segmentation and structural measurements, texture analysis for differentiating between two classes (i.e. normal vs disease) and for efficient encoding for mobile applications. It is shown that despeckle noise reduction improved segmentation and measurement (of tissue structure investigated), increased the texture feature distance between normal and abnormal tissue, improved image/video quality evaluation and perception and produced significantly lower bitrates in video encoding. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two monographs.
Book Synopsis Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume II: Selected Applications, Second Edition by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video, Volume II: Selected Applications, Second Edition written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Morgan & Claypool. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ultrasound imaging and video visual perception is hindered by speckle multiplicative noise that degrades the quality. Noise reduction is therefore essential for improving the visual observation quality or as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image/video segmentation, texture analysis and encoding in ultrasound imaging and video. The goal of the first book (book 1 of 2 books) was to introduce the problem of speckle in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background, algorithmic steps, and the MatlabTM for the following group of despeckle filters: linear despeckle filtering, non-linear despeckle filtering, diffusion despeckle filtering, and wavelet despeckle filtering. The goal of this book (book 2 of 2 books) is to demonstrate the use of a comparative evaluation framework based on these despeckle filters (introduced on book 1) on cardiovascular ultrasound image and video processing and analysis. More specifically, the despeckle filtering evaluation framework is based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by experts. This framework is applied in cardiovascular ultrasound image/video processing on the tasks of segmentation and structural measurements, texture analysis for differentiating between two classes (i.e. normal vs disease) and for efficient encoding for mobile applications. It is shown that despeckle noise reduction improved segmentation and measurement (of tissue structure investigated), increased the texture feature distance between normal and abnormal tissue, improved image/video quality evaluation and perception and produced significantly lower bitrates in video encoding. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two monographs.
Book Synopsis Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis by : Andrew Nicolaides
Download or read book Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis written by Andrew Nicolaides and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-24 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in instrumentation, imaging techniques including the use of contrast enhancement agents, plaque image analysis and its automation, elastography and plaque motion analysis; also, the use of ultrasonic and other biomarkers in the detection of the high risk cardiovascular individual. Finally, it deals with the application of IVUS, TCD and carotid plaque characterization in clinical practice and in stroke risk stratification. Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis is intended for all those working in the field of atherosclerosis, ultrasound imaging and cardiovascular risk, including the clinician, the vascular ultrasonographer, the epidemiologist, the molecular biologist, the biomedical engineer and the informatics scientist. Furthermore, this book bridges the gap between the researcher and the clinician, who is keen to incorporate the latest results of research to his daily practice.
Book Synopsis Atherosclerosis Disease Management by : Jasjit S. Suri
Download or read book Atherosclerosis Disease Management written by Jasjit S. Suri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-16 with total page 935 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atherosclerosis is a degenerative process affecting blood vessels, which determines narrowing of the lumen, plaque growth, and hardening of the walls. It is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The focus of this book is on the management of the atherosclerotic disease. The coverage of this book spans from histological presentation of the various stages of atherosclerotic lesions to the earliest studies in atherosclerosis therapy, from advanced clinical diagnosis to monitoring, follow-up, and home-care of the atherosclerotic patient. The book shows well-established diagnostic techniques covering several medical imaging modalities such as Ultrasounds, IVUS, MRI, Computer Tomography, along with new trends in early and advanced atherosclerosis diagnosis (innovative drugs and tissue characterization procedures). Surgical standards will be presented along with innovative experimental trials for the treatment of the atherosclerotic patient. The book will also cover emerging techniques based on molecular imaging and vibro-acoustics.
Book Synopsis Smart and Innovative Trends in Next Generation Computing Technologies by : Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Download or read book Smart and Innovative Trends in Next Generation Computing Technologies written by Pushpak Bhattacharyya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-08 with total page 1010 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two-volume set CCIS 827 and 828 constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies, NGCT 2017, held in Dehradun, India, in October 2017. The 135 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 948 submissions. There were organized in topical sections named: Smart and Innovative Trends in Communication Protocols and Standards; Smart and Innovative Trends in Computational Intelligence and Data Science; Smart and Innovative Trends in Image Processing and Machine Vision; Smart Innovative Trends in Natural Language Processing for Indian Languages; Smart Innovative Trends in Security and Privacy.
Book Synopsis Advanced Classification Techniques for Healthcare Analysis by : Chakraborty, Chinmay
Download or read book Advanced Classification Techniques for Healthcare Analysis written by Chakraborty, Chinmay and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-02-22 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medical and information communication technology professionals are working to develop robust classification techniques, especially in healthcare data/image analysis, to ensure quick diagnoses and treatments to patients. Without fast and immediate access to healthcare databases and information, medical professionals’ success rates and treatment options become limited and fall to disastrous levels. Advanced Classification Techniques for Healthcare Analysis provides emerging insight into classification techniques in delivering quality, accurate, and affordable healthcare, while also discussing the impact health data has on medical treatments. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as early diagnosis, brain-computer interface, metaheuristic algorithms, clustering techniques, learning schemes, and mobile telemedicine, this book is ideal for medical professionals, healthcare administrators, engineers, researchers, academicians, and technology developers seeking current research on furthering information and communication technology that improves patient care.
Author :Christos P. Loizou Publisher :Institution of Engineering and Technology ISBN 13 :1785612905 Total Pages :705 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (856 download)
Book Synopsis Handbook of Speckle Filtering and Tracking in Cardiovascular Ultrasound Imaging and Video by : Christos P. Loizou
Download or read book Handbook of Speckle Filtering and Tracking in Cardiovascular Ultrasound Imaging and Video written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Institution of Engineering and Technology. This book was released on 2017-10 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ultrasound imaging technology has experienced a dramatic change in the last 30 years. Because of its non-invasive nature and continuing improvements in image quality, ultrasound imaging is progressively achieving an important role in the assessment and characterization of cardiovascular imaging. Speckle is inherent in ultrasound imaging giving rise to a granular appearance instead of homogeneous, flat shades of gray, as is visible and as such, speckle can severely compromise interpretation of ultrasound images, particularly in discrimination of small structures. On the other hand, speckle can be used in the detection of time varying phenomena, or tracking tissue motion. The objective of this book is to provide a reference edited volume covering the whole spectrum of speckle phenomena, theoretical background and modelling, algorithms and selected applications in cardiovascular ultrasound imaging and video processing and analysis. The book is organized under the following four parts, Part I: Introduction to Speckle Noise; Part II: Speckle Filtering; Part III: Speckle Tracking; Part IV: Selected Applications in Cardiovascular Imaging.
Book Synopsis Image Analysis and Recognition by : Aurélio Campilho
Download or read book Image Analysis and Recognition written by Aurélio Campilho and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-09 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two volumes LNCS 8814 and 8815 constitute the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition, ICIAR 2014, held in Vilamoura, Portugal, in October 2014. The 107 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 177 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: image representation and models; sparse representation; image restoration and enhancement; feature detection and image segmentation; classification and learning methods; document image analysis; image and video retrieval; remote sensing; applications; action, gestures and audio-visual recognition; biometrics; medical image processing and analysis; medical image segmentation; computer-aided diagnosis; retinal image analysis; 3D imaging; motion analysis and tracking; and robot vision.
Book Synopsis Computational Vision and Bio Inspired Computing by : D. Jude Hemanth
Download or read book Computational Vision and Bio Inspired Computing written by D. Jude Hemanth and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 1156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the proceedings of the International Conference On Computational Vision and Bio Inspired Computing (ICCVBIC 2017) held at RVS Technical Campus, September 21-22, 2017. It includes papers on state of the art innovations in bio-inspired computing applications, where new algorithms and results are produced and described. Additionally, this volume addresses evolutionary computation paradigms, artificial neural networks and biocomputing. It focuses mainly on research based on visual interference on the basis of biological images. Computation of data sources also plays a major role in routine day-to-day life for the purposes such as video transmission, wireless applications, fingerprint recognition and processing, big data intelligence, automation, human centric recognition systems. With the advantage of processing bio-inspired computations, a variety of computational paradigms can be processed. Finally, this book also treats the formation of neural networks by enabling local connectivity within it with the aid of vision sensing elements. The work also provides potential directions for future research.
Book Synopsis Biomedical Signal and Image Processing with Artificial Intelligence by : Chirag Paunwala
Download or read book Biomedical Signal and Image Processing with Artificial Intelligence written by Chirag Paunwala and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-09 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on advanced techniques used for feature extraction, analysis, recognition, and classification in the area of biomedical signal and image processing. Contributions cover all aspects of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in the field of biomedical signal and image processing using novel and unexplored techniques and methodologies. The book covers recent developments in both medical images and signals analyzed by artificial intelligence techniques. The authors also cover topics related to development based artificial intelligence, which includes machine learning, neural networks, and deep learning. This book will provide a platform for researchers who are working in the area of artificial intelligence for biomedical applications. Provides insights into medical signal and image analysis using artificial intelligence; Includes novel and recent trends of decision support system for medical research; Outlines employment of evolutionary algorithms for biomedical data, big data analysis for medical databases, and reliability, opportunities, and challenges in clinical data.
Book Synopsis Ultrasound Imaging by : Joao Miguel Sanches
Download or read book Ultrasound Imaging written by Joao Miguel Sanches and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound has recently taken an explosive growth for better safer, economic, mobile and high quality healthcare. This technology is very appealing for medical applications because it is non-ionizing, non-invasive and it is available in most of the medical and clinical facilities. Its low cost, when compared with other medical image modalities, makes it one of the preferred tools for medical monitoring, follow-up and diagnosis. Besides the traditional fields of Cardiology and Obstetrics, where it is extensively used for long time, it has became also very useful in the diagnosis of diseases of the prostate, liver and coronaries and carotids atherosclerosis. However, Ultrasound images present poor quality, very low signal to noise ratio and a lot of artifacts. The extraction of useful information from Ultrasound data for diagnosis is a challenge task that makes this medical image modality a very active field of research. The difficulties are being overcome and novel and advanced methods are being proposed for detection, characterization and segmentation of abnormalities in several organs. In fact, Ultrasound application range is vast, covering almost all organs of the human body, including the brain where Tran-cranial Doppler Ultrasound is very important to assess the brain vasculature. This book presents some of the recent advances in Ultrasound imaging technology covering several organs and techniques in a Biomedical Engineering (BME) perspective. The focus of the book is in the algorithms, methodologies and systems developed by multidisciplinary research teams of engineers and physicians for Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) purposes. Cardiovascular and Cancer, the most common life-threatening diseases in western countries, are two of the most important topics focused in the book. However, other advanced issues are also presented such as Intravascular Ultrasound, 3D US and Ultrasound in Computer-Aided Surgery (CAS). Some chapters are direct contributions from medical research groups where Ultrasound has also received great attention in the last decade. By this, new techniques based on Ultrasound were introduced in the clinical practice for diagnosis and therapeutics, mainly in hospital facilities.
