Creating The Nisei Market

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Creating the Nisei Market

Author : Shiho Imai
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824860438
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating the Nisei Market by : Shiho Imai

Download or read book Creating the Nisei Market written by Shiho Imai and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2010-08-11 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1922 the U.S. Supreme Court declared Japanese immigrants ineligible for American citizenship because they were not "white," dismissing the plaintiff’s appeal to skin tone. Unable to claim whiteness through naturalization laws, Japanese Americans in Hawai‘i developed their own racial currency to secure a prominent place in the Island’s postwar social hierarchy. Creating the Nisei Market explores how different groups within Japanese American society (in particular the press and merchants) staked a claim to whiteness on the basis of hue and culture. Using Japanese- and English-language sources from the interwar years, it demonstrates how the meaning of whiteness evolved from mere physical distinctions to cultural markers of difference, increasingly articulated in material terms. Nisei consumer culture demands examination because consumption was vital to the privilege-making process that spilled over into public life. Although economically motivated, Japanese American shopkeepers worked hard to support the next generation of merchants and secure the future of the Nisei consumer market. Far from its image as a static society, the Japanese American community was constantly reinventing itself to meet changing consumer demands and social expectations. The author builds on recent scholarship that considers ethnic communities within a trans-Pacific context, highlighting ethnic fluidity as a strategy for material and cultural success. Yet even as it assumed a position of conformity, the Japanese American consumer culture that took hold among Honolulu’s middle class was distinct. It was at once modern and nostalgic, like the wayo secchu ideal—a hybrid of Western and Japanese notions of beauty and femininity that linked the ethnic group to the homeland and mainstream U.S. culture. By focusing on the marketing of whiteness that connected the old world and new, Creating the Nisei Market reveals the dynamic commercial and cultural environment that underwrote the rise of the Nisei in Hawai‘i.

Creating the Nisei Market

Author : Shiho Imai
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780824870232
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating the Nisei Market by : Shiho Imai

Download or read book Creating the Nisei Market written by Shiho Imai and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text explores how different groups within Japanese American society staked a claim to whiteness on the basis of hue and culture. Using Japanese- and English-language sources from the interwar years, it demonstrates how the meaning of whiteness evolved from mere physical distinctions to cultural markers of difference, increasingly articulated in material terms.

Charting the Emerging Field of Japanese Diaspora Archaeology

Author : Douglas E. Ross
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981991129X
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Charting the Emerging Field of Japanese Diaspora Archaeology by : Douglas E. Ross

Download or read book Charting the Emerging Field of Japanese Diaspora Archaeology written by Douglas E. Ross and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-29 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the Japanese diaspora from the historical archaeology perspective—drawing from archaeological data, archival research, and often oral history—and explores current trends in archaeological scholarship while also looking at new methodological and theoretical directions. The chapters include research on pre-War rural labor camps or villages in the US, as well as research on western Canada (British Columbia), Peru, and the Pacific Islands (Hawai‘i and Tinian), incorporating work on understudied urban and cemetery sites. One of the main themes explored in the book is patterns of cultural persistence and change, whether couched in terms of maintenance of tradition, “Americanization,” or the formation of dual identities. Other themes emerging from these chapters include consumption, agency, stylistic analysis, community lifecycles, social networks, diaspora and transnationalism, gender, and sexuality. Also included are discussions of trauma, racialization, displacement, labor, heritage, and community engagement. Some are presented as fully formed interpretive frameworks with substantial supporting data, while others are works in progress or tentative attempts to push the boundaries of our field into innovative new territory. This book is of interest to students and researchers in historical archaeology, anthropology, sociology of migration, diaspora studies and historiography. Previously published in International Journal of Historical Archaeology Volume 25, issue 3, September 2021

New Women of Empire

Author : Chrissy Yee Lau
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295750537
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (957 download)

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Book Synopsis New Women of Empire by : Chrissy Yee Lau

Download or read book New Women of Empire written by Chrissy Yee Lau and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strong, bold, and vivacious—Japanese American young women were leaders and heroines of the Roaring Twenties. Controversial to the male immigrant elite for their rebellion against gender norms, these women made indelible changes in the community, including expanding sexual freedoms, redefining women's roles in public and private spheres, and furthering racial justice work. Young men also reconceptualized their ideas of manliness to focus on intellectualism and athleticism, as racist laws precluded many from expressing masculinity through land ownership or citizenry. New Women of Empire centers the compelling life histories of five young women and men in Los Angeles to illuminate how they negotiated overlapping imperialisms through new gender roles. With extensive youth networks and the largest Japanese population in the United States, Los Angeles was a critical site of transnational relations, and in the 1920s and '30s Japanese American youth became politicized through active participation in Christian civic organizations. By racially uplifting their peers through youth clubs, athletics, and cultural ambassadorship, these young leaders reshaped Japanese and US imperialisms and provided the groundwork for future expressions of model minority respectability and Japanese American feminisms.

Japanese America on the Eve of the Pacific War

Author : Kaoru Ueda
Publisher : Hoover Press
ISBN 13 : 0817926062
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Japanese America on the Eve of the Pacific War by : Kaoru Ueda

Download or read book Japanese America on the Eve of the Pacific War written by Kaoru Ueda and published by Hoover Press. This book was released on 2024-02-01 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The era sandwiched between the 1924 US Immigration Act and the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor marks an important yet largely buried period of Japanese American history. This book offers the first English translation of Yasuo Sakata's seminal essay arguing that the 1930s constitutes a chronological and conceptual "missing link" between two predominant research interests: the pre-1924 immigration exclusion and the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. The anthology pays tribute to Sakata's role as a foremost historian of early Japanese America and transpacific migration while providing an opportunity for a younger generation of scholars to reflect on his contributions and carve out a new area of research in Japanese American history. Original and translated essays from scholars of varied backgrounds and generations explore topics from diplomacy, geopolitics, and trade to immigrant and ethnic nationalism, education, and citizenship. Together, they attempt to catalyze further research and writing based on the thorough and careful analysis of primary-source materials, an effort that Sakata spearheaded in both the United States and Japan.

Sugar and Civilization

Author : April Merleaux
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469622521
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis Sugar and Civilization by : April Merleaux

Download or read book Sugar and Civilization written by April Merleaux and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2015-07-13 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the weeks and months after the end of the Spanish-American War, Americans celebrated their nation's triumph by eating sugar. Each of the nation's new imperial possessions, from Puerto Rico to the Philippines, had the potential for vastly expanding sugar production. As victory parties and commemorations prominently featured candy and other sweets, Americans saw sugar as the reward for their global ambitions. April Merleaux demonstrates that trade policies and consumer cultures are as crucial to understanding U.S. empire as military or diplomatic interventions. As the nation's sweet tooth grew, people debated tariffs, immigration, and empire, all of which hastened the nation's rise as an international power. These dynamics played out in the bureaucracies of Washington, D.C., in the pages of local newspapers, and at local candy counters. Merleaux argues that ideas about race and civilization shaped sugar markets since government policies and business practices hinged on the racial characteristics of the people who worked the land and consumed its products. Connecting the history of sugar to its producers, consumers, and policy makers, Merleaux shows that the modern American sugar habit took shape in the shadow of a growing empire.

America's Changing Neighborhoods [3 volumes]

Author : Reed Ueda
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 950 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis America's Changing Neighborhoods [3 volumes] by : Reed Ueda

Download or read book America's Changing Neighborhoods [3 volumes] written by Reed Ueda and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 950 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique panoramic survey of ethnic groups throughout the United States that explores the diverse communities in every region, state, and big city. Race, ethnicity, and immigrants' lives and identity: these are all key topics that Americans need to study in order to fully understand U.S. culture, society, politics, economics, and history. Learning about "place" through our own historical and contemporary neighborhoods is an ideal way to better grasp the important role of race and ethnicity in the United States. This reference work comprehensively covers both historical and contemporary ethnic and immigrant neighborhoods through A–Z entries that explore the places and people in every major U.S. region and neighborhood. America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity uniquely combines the history of ethnic groups with the history of communities, offering an interdisciplinary examination of the nation's makeup. It gives readers perspective and insight into ethnicity and race based on the geography of enclaves across the nation, in regions and in specific cities or localized areas within a city. Among the entries are nearly 200 "neighborhood biographies" that provide histories of local communities and their ethnic groups. Images, sidebars, cross-references at the end of each entry, and cross-indexing of entries serve readers conducting preliminary as well as in-depth research. The book's state-by-state entries also offer population data, and an appendix of ancestry statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau details ethnic and racial diversity.

Chinatown, Honolulu

Author : Nancy E. Riley
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231551827
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Chinatown, Honolulu by : Nancy E. Riley

Download or read book Chinatown, Honolulu written by Nancy E. Riley and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chinese experience in Hawai‘i has long been told as a story of inclusion and success. During the Cold War, the United States touted the Chinese community in Hawai‘i as an example of racial harmony and American opportunity, claiming that all ethnic groups had the possibility to attain middle-class lives. Today, Honolulu’s Chinatown is not only a destination for tourism and consumption but also a celebration of Chinese accomplishments, memorializing past discrimination and present prominence within a framework of multiculturalism. This narrative, however, conceals many other histories and processes that played crucial roles in shaping Chinatown. This book offers a critical account of the history of Chinese in Hawai‘i from the mid-nineteenth century to the present in this context of U.S. empire, settler colonialism, and racialization. Nancy E. Riley foregrounds elements that are often left out of narratives of Chinese history in Hawai‘i, particularly the place of Native Hawaiians, geopolitics and U.S. empire building, and the ongoing construction of race and whiteness. Tracing how Chinatown became a site of historical remembrance, she argues that it is also used to reinforce the ideology of neoliberal multiculturalism, which upholds racial hierarchy by lauding certain ethnic groups while excluding others. An insightful and in-depth analysis of the story of Honolulu’s Chinatown, this book offers new perspectives on the making of the racial landscape of Hawai‘i and the United States more broadly.

Fighting in Paradise

Author : Gerald Horne
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824860217
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Fighting in Paradise by : Gerald Horne

Download or read book Fighting in Paradise written by Gerald Horne and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2011-07-31 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Powerful labor movements played a critical role in shaping modern Hawaii, beginning in the 1930s, when International Longshore and Warehousemen’s Union (ILWU) representatives were dispatched to the islands to organize plantation and dock laborers. They were stunned by the feudal conditions they found in Hawaii, where the majority of workers—Hawaiian, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino in origin—were routinely subjected to repression and racism at the hands of white bosses. The wartime civil liberties crackdown brought union organizing to a halt; but as the war wound down, Hawaii workers’ frustrations boiled over, leading to an explosive success in the forming of unions. During the 1950s, just as the ILWU began a series of successful strikes and organizing drives, the union came under McCarthyite attacks and persecution. In the midst of these allegations, Hawaii’s bid for statehood was being challenged by powerful voices in Washington who claimed that admitting Hawaii to the union would be tantamount to giving the Kremlin two votes in the U.S. Senate, while Jim Crow advocates worried that Hawaii’s representatives would be enthusiastic supporters of pro–civil rights legislation. Hawaii’s extensive social welfare system and the continuing power of unions to shape the state politically are a direct result of those troubled times. Based on exhaustive archival research in Hawaii, California, Washington, and elsewhere, Gerald Horne’s gripping story of Hawaii workers’ struggle to unionize reads like a suspense novel as it details for the first time how radicalism and racism helped shape Hawaii in the twentieth century.

Alternate Currents

Author : Justin B. Stein
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824896416
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Alternate Currents by : Justin B. Stein

Download or read book Alternate Currents written by Justin B. Stein and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2023 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the second half of the twentieth century, Reiki went from an obscure therapy practiced by a few thousand Japanese and Japanese Americans to a global phenomenon. By the early twenty-first century, people in nearly every corner of the world have undergone the initiations that authorize them to channel a cosmic energy--known as Reiki--to heal body, mind, and spirit. They lay hands on themselves and others, use secret symbols and incantations to send Reiki to distant recipients, and strive to follow five precepts to cultivate their spiritual growth. Reiki's international rise and development is due to the work of Hawayo Takata (1900-1980), a Hawai°i-born Japanese American woman who brought Reiki out of Japan and adapted it for thousands of students in Hawai°i and North America, shaping interconnections across the North Pacific region as well as cultural transformations over the transwar period spanning World War II. Alternate Currents: Reiki's Circulation in the Twentieth-Century North Pacific analyzes how, from her training in Japan in the mid-1930s to her death in Iowa in 1980, Takata built a vast trans-Pacific network that connected Japanese American laborers on Hawai°i plantations to social elites in Tokyo, Hollywood, and New York; middle class housewives in American suburbs; and off-the-grid tree planters in the mountains of British Columbia. Using recently uncovered archival materials and original oral histories, Stein examines how these relationships between healer and patient, master and disciple, became deeply infused with values of their time and place and how they interplayed with Reiki's circulation, performance, and meanings along with broader cultural shifts in the twentieth-century North Pacific. Highly readable and informative, each chapter is structured around a period in the life of Takata, the charismatic, rags-to-riches architect of the network in which Reiki spread for decades. Alternate Currents explores Reiki as an exemplary transnational spiritual therapy, demonstrating how lived practices transcend artificial distinctions between religion and medicine, and circulate in global systems while maintaining strong connections with the practices' homeland"--

The Gateway to the Pacific

Author : Meredith Oda
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022659274X
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis The Gateway to the Pacific by : Meredith Oda

Download or read book The Gateway to the Pacific written by Meredith Oda and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the decades following World War II, municipal leaders and ordinary citizens embraced San Francisco’s identity as the “Gateway to the Pacific,” using it to reimagine and rebuild the city. The city became a cosmopolitan center on account of its newfound celebration of its Japanese and other Asian American residents, its economy linked with Asia, and its favorable location for transpacific partnerships. The most conspicuous testament to San Francisco’s postwar transpacific connections is the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center in the city’s redeveloped Japanese-American enclave. Focusing on the development of the Center, Meredith Oda shows how this multilayered story was embedded within a larger story of the changing institutions and ideas that were shaping the city. During these formative decades, Oda argues, San Francisco’s relations with and ideas about Japan were being forged within the intimate, local sites of civic and community life. This shift took many forms, including changes in city leadership, new municipal institutions, and especially transformations in the built environment. Newly friendly relations between Japan and the United States also meant that Japanese Americans found fresh, if highly constrained, job and community prospects just as the city’s African Americans struggled against rising barriers. San Francisco’s story is an inherently local one, but it also a broader story of a city collectively, if not cooperatively, reimagining its place in a global economy.

Issei, Nisei, War Bride

Author : Evelyn Nakano Glenn
Publisher : Temple University Press
ISBN 13 : 1439903506
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis Issei, Nisei, War Bride by : Evelyn Nakano Glenn

Download or read book Issei, Nisei, War Bride written by Evelyn Nakano Glenn and published by Temple University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-20 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique study of Japanese American women employed as domestic workers.

Race and Retail

Author : Mia Bay
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813571723
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Race and Retail by : Mia Bay

Download or read book Race and Retail written by Mia Bay and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2015-08-04 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Race has long shaped shopping experiences for many Americans. Retail exchanges and establishments have made headlines as flashpoints for conflict not only between blacks and whites, but also between whites, Mexicans, Asian Americans, and a wide variety of other ethnic groups, who have at times found themselves unwelcome at white-owned businesses. Race and Retail documents the extent to which retail establishments, both past and present, have often catered to specific ethnic and racial groups. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the original essays collected here explore selling and buying practices of nonwhite populations around the world and the barriers that shape these habits, such as racial discrimination, food deserts, and gentrification. The contributors highlight more contemporary issues by raising questions about how race informs business owners’ ideas about consumer demand, resulting in substandard quality and higher prices for minorities than in predominantly white neighborhoods. In a wide-ranging exploration of the subject, they also address revitalization and gentrification in South Korean and Latino neighborhoods in California, Arab and Turkish coffeehouses and hookah lounges in South Paterson, New Jersey, and tourist capoeira consumption in Brazil. Race and Retail illuminates the complex play of forces at work in racialized retail markets and the everyday impact of those forces on minority consumers. The essays demonstrate how past practice remains in force in subtle and not-so-subtle ways.

The Shifting Grounds of Race

Author : Scott Kurashige
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400834007
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis The Shifting Grounds of Race by : Scott Kurashige

Download or read book The Shifting Grounds of Race written by Scott Kurashige and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los Angeles has attracted intense attention as a "world city" characterized by multiculturalism and globalization. Yet, little is known about the historical transformation of a place whose leaders proudly proclaimed themselves white supremacists less than a century ago. In The Shifting Grounds of Race, Scott Kurashige highlights the role African Americans and Japanese Americans played in the social and political struggles that remade twentieth-century Los Angeles. Linking paradigmatic events like Japanese American internment and the Black civil rights movement, Kurashige transcends the usual "black/white" dichotomy to explore the multiethnic dimensions of segregation and integration. Racism and sprawl shaped the dominant image of Los Angeles as a "white city." But they simultaneously fostered a shared oppositional consciousness among Black and Japanese Americans living as neighbors within diverse urban communities. Kurashige demonstrates why African Americans and Japanese Americans joined forces in the battle against discrimination and why the trajectories of the two groups diverged. Connecting local developments to national and international concerns, he reveals how critical shifts in postwar politics were shaped by a multiracial discourse that promoted the acceptance of Japanese Americans as a "model minority" while binding African Americans to the social ills underlying the 1965 Watts Rebellion. Multicultural Los Angeles ultimately encompassed both the new prosperity arising from transpacific commerce and the enduring problem of race and class divisions. This extraordinarily ambitious book adds new depth and complexity to our understanding of the "urban crisis" and offers a window into America's multiethnic future.

Nisei/Sansei

Author : Jere Takahashi
Publisher : Temple University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781566396592
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (965 download)

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Book Synopsis Nisei/Sansei by : Jere Takahashi

Download or read book Nisei/Sansei written by Jere Takahashi and published by Temple University Press. This book was released on 1998-06 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To talk about "political style" is to acknowledge a dynamic and somewhat improvisational approach to politics; it is to acknowledge the need to work within the limits presented by tradition, resources, and social context. To speak of "political style" in relation to a particular ethnic group is to recognize their agency in shaping their history.In Nisei/Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics, Jere Takahashi challenges studies that describe the Japanese American community's essentially linear process toward assimilation into U.S. society. As he develops a complex and nuanced account of Japanese American life, he shows that a diversity of opinion and debate about effective political strategy characterized each generation of Japanese Americans. As he investigates the ways in which each generation attempted to advance its interests and concerns, he uncovers the struggles over key issues and introduces the community activists whose voices have been muffled by assimilation narratives.Takahashi's approach to political style includes the ways that Japanese Americans mustered and managed political resources, but also encompasses their on-going efforts at self-definition. His focus, then, is on personal and social action; on individual activists, power, and ideological shifts within the community, and generational change. In telling the story of the community's complex and dynamic relationship to the larger society, he highlights individuals who contributed to the struggles and debates that paved the way for the emergence of a distinct Japanese American identity. Author note: Jere Takahashi teaches Asian American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley.

Servicing the Middle Classes

Author : Nicky Gregson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134885822
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Servicing the Middle Classes by : Nicky Gregson

Download or read book Servicing the Middle Classes written by Nicky Gregson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-08-03 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigates the rise of a new `servant' class in response to demands by the middle class, and the socio-economic trends which have led to this and profound change this reflects in our concepts of motherhood, class and gender relations.

Multicultural America [4 volumes]

Author : Ronald H. Bayor
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2420 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Multicultural America [4 volumes] by : Ronald H. Bayor

Download or read book Multicultural America [4 volumes] written by Ronald H. Bayor and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2011-07-22 with total page 2420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This encyclopedia contains 50 thorough profiles of the most numerically significant immigrant groups now making their homes in the United States, telling the story of our newest immigrants and introducing them to their fellow Americans. One of the main reasons the United States has evolved so quickly and radically in the last 100 years is the large number of ethnically diverse immigrants that have become part of its population. People from every area of the world have come to America in an effort to realize their dreams of more opportunity and better lives, either for themselves or for their children. This book provides a fascinating picture of the lives of immigrants from 50 countries who have contributed substantially to the diversity of the United States, exploring all aspects of the immigrants' lives in the old world as well as the new. Each essay explains why these people have come to the United States, how they have adjusted to and integrated into American society, and what portends for their future. Accounts of the experiences of the second generation and the effects of relations between the United States and the sending country round out these unusually rich and demographically detailed portraits.