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Dechlorination Of Chlorinated Organic Compounds By Zero Valent And Bimetallic Mixture
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Book Synopsis Dechlorination of Chlorinated Organic Compounds by Zero-valent and Bimetallic Mixture by : Anwar Kabir
Download or read book Dechlorination of Chlorinated Organic Compounds by Zero-valent and Bimetallic Mixture written by Anwar Kabir and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Organochlorine (OC) compounds that include several pesticides as well as an array of industrial chemicals were very efficacious for their intended use but were also characterized by deleterious environmental impacts when released either intentionally or inadvertently. Their lipophilic nature, long persistence in the environment and threat to human health caused all the developed countries to ban the production of these chemicals as well as restricted the use of formulations containing these material for food production." --
Book Synopsis Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds Using Zero Valent Metals by : Young-Hun Kim
Download or read book Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds Using Zero Valent Metals written by Young-Hun Kim and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination Using Zero Valent Iron and Nickel-iron Bimetallics by : Wijesinghage Buddhika Gunawardana
Download or read book Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination Using Zero Valent Iron and Nickel-iron Bimetallics written by Wijesinghage Buddhika Gunawardana and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) systems are used to treat chlorinated phenols (CPs) contaminated waters. In these systems CPs removal occurs by different pathways with a complex dependence on many variables. This research studied pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal by ZVI and Ni/Fe bimetals to decipher some of the complex dependencies and resolve contradictions reported in the literature. The influence of key variables was studied; including the mineralogy of the iron oxides on the ZVI surface, methods of preparing Ni/Fe bimetallics, dissolved oxygen (DO), and the presence of nitrate. PCP removal was also compared with that of lower CPs including tetra-, tri- and di-chlorinated phenols. Batch and column experiments were performed. Gas chromatography was used to analyse the solution phase CPs and Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the oxides on the ZVI surface. At least two different theories have been promoted about the fundamental CP removal processes in ZVI based systems; CP dechlorination and CP incorporation with the oxides which includes sorption, co-precipitation and/or physical entrapment. This thesis provides insights that both incorporation and dechlorination can be dominant depending on the system characteristics. For example, CPs with higher degree of chlorination tended to exhibit greater dechlorination while CPs with lower degree of chlorination showed greater incorporation with the oxides. Nitrate competed with PCP for electrons, led to the formation of lepidocrocite, hematite, goethite within the first 24 hours of reaction and significantly decreased the PCP dechlorination using ZVI and bimetallic system of ZVI mixed with Ni (Nis/Fe). When nitrate was present, PCP removal occurred mainly due to incorporation with the oxides and only partial PCP dechlorination transpired. Further, the DO competed with PCP for electrons and led to the formation of maghemite, hematite, lepidocrocite, which resulted in significantly lower PCP dechlorination by ZVI or Ni coated ZVI (Nic/Fe) bimetallic system. In preparing the Nic/Fe, immersing ZVI that had coatings of wustite/magnetite or only magnetite in a NiSO4/H2SO4 solution resulted in Ni0 depositing, as discrete Ni particles or a thin film, respectively. The deposited Ni0 particles led to enhanced PCP dechlorination, while, the thin film led to decreased PCP dechlorination compared to the unmodified ZVI. The Nis/Fe bimetal, prepared with ZVI consisted of only magnetite, resulted in a significant increase in PCP dechlorination compared to the Nic/Fe and ZVI systems. The Nis/Fe bimetal achieved complete dechlorination of PCP and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol as well as their lower CPs daughter products with phenol and/or cyclohexanol being the final product(s).
Book Synopsis The Destructive Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds from Water Using Zero-valent Metals Or Hydrogen and Supported Palladium by : Cindy Gail Schreier
Download or read book The Destructive Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds from Water Using Zero-valent Metals Or Hydrogen and Supported Palladium written by Cindy Gail Schreier and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effect of Groundwater Biogeochemistry on Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles by : Sai Rajasekar Chandrasekar Rajajayavel
Download or read book Effect of Groundwater Biogeochemistry on Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles written by Sai Rajasekar Chandrasekar Rajajayavel and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Accidental spills and past improper disposal practices of chlorinated solvents have led to widespread soil and groundwater contamination. Drinking water standards for trichloroethylene (TCE) and many other chlorinated organic contaminants are in the range of 5 μg/L and these compounds have received extensive regulatory attention because these compounds are often carcinogenic and neurotoxic. Direct injection of reactive nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NZVI) is considered to be a promising approach for remediation of chlorinated compounds. NZVI is a strong reducing agent that can effectively transform TCE and other chlorinated organic compounds to non-toxic end products. The objective of the research was to assess various biogeochemical conditions on the reactivity of iron nanoparticles in particular sulfidation of NZVI for remediation of TCE. In addition, the feasibility of coupled NZVI-based remediation and bioremediation using polymer-coated bimetallic NZVI and a dechlorinating mixed culture consortia (KB-1) was investigated. We demonstrated that the extent of sulfidation of NZVI enhances the rate of dechlorination of TCE compared to non-sulfidated NZVI, and this enhancement depends on the Fe/S molar ratio of the sulfidated NZVI particles. Batch experiments where TCE was reacted with NZVI sulfidated to different extents (Fe/S molar ratios 0.62 to 66) showed that the surface-area normalized first-order TCE degradation rate constant increased 40 fold compared to non-sulfidated NZVI. FX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed formation of a surface layer of FeS and FeS2. This indicates sulfide ions reacted with NZVI iron sulfide on surface of S-NZVI. We propose that more electrons are preferentially conducted from sulfidated NZVI than from unamended NZVI to TCE, likely because of greater binding affinity of TCE on the reactive sites of the iron sulfide outer layer. Aging of sulfidated iron nanoparticles (S-NZVI) and their influence on rate of TCE dechlorination was compared to the aged non-sulfidated NZVI. Long-term experiments indicate that pseudo-first order H2 evolution rate constant for non-sulfidated NZVI was 0.092 ± 0.005 d-1 and was significantly higher than the S-NZVI (Fe/S=25) at 0.051 ± 0.005 h-1. This difference in hydrogen evolved corresponds to the amount of reactive Fe(0) consumed in the absence of TCE. To further support, the efficacy of long-term reactivity S-NZVI batch TCE degradation experiment with anaerobically aged S-NZVI (40 days) degraded significantly more TCE than the non-sulfidated NZVI. Bimetallic, palladium-doped iron nanoparticles (Pd-NZVI) are capable of rapid transformation of higher initial TCE concentration, and the ability to form rapid H2 (electron donor for bacteria) may facilitate TCE biodegradation. Dehalococcoides are the only species of bacteria that are capable of degrading TCE completely to ethene under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilized palladium (Pd-NZVI) on the dechlorinating mixed culture KB-1 for reductive dechlorination of 1, 2 dichloroethane (DCA). Results suggest that systems with CMC alone as a sole carbon source and electron donor were capable of degrading 1, 2-DCA, and methane formation. The microcosms with KB-1 and polymer coated Pd-NZVI degraded 1, 2-DCA at a significantly higher rate constant compared to KB-1 and CMC systems. In addition, methanogenesis by KB-1 showed no statistically significant difference in the methane formation rate constants between Pd-CMC-NZVI and CMC only systems.Overall, this research demonstrates NZVI reactivity towards TCE and its longevity (efficacy) under anaerobic conditions can be enhanced with sulfidation. In addition, this research also shows that CMC stabilized bimetallic NZVI, is not inhibitory to Dehalococcoides spp. and could promote complete bioremediation." --
Book Synopsis Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration by : Tanapon Phenrat
Download or read book Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Particles for Environmental Restoration written by Tanapon Phenrat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first complete edited volume devoted to providing comprehensive and state-of-the art descriptions of science principles and pilot- and field-scaled engineering applications of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NZVI) for soil and groundwater remediation. Although several books on environmental nanotechnology contain chapters of NZVI for environmental remediation (Wiesner and Bottero (2007); Geiger and Carvalho-Knighton (2009); Diallo et al. (2009); Ram et al. (2011)), none of them include a comprehensive treatment of the fundamental and applied aspects of NZVI applications. Most devote a chapter or two discussing a contemporary aspect of NZVI. In addition, environmental nanotechnology has a broad audience including environmental engineers and scientists, geochemists, material scientists, physicists, chemists, biologists, ecologists and toxicologists. None of the current books contain enough background material for such multidisciplinary readers, making it difficult for a graduate student or even an experienced researcher or environmental remediation practitioner new to nanotechnology to catch up with the massive, undigested literature. This prohibits the reader from gaining a complete understanding of NZVI science and technology. In this volume, the sixteen chapters are based on more than two decades of laboratory research and development and field-scaled demonstrations of NZVI implementation. The authors of each chapter are leading researchers and/or practitioners in NZVI technology. This book aims to be an important resource for all levels of audiences, i.e. graduate students, experienced environmental and nanotechnology researchers, and practitioners evaluating environmental remediation, as it is designed to involve everything from basic to advanced concepts.
Book Synopsis Processes Affecting Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Solvents by Zero-Valent Iron by : Leah J. Matheson
Download or read book Processes Affecting Reductive Dechlorination of Chlorinated Solvents by Zero-Valent Iron written by Leah J. Matheson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Zero-valent iron may participate in the reductive dechlorination process by three different mechanisms: direct, electrolytic reduction; reduction by hydrogen produced during the corrosion process; and reduction by dissolved (ferrous) iron that is also produced by corroding iron. The first step of electrolytic reduction is presumably, the transfer of one electron from the metal surface to the organic molecule. This results in an organic anion radical that may then lose a halide anion to give a carbon-centered radical, and oxidized iron, which is eventually released to the solution as Fe(2+). The goal of our research is to provide a comprehensive survey of the mechanisms that affect the performance of this reactive barrier technology.
Book Synopsis Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering by : Enrico Drioli
Download or read book Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering written by Enrico Drioli and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2010-07-09 with total page 1528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Membrane Science and Engineering, Four Volume Set covers all aspects of membrane science and technology - from basic phenomena to the most advanced applications and future perspectives. Modern membrane engineering is critical to the development of process-intensification strategies and to the stimulation of industrial growth. The work presents researchers and industrial managers with an indispensable tool toward achieving these aims. Covers membrane science theory and economics, as well as applications ranging from chemical purification and natural gas enrichment to potable water Includes contributions and case studies from internationally recognized experts and from up-and-coming researchers working in this multi-billion dollar field Takes a unique, multidisciplinary approach that stimulates research in hybrid technologies for current (and future) life-saving applications (artificial organs, drug delivery)
Book Synopsis International Containment Technology Conference by :
Download or read book International Containment Technology Conference written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 1168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Waste Water Treatment Technologies - Volume III by : Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran
Download or read book Waste Water Treatment Technologies - Volume III written by Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-09-25 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies theme is a component of Encyclopedia of Water Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The Theme on Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies deals, in three volumes, and covers several topics, with several issues of great relevance to our world such as: Urban Wastewater Treatment; Characteristics of Effluent Organic Matter in Wastewater; Filtration Technologies in wastewater treatment; Air Stripping in Industrial Wastewater Treatment; Dissolved air flotation in industrial wastewater treatment; Membrane Technology for Organic Removal in Wastewater; Adsorption and Biological Filtration in Wastewater Treatment; Physico-chemical processes for Organic removal from wastewater effluent; Deep Bed Filtration: Modelling Theory And Practice ; Specific options in biological wastewater treatment for reclamation and reuse ; Biological Phosphorus Removal Processes For Wastewater Treatment ; Sequencing Batch Reactors: Principles, Design/Operation And Case Studies ; Wastewater stabilization ponds (WSP)for wastewater treatment; Treatment of industrial wastewater by membrane bioreactors; Stormwater treatment technologies; Sludge Treatment Technologies ; Wastewater Treatment Technology For Tanning Industry; Palm Oil And Palm Waste Potential In Indonesia ; Recirculating Aquaculture Systems – A Review ; Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)reactor in wastewater treatment; Applied Technologies In Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Treatment; Water Mining: Planning and Implementation Issues for a successful project; Assessment methodologies for water reuse scheme and technology; Nanotechnology for Wastewater Treatment. These three volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, Managers, and Decision makers and NGOs.
Book Synopsis Delivery and Mixing in the Subsurface by : Peter K. Kitanidis
Download or read book Delivery and Mixing in the Subsurface written by Peter K. Kitanidis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-04-23 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is meant to provide the practitioner with information on the natural mixing processes occurring in aquifers as well as to describe basic strategies that can be implemented to enhance mixing in particular cases. For example, when it comes to mixing miscible liquids, one can speed up mixing in the formation by manipulating the flow such as through the use of recirculation wells. Furthermore, much of the mixing can be achieved partially within recirculation wells themselves, where contaminated water is admixed with additives, volatile products may be removed through a vapor mass exchanger, etc. Thus, adding mixing wells can significantly increase the performance of the delivery and mixing system and speed up the process of remediation.
Book Synopsis Nanotoxicology for Agricultural and Environmental Applications by : Mahendra Rai
Download or read book Nanotoxicology for Agricultural and Environmental Applications written by Mahendra Rai and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-03-19 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published as part of Elsevier's series, Nanobiotechnology for Plant Protection, Nanotoxicology for Agricultural and Environmental Applications provides an introduction to nanotechnology and its applications in agriculture and the environment.Divided into five parts, this book addresses nanotechnology and regulations, nanotoxicity, nanotoxicity to agriculture and food, nanotoxicity to the environment, and risk management measures to avoid exposure.Students, practitioners, and researchers working in plant science, agricultural science, nanoscience, and environmental chemistry alike will benefit from this necessary reference. - Highlights the factors contributing to toxic effects of nanoparticles, including shape, size, structure, surface charge, and dosage - Explores the mode of action and entry of nanoparticles, methods of toxicity evaluation, and the associated challenges - Describes recent developments in nanotoxicity to soil ecosystems, crop plants, and food systems - Emphasizes the impact of nanoparticles and their detoxification by plants on the nutritional quality of food and plants - Discusses the impact of toxicity of nanoparticles released in air, soil, and water and methods to reduce their effects
Book Synopsis Investigations of Reductive Dechlorination Reactions of Chlorinated Ethenes and Ethanes on Zero-valent Metals Using Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis by : Nancy Anne VanStone
Download or read book Investigations of Reductive Dechlorination Reactions of Chlorinated Ethenes and Ethanes on Zero-valent Metals Using Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis written by Nancy Anne VanStone and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reductive dechlorination reactions occurring on zero-valent metal surfaces for chlorinated ethenes and chlorinated ethanes are investigated using compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) to measure carbon isotopic fractionation and carbon kinetic isotope effects (KIE). Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated contaminants on zero-valent iron (Fe0) is used for remediation purposes at over 100 sites worldwide employing permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology. Degradation can occur via 3 main pathways: (1) alpha-elimination, (2) beta-elimination and (3) hydrogenolysis. Experiments documenting carbon isotopic fractionation observed during degradation of a suite of chlorinated ethenes are described, and it is demonstrated that reproducible carbon isotopic fractionation occurs for perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). The results for Fe0 from two different sources show distinct differences in both rates of reaction and isotopic fractionation factors (epsilon), particularly for the cis-DCE and VC. Using ground water samples from pre- and post-treatment of a Fe0 PRB at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, it is established that carbon isotopic fractionation of chlorinated ethenes follows the same principles under field conditions, and it is shown that CSIA, in combination with traditional compositional analysis, can help to resolve complex performance-related problems for PRBs. Finally, it is demonstrated that reaction pathways and mechanisms can be investigated using CSIA and ranges of epsilon and KIE are established for the investigated reactions on different zero-valent metals. In batch experiments monitoring dichloroethane (DCA) degradation on Zn0, CSIA was used to determine that a common rate limiting step occurs for hydrogenolysis and alpha-elimination reactions of 1,1-DCA. As well, overall epsilon and KIE are greater for beta-elimination of 1,2-DCA than for hydrogenolysis and alpha-elimination of 1,1-DCA. The degradation of a chlorinated ethene, cis-DCE, was investigated on Fe0. Direct measurements of epsilon and KIE for hydrogenolysis and beta-elimination were measured using CSIA. It is established that these reactions do not share a rate limiting step, and unique and reproducible carbon isotopic fractionation is associated with each reaction pathway. CSIA has been shown to be a versatile tool, aiding research as both a reliable diagnostic (i.e. identification of degradation) and as a valuable analytical instrument for mechanistic studies.
Book Synopsis Aquatic Redox Chemistry by : Paul Tratnyek
Download or read book Aquatic Redox Chemistry written by Paul Tratnyek and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-06-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comprehensive overview of aquatic redox chemistry through chapters contributed by many of the leading investigators in the field.
Book Synopsis Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by : Maulin P. Shah
Download or read book Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater written by Maulin P. Shah and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2021-12-03 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advances and trends in the use of bioreactors for treating industrial wastewater.
Book Synopsis Reductive Dechlorination of Certain Chlorinated Organic Compounds by Reduced Hematin Compared with Their Behaviour in the Environment by : R. M. Baxter
Download or read book Reductive Dechlorination of Certain Chlorinated Organic Compounds by Reduced Hematin Compared with Their Behaviour in the Environment written by R. M. Baxter and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Groundwater Quality by : Steven F. Thornton
Download or read book Groundwater Quality written by Steven F. Thornton and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
