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Costa Rica A Peaceful Nation Ready To Fight Case Studies Of 30 Years Of War Between Costa Rica And Nicaragua Contra War And P
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Book Synopsis Costa Rica: A Peaceful Nation Ready to Fight - Case Studies of 30 Years of War Between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, Contra War, and P by : U. S. Military
Download or read book Costa Rica: A Peaceful Nation Ready to Fight - Case Studies of 30 Years of War Between Costa Rica and Nicaragua, Contra War, and P written by U. S. Military and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-03-30 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study is to assess how a small nation like Costa Rica, which is committed to peace and lacks a military, is able to safeguard national security and territorial sovereignty while responding to a series of hostile external disputes with neighboring Nicaragua. It examines how Costa Rica's actions and decisions in response to these disputes supports or impugns established tenets of international relations theory. Three case studies examine distinct periods of Costa Rican relations with Nicaragua, extending from the abolition of Costa Rica's military in 1948 to the present-day. The findings are evaluated with respect to realist, liberal and constructivist theory. Costa Rica's behavior best supports tenets of constructivist theory as it is undoubtedly influenced by socially constructed norms. These norms include a strong commitment to diplomatic dispute resolution, a general public perception that Nicaragua cannot be trusted and that some domestic capacity to employ force is an acceptable deviation from the nation's commitment to diplomacy.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.I. Introduction * A. Major Research Question * B. Significance of the Research Question * C. Literature Review * D. Potential Explanations and Hypotheses * E. Research Design * F. Early History of Costa Rica * II. Case Study #1 (1948-1979): Thirty Years Of War Between Costa Rica And Nicaragua * A. Summary of Events * B. Realism * C. Liberalism * D. Constructivism * III. Case Study #2 (1979-1989): The Contra War * A. Summary of Events * B. Realism * C. Liberalism * D. Constructivism * IV. Case Study #3 (1990-Present Day): Border Disputes And The ICJ * A. Summary of Events * B. Realism * C. Liberalism * D. Constructivism * V. ConclusionThe principal questions addressed in this study are as follows: 1. Why does Costa Rica, as a nation dedicated to peace, continue to train, equip, and employ specialized units of its police force and provide support to guerilla forces in multiple disputes with Nicaragua? 2. How does Costa Rica's response to disputes with Nicaragua since 1948 support or impugn established international relations theory? While Costa Rica's response to external threats can be effectively explained using realist or liberal narratives in some instances, this study shows that Constructivist theory provides the most compelling explanation. Costa Rica's enduring commitment to peace and concurrent willingness to provide support to guerrilla forces and maintain a limited domestic force capable of rapidly engaging external threats from Nicaragua are best explained by Constructivist theories. The protracted conflict between the two nations has fomented a profound and enduring negative perception and distrust of Nicaragua by Costa Ricans. These socially constructed legacies have had the greatest influence over Costa Rica's behavior in the disputes with Nicaragua examined in this study.
Book Synopsis Strength Through Peace by : Judith Eve Lipton
Download or read book Strength Through Peace written by Judith Eve Lipton and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-10 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Costa Rica is the only full-fledged and totally independent country to be entirely demilitarized. Its military was abolished in 1948, with the keys to the armory handed to the Department of Education. Socially, Costa Rica is a success story. Although 94th in the world for GDP, it is in the top 10 on various measurements of health and well-being. Citizens enjoy high standards of living that include universal access to healthcare, education, and pensions. In addition, the country practices sustainable resource management, such as reforestation and the development of solar and wind power, and it expects to be carbon neutral by 2020. Hunting is illegal. 25% of the landmass is parks and reserves. The government supports universal health care, especially maternal and child health. Costa Rica even has a Blue Zone, an area where people live extraordinarily long, healthy lives. To some extent, Costa Rica is simply lucky: it was largely inaccessible, and it had virtually no precious minerals, therefore it was mostly spared the ravages of predatory colonialism. The Costa Rican people made very good social decisions, ranging from an avowed commitment to social democracy at the national level, to local land distribution to develop stable middle class farmers. But Costa Rica's neighbors have not enjoyed nearly as much peace and prosperity. It is unlikely that Costa Rica's demilitarization and its remarkable social success are coincidental; clearly, something special is going on. Through good luck, good leadership, and good decisions, Costa Rica has become arguably the sanest and most progressive country on earth. This book examines how and why Costa Rica is safe and independent without any military at all, and what the rest of us can learn from its success.
Book Synopsis The Role of the Organization of American States in Costa Rican-Nicaraguan Border Conflicts, 1948-1955, as Reported in Costa Rican and Nicaraguan Newspapers by : John Bertram Parker
Download or read book The Role of the Organization of American States in Costa Rican-Nicaraguan Border Conflicts, 1948-1955, as Reported in Costa Rican and Nicaraguan Newspapers written by John Bertram Parker and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean by :
Download or read book Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is one of several studies conducted by UNODC on organized crime threats around the world. These studies describe what is known about the mechanics of contraband trafficking - the what, who, how, and how much of illicit flows - and discuss their potential impact on governance and development. Their primary role is diagnostic, but they also explore the implications of these findings for policy. Publisher's note.
Download or read book Nicaragua written by Dianna Melrose and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Debt.
Book Synopsis Homicidal Ecologies by : Deborah J. Yashar
Download or read book Homicidal Ecologies written by Deborah J. Yashar and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Latin America has among the world's highest homicide rates. The author analyzes the illicit organizations, complicit and weak states, and territorial competition that generate today's violent homicidal ecologies.
Book Synopsis Washington's War on Nicaragua by : Holly Sklar
Download or read book Washington's War on Nicaragua written by Holly Sklar and published by South End Press. This book was released on 1988 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An account of U.S. policy from the Sandinista revolution through the Iran-contra scandal and beyond. Sklar shows how the White House sabotaged peace negoatiations and sustained the deadly contra war despite public opposition, with secret U.S. special forces and an auxiliary arm of dictators, drug smugglers and death squad godfathers, and illuminates an alternative policy rooted in law and democracy.
Download or read book Nicaragua written by James D. Rudolph and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an attempt to treat in a compact and objective manner the dominant social, political, economic, and national security aspects of contemporary Nicaraguan society.
Book Synopsis A Faustian Bargain by : William I Robinson
Download or read book A Faustian Bargain written by William I Robinson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A penetrating analysis of the controversial U.S. role in the 1990 Nicaraguan elections-the most closely monitored in history-this book exposes the intervention in the electoral process of a sovereign nation by the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State, the National Endowment for Democracy, and private U.S.-based organizations. Robins
Book Synopsis The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War by : Robert L. Pfaltzgraff
Download or read book The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War written by Robert L. Pfaltzgraff and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1992 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays reflects the proceedings of a 1991 conference on "The United States Air Force: Aerospace Challenges and Missions in the 1990s," sponsored by the USAF and Tufts University. The 20 contributors comment on the pivotal role of airpower in the war with Iraq and address issues and choices facing the USAF, such as the factors that are reshaping strategies and missions, the future role and structure of airpower as an element of US power projection, and the aerospace industry's views on what the Air Force of the future will set as its acquisition priorities and strategies. The authors agree that aerospace forces will be an essential and formidable tool in US security policies into the next century. The contributors include academics, high-level military leaders, government officials, journalists, and top executives from aerospace and defense contractors.
Book Synopsis The Pacification of Central America by : James Dunkerley
Download or read book The Pacification of Central America written by James Dunkerley and published by Verso. This book was released on 1994-05-17 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique guide to the politics and recent history of Central America by one of its most distinguished commentators opens with a succinct overview of pacification and democracy in the region. Dunkerley focuses on the causes and consequences of the ending of civil war in El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua. Drawing on a wide range of local and international sources, he stresses the variety of means by which peace has been sought and achieved. He also analyses economic performance, relations with the US, refugee and human rights problems, narcotics and corruption, and the issue of war crimes. The second section of the book comprises a detailed chronology covering all key developments between 1987 and 1993. the book concludes with indispensable appendices which clearly set out statistical profiles of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua for the decade since 1982. they document US economic and military aid to Central America, the dates and results of regional elections, and provide statistics on refugees and displaced persons. The Pacification of Central America is a valuable tool of reference for anyone with an interest in the complicated and often confusing politics of the region.
Book Synopsis Cold War in South Florida by : Steve Hach
Download or read book Cold War in South Florida written by Steve Hach and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Retreat from Doomsday by : John Mueller
Download or read book Retreat from Doomsday written by John Mueller and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :International Development Research Centre (Canada) Publisher :International Development Research Centre Books ISBN 13 : Total Pages :168 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (9 download)
Book Synopsis Canada and Missions for Peace by : International Development Research Centre (Canada)
Download or read book Canada and Missions for Peace written by International Development Research Centre (Canada) and published by International Development Research Centre Books. This book was released on 1998 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Canada and Missions for Peace: Lessons from Nicaragua, Cambodia and Somalia
Book Synopsis Global Study on Homicide 2013 by : United Nations
Download or read book Global Study on Homicide 2013 written by United Nations and published by UN. This book was released on 2014-06-15 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Global Study on Homicide 2013 is based on comprehensive data from more than 200 countries/territories, and examines and analyses patterns and trends in homicide at the global, regional, national and sub-national levels. Such analysis is fundamental to understanding the various factors and dynamics that drive homicide, so that measures can be developed to reduce violent crime. The Study provides a typology of homicide, including homicide related to crime, coexistence-related homicide, and socio-political homicide. The nature of crime in several countries emerging from conflict, the role of various mechanisms in killing, and the response of the criminal justice system to homicide are also analyzed. A further chapter examines homicide at the sub-national level, and includes analysis at the city-level for selected global cities.
Book Synopsis Women, Business and the Law 2021 by : World Bank
Download or read book Women, Business and the Law 2021 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-04-05 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women, Business and the Law 2021 is the seventh in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women’s economic opportunity in 190 economies. The project presents eight indicators structured around women’s interactions with the law as they move through their lives and careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. This year’s report updates all indicators as of October 1, 2020 and builds evidence of the links between legal gender equality and women’s economic inclusion. By examining the economic decisions women make throughout their working lives, as well as the pace of reform over the past 50 years, Women, Business and the Law 2021 makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women’s economic empowerment. Prepared during a global pandemic that threatens progress toward gender equality, this edition also includes important findings on government responses to COVID-19 and pilot research related to childcare and women’s access to justice.
Download or read book Regions and Powers written by Barry Buzan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-12-04 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops the idea that since decolonisation, regional patterns of security have become more prominent in international politics. The authors combine an operational theory of regional security with an empirical application across the whole of the international system. Individual chapters cover Africa, the Balkans, CIS Europe, East Asia, EU Europe, the Middle East, North America, South America, and South Asia. The main focus is on the post-Cold War period, but the history of each regional security complex is traced back to its beginnings. By relating the regional dynamics of security to current debates about the global power structure, the authors unfold a distinctive interpretation of post-Cold War international security, avoiding both the extreme oversimplifications of the unipolar view, and the extreme deterritorialisations of many globalist visions of a new world disorder. Their framework brings out the radical diversity of security dynamics in different parts of the world.
