Cryogenic Operation of Silicon Power Devices

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461557518
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Cryogenic Operation of Silicon Power Devices by : Ranbir Singh

Download or read book Cryogenic Operation of Silicon Power Devices written by Ranbir Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of low temperature superconductors in the early 1960's converted what had been a laboratory curiosity with very limited possibilities to a prac tical means of fabricating electrical components and devices with lossless con ductors. Using liquid helium as a coolant, the successful construction and operation of high field strength magnet systems, alternators, motors and trans mission lines was announced. These developments ushered in the era of what may be termed cryogenic power engineering and a decade later successful oper ating systems could be found such as the 5 T saddle magnet designed and built in the United States by the Argonne National Laboratory and installed on an experimental power generating facility at the High Temperature Institute in Moscow, Russia. The field of digital computers provided an incentive of a quite different kind to operate at cryogenic temperatures. In this case, the objective was to ob tain higher switching speeds than are possible at ambient temperatures with the critical issue being the operating characteristics of semiconductor switches under cryogenic conditions. By 1980, cryogenic electronics was established as another branch of electric engineering.

Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792373773
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (737 download)

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Book Synopsis Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics by : Francis Balestra

Download or read book Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics written by Francis Balestra and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-05-31 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics is a first in reviewing the performance and physical mechanisms of advanced devices and circuits at cryogenic temperatures that can be used for many applications. The first two chapters cover bulk silicon and SOI MOSFETs. The electronic transport in the inversion layer, the influence of impurity freeze-out, the special electrical properties of SOI structures, the device reliability and the interest of a low temperature operation for the ultimate integration of silicon down to nanometer dimensions are described. The next two chapters deal with Silicon-Germanium and III-V Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors, as well as III-V High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT). The basic physics of the SiGe HBT and its unique cryogenic capabilities, the optimization of such bipolar devices, and the performance of SiGe HBT BiCMOS technology at liquid nitrogen temperature are examined. The physical effects in III-V semiconductors at low temperature, the HEMT and HBT static, high frequency and noise properties, and the comparison of various cooled III-V devices are also addressed. The next chapter treats quantum effect devices made of silicon materials. The major quantum effects at low temperature, quantum wires, quantum dots as well as single electron devices and applications are investigated. The last chapter overviews the performances of cryogenic circuits and their applications. The low temperature properties and performance of inverters, multipliers, adders, operational amplifiers, memories, microprocessors, imaging devices, circuits and systems, sensors and read-out circuits are analyzed. Device and Circuit Cryogenic Operation for Low Temperature Electronics is useful for researchers, engineers, Ph.D. and M.S. students working in the field of advanced electron devices and circuits, new semiconductor materials, and low temperature electronics and physics.

Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1461542154
Total Pages : 967 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Cryogenic Engineering by : Quan-Sheng Shu

Download or read book Advances in Cryogenic Engineering written by Quan-Sheng Shu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-19 with total page 967 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the technology of cryogenic comminution has been widely applied in the field of chemical engineering, food making, medicine production, and particularly in recycling of waste materials. Because of the increasing pollution of waste tires and the shortage of raw rubber resource, the recycling process for waste rubber products has become important and commercially viable. This technology has shown a great number of advantages such as causing no environmental pollution, requiring low energy consumption and producing high quality products. Hence, the normal crusher which was used to reclaim materials, such as waste tires, nylon, plastic and many polymer materials at atmospheric 12 temperature is being replaced by a cryogenic crusher. • In the cryogenic crusher, the property of the milled material is usually very sensitive to temperature change. When a crusher is in operation, it will generate a great deal of heat that causes the material temperature increased. Once the temperature increases over the vitrification temperature, the material property will change and lose the brittle behavior causing the energy consumption to rise sharply. Consequently, the comminution process cannot be continued. Therefore, it is believed that the cryogenic crusher is the most critical component in the cryogenic comminution system. The research on the temperature increase and energy consumption in the cryogenic crusher is not only to reduce the energy consumption of the crasher, but also to reduce the energy consumption of the cryogenic system.

Electrified Aircraft Propulsion

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108321615
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrified Aircraft Propulsion by : Kiruba Haran

Download or read book Electrified Aircraft Propulsion written by Kiruba Haran and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-05-26 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What are the benefits of electrified propulsion for large aircraft? What technology advancements are required to realize these benefits? How can the aerospace industry transition from today's technologies to state-of-the-art electrified systems? Learn the answers with this multidisciplinary text, combining expertise from leading researchers in electrified aircraft propulsion. The book includes broad coverage of electrification technologies – spanning power systems and power electronics, materials science, superconductivity and cryogenics, thermal management, battery chemistry, system design, and system optimization – and a clear-cut road map identifying remaining gaps between the current state-of-the-art and future performance technologies. Providing expert guidance on areas for future research and investment and an ideal introduction to cutting-edge advances and outstanding challenges in large electric aircraft design, this is a perfect resource for graduate students, researchers, electrical and aeronautical engineers, policymakers, and management professionals interested in next-generation commercial flight technologies.

Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461511534
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices by : Arindam Ghosh

Download or read book Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices written by Arindam Ghosh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices considers the structure, control and performance of series compensating DVR, the shunt DSTATCOM and the shunt with series UPQC for power quality improvement in electricity distribution. Also addressed are other power electronic devices for improving power quality in Solid State Transfer Switches and Fault Current Limiters. Applications for these technologies as they relate to compensating busses supplied by a weak line and for distributed generation connections in rural networks, are included. In depth treatment of inverters to achieve voltage support, voltage balancing, harmonic suppression and transient suppression in realistic network environments are also covered. New material on the potential for shunt and series compensation which emphasizes the importance of control design has been introduced.

Low Temperature Electronics and Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic Based Electronic Devices

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Publisher : The Electrochemical Society
ISBN 13 : 9781566774123
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (741 download)

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Book Synopsis Low Temperature Electronics and Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic Based Electronic Devices by : Electrochemical Society. Meeting

Download or read book Low Temperature Electronics and Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic Based Electronic Devices written by Electrochemical Society. Meeting and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2004 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The IGBT Device

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Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 1455731536
Total Pages : 733 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis The IGBT Device by : B. Jayant Baliga

Download or read book The IGBT Device written by B. Jayant Baliga and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2015-03-06 with total page 733 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IGBT device has proved to be a highly important Power Semiconductor, providing the basis for adjustable speed motor drives (used in air conditioning and refrigeration and railway locomotives), electronic ignition systems for gasolinepowered motor vehicles and energy-saving compact fluorescent light bulbs. Recent applications include plasma displays (flat-screen TVs) and electric power transmission systems, alternative energy systems and energy storage. This book is the first available to cover the applications of the IGBT, and provide the essential information needed by applications engineers to design new products using the device, in sectors including consumer, industrial, lighting, transportation, medical and renewable energy. The author, B. Jayant Baliga, invented the IGBT in 1980 while working for GE. His book will unlock IGBT for a new generation of engineering applications, making it essential reading for a wide audience of electrical engineers and design engineers, as well as an important publication for semiconductor specialists. Essential design information for applications engineers utilizing IGBTs in the consumer, industrial, lighting, transportation, medical and renewable energy sectors. Readers will learn the methodology for the design of IGBT chips including edge terminations, cell topologies, gate layouts, and integrated current sensors. The first book to cover applications of the IGBT, a device manufactured around the world by more than a dozen companies with sales exceeding $5 Billion; written by the inventor of the device.

Operation of Restructured Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461514657
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation of Restructured Power Systems by : Kankar Bhattacharya

Download or read book Operation of Restructured Power Systems written by Kankar Bhattacharya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deregulation is a fairly new paradigm in the electric power industry. And just as in the case of other industries where it has been introduced, the goal of deregulation is to enhance competition and bring consumers new choices and economic benefits. The process has, obviously, necessitated reformulation of established models of power system operation and control activities. Similarly, issues such as system reliability, control, security and power quality in this new environment have come in for scrutiny and debate. In this book, we attempt to present a comprehensive overview of the deregulation process that has developed till now, focussing on the operation aspects. As of now, restructured electricity markets have been established in various degrees and forms in many countries. This book comes at a time when the deregulation process is poised to undergo further rapid advancements. It is envisaged that the reader will benefit by way of an enhanced understanding of power system operations in the conventional vertically integrated environment vis-a-vis the deregulated environment. The book is aimed at a wide range of audience- electric utility personnel involved in scheduling, dispatch, grid operations and related activities, personnel involved in energy trading businesses and electricity markets, institutions involved in energy sector financing. Power engineers, energy economists, researchers in utilities and universities should find the treatment of mathematical models as well as emphasis on recent research work helpful.

Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461551579
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation by : Gerald B. Sheblé

Download or read book Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation written by Gerald B. Sheblé and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: `Electric energy must be treated as a commodity which can be bought, sold, and traded, taking into account its time- and space-varying values and costs.` Spot Pricing of Electricity, Schweppe et al, 1988. Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation outlines the application of auction methods for all aspects of power system operation, primarily for a competitive environment. A complete description of the industry structure as well as the various markets now being formed is given. A thorough introduction to auction basics is included to explain how auctions have grown in other industries. Auction methods are compared to classical techniques for power system analysis, operations, and planning. The traditional applications of economic dispatch, optimal power flow and unit commitment are compared to auction mechanisms. Algorithms for auctions using linearized power flow equations, DC power flow equations, and AC power flow equations are included. The bundling of supportive services, known as ancillary services within the United States, is discussed. Extensions to the basic auction algorithms for inclusion of supportive services as well as algorithms for scheduling and bidding on generation for GENCOs or independent power producers are presented. Algorithms for scheduling and contracting with customers are also presented for energy service companies. An introduction to the various commodity and financial market products includes the use of futures and options for GENCOs. The material is useful for students performing research on the new business environment based on competition. Regulators will find information on initial methods of designing and evaluating market systems, and power exchange and financial analysts will find information on the interdependence of markets and power system-based techniques for risk management. This information compares the new business environment solutions with old business environment solutions. Computational Auction Mechanisms for Restructured Power Industry Operation provides a first introduction to how electricity will be traded as a commodity in the future.

Robust Control in Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387259503
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

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Book Synopsis Robust Control in Power Systems by : Bikash Pal

Download or read book Robust Control in Power Systems written by Bikash Pal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-02 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robust Control in Power Systems deals with the applications of new techniques in linear system theory to control low frequency oscillations in power systems. The book specifically focuses on the analysis and damping of inter-area oscillations in the systems which are in the range of 0.2-1 Hz. The damping control action is injected through high power electronic devices known as flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controllers. Three commonly used FACTS controllers: controllable series capacitors (CSCs) controllable phase shifters (CPSs) and static var compensators (SVCs) have been used in this book to control the inter-area oscillations. The overview of linear system theory from the perspective of power system control is explained through examples. The damping control design is formulated as norm optimization problem. The H_infinity, H2 norm of properly defined transfer functions are minimized in linear matrix inequalities (LMI) framework to obtain desired performance and stability robustness. Both centralized and decentralized control structures are used. Usually the transmission of feedback signal from a remote location encounters delays making it difficult to control the system. Smith predictor based approach has been successfully explored in this book as a solution to such a problem. Robust Control in Power Systems will be valuable to academicians in the areas of power, control and system theory, as well as professionals in the power industry.

Real-Time Stability in Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780387256269
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (562 download)

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Book Synopsis Real-Time Stability in Power Systems by : Savu C. Savulescu

Download or read book Real-Time Stability in Power Systems written by Savu C. Savulescu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the aftermath of the wave of blackouts that affected US, UK and mainland Europe utilities in 2003 and 2004, renewed attention has been focused on maintaining the highest level of reliability and security in the operation of power systems. The lack of adequate transmission infrastructure as well as real-time tools aimed at detecting and alarming system conditions have also been highlighted. In this context, the need to assess stability and predict the risk of blackout in real-time has become particularly relevant. Early work in this field documented in technical papers published throughout the 1990s and early 2000s underlined the importance of performing stability assessment in real-time. While static security assessment is conceptually straightforward, innovative approaches are needed to combine it with dynamic security assessment to develop an overall scheme so that results can be used for on-line decision-making. On October 13, 2004, the IEEE Power Systems Conference and Exposition 2004 hosted the ‘Real-Time Stability Challenge’ panel session. Organized by the Power System Dynamic Performance Committee, the panel was a forum for presenting progress achieved in this field, discussing new ideas, and identifying the challenges to be met in the course of future research. Real-Time Stability in Power Systems: Techniques for Early Detection of the Risk of Blackout is built around most of the panel papers, updated and expanded by the authors with the new material relevant to the panel theme. The chapters are contributed by well known experts in the field, thus providing an authoritative reference on the theory and implementation of real-time stability assessment -- one of the critical topics of the day. Some of the issues discussed in the book include, but are not limited to: *Stability limits and how to objectively define them, *Techniques for defining and measuring the distance to instability, *The characterization of the risk of blackout, *Discussion of quick, approximate methods to filter out non-critical contingencies and do a detailed simulation only of those that result in limit violations, *Theoretical description and practical experience with real-time and/or near real-time stability applications available today in the SCADA/EMS industry.

Applied Mathematics for Restructured Electric Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387234713
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

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Book Synopsis Applied Mathematics for Restructured Electric Power Systems by : Joe H. Chow

Download or read book Applied Mathematics for Restructured Electric Power Systems written by Joe H. Chow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-06-03 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied Mathematics for Restructured Electric Power Systems: Optimization, Control, and Computational Intelligence consists of chapters based on work presented at a National Science Foundation workshop organized in November 2003. The theme of the workshop was the use of applied mathematics to solve challenging power system problems. The areas included control, optimization, and computational intelligence. In addition to the introductory chapter, this book includes 12 chapters written by renowned experts in their respected fields. Each chapter follows a three-part format: (1) a description of an important power system problem or problems, (2) the current practice and/or particular research approaches, and (3) future research directions. Collectively, the technical areas discussed are voltage and oscillatory stability, power system security margins, hierarchical and decentralized control, stability monitoring, embedded optimization, neural network control with adaptive critic architecture, control tuning using genetic algorithms, and load forecasting and component prediction. This volume is intended for power systems researchers and professionals charged with solving electric and power system problems.

HVDC and FACTS Controllers

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402078919
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis HVDC and FACTS Controllers by : Vijay K. Sood

Download or read book HVDC and FACTS Controllers written by Vijay K. Sood and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-18 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems focuses on the technical advances and developments that have taken place in the past ten years or so in the fields of High Voltage DC transmission and Flexible AC transmission systems. These advances (in HVDC transmission and FACTS) have added a new dimension to power transmission capabilities. The book covers a wide variety of topics, some of which are listed below: -Current Source and Voltage Source Converters, -Synchronization Techniques for Power Converters, -Capacitor Commutated Converters, -Active Filters, -Typical Disturbances on HVDC Systems, -Simulation Techniques, -Static Var Compensators based on Chain Link Converters, -Advanced Controllers, -Trends in Modern HVDC. In addition to EHV transmission, HVDC technology has impacted on a number of other areas as well. As an example, a chapter dealing with HVDC Light applications is included providing recent information on both on-shore and off-shore applications of wind farms.

Computational Methods for Large Sparse Power Systems Analysis

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461508231
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Methods for Large Sparse Power Systems Analysis by : S.A. Soman

Download or read book Computational Methods for Large Sparse Power Systems Analysis written by S.A. Soman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational methods in Power Systems require significant inputs from diverse disciplines, such as data base structures, numerical analysis etc. Strategic decisions in sparsity exploitation and algorithm design influence large-scale simulation and high-speed computations. Selection of programming paradigm shapes the design, its modularity and reusability. This has a far reaching effect on software maintenance. Computational Methods for Large Sparse Power Systems Analysis: An Object Oriented Approach provides a unified object oriented (OO) treatment for power system analysis. Sparsity exploitation techniques in OO paradigm are emphasized to facilitate large scale and fast computing. Specific applications like large-scale load flow, short circuit analysis, state estimation and optimal power flow are discussed within this framework. A chapter on modeling and computational issues in power system dynamics is also included. Motivational examples and illustrations are included throughout the book. A library of C++ classes provided along with this book has classes for transmission lines, transformers, substation etc. A CD-ROM with C++ programs is also included. It contains load flow, short circuit analysis and network topology processor applications. Power system data is provided and systems up to 150 buses can be studied. Other Special Features: This book is the first of its kind, covering power system applications designed with an OO perspective. Chapters on object orientation for modeling of power system computations, data structure, large sparse linear system solver, sparse QR decomposition in an OO framework are special features of this book.

Transient Stability of Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461543193
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Transient Stability of Power Systems by : Mania Pavella

Download or read book Transient Stability of Power Systems written by Mania Pavella and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The market liberalization is expected to affect drastically the operation of power systems, which under economical pressure and increasing amount of transactions are being operated much closer to their limits than previously. These changes put the system operators faced with rather different and much more problematic scenarios than in the past. They have now to calculate available transfer capabilities and manage congestion problems in a near on line environment, while operating the transmission system under extremely stressed conditions. This requires highly reliable and efficient software aids, which today are non-existent, or not yet in use. One of the most problematic issues, very much needed but not yet en countered today, is on-line dynamic security assessment and control, enabling the power system to withstand unexpected contingencies without experienc ing voltage or transient instabilities. This monograph is devoted to a unified approach to transient stability assessment and control, called SIngle Machine Equivalent (S1ME).

Maintenance Scheduling in Restructured Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461544734
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Maintenance Scheduling in Restructured Power Systems by : M. Shahidehpour

Download or read book Maintenance Scheduling in Restructured Power Systems written by M. Shahidehpour and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall goal of this book is to introduce algorithms for improving the economic posture of a utility company in a restructured power system by promoting cost-effective maintenance schedules. Today, cutting operations and maintenance (O&M) costs and preserving service reliability) are among the top priorities for managers ofutility companies. Preventive maintenance is perhaps the single largest controllable cost ofa utility2 operation. It is perceived that a careful planning and a good coordination among self-interested entities in a restructured power system are essential to achieving an optimal trade-off between the cost ofmaintenance and the service reliability. Traditional maintenance programs in verticall/ integrated utilities relied heavily on time-directed maintenance and manufacturer recommendations. This book offers a logical alternative to traditional electric utility maintenance practices and a basis for maintenance decisions. The book is organized as follows. Chapter I reviews various issues related to the power system operation and presents the role of restructuring in maintenance scheduling. In Chapter II, fundamental topics related to linear and nonlinear systems are reviewed. The duality in linear programming is discussed and integer programming is reviewed. Benders decomposition, Lagrangian relaxation, and Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition are presented. Several examples are given to demonstrate the applications ofdifferent methods. The formulation ofreactive power optimization is discussed which will be used again in Chapter VII.

State Estimation in Electric Power Systems

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146154999X
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis State Estimation in Electric Power Systems by : A. Monticelli

Download or read book State Estimation in Electric Power Systems written by A. Monticelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State Estimation in Electric Power Systems: A Generalized Approach provides for the first time a comprehensive introduction to the topic of state estimation at an advanced textbook level. The theory as well as practice of weighted least squares (WLS) is covered with significant rigor. Included are an in depth analysis of power flow basics, proper justification of Stott's decoupled method, observability theory and matrix solution methods. In terms of practical application, topics such as bad data analysis, combinatorial bad data analysis and multiple snap shot estimation are covered. The book caters both to the specialist as well as the newcomer to the field. State estimation will play a crucial role in the emerging scenario of a deregulated power industry. Many market decisions will be based on knowing the present state of the system accurately. State Estimation in Electric Power Systems: A Generalized Approach crystallizes thirty years of WLS state estimation theory and practice in power systems and focuses on techniques adopted by state estimation developers worldwide. The book also reflects the experience of developing industrial-grade state estimation software that is used in the USA, South America, and many other places in world.