Learning from SARS

Download Learning from SARS PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309182158
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Learning from SARS by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Learning from SARS written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-04-26 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in late 2002 and 2003 challenged the global public health community to confront a novel epidemic that spread rapidly from its origins in southern China until it had reached more than 25 other countries within a matter of months. In addition to the number of patients infected with the SARS virus, the disease had profound economic and political repercussions in many of the affected regions. Recent reports of isolated new SARS cases and a fear that the disease could reemerge and spread have put public health officials on high alert for any indications of possible new outbreaks. This report examines the response to SARS by public health systems in individual countries, the biology of the SARS coronavirus and related coronaviruses in animals, the economic and political fallout of the SARS epidemic, quarantine law and other public health measures that apply to combating infectious diseases, and the role of international organizations and scientific cooperation in halting the spread of SARS. The report provides an illuminating survey of findings from the epidemic, along with an assessment of what might be needed in order to contain any future outbreaks of SARS or other emerging infections.

Coronaviruses and their Diseases

Download Coronaviruses and their Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146845823X
Total Pages : 644 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coronaviruses and their Diseases by : David Cavanagh

Download or read book Coronaviruses and their Diseases written by David Cavanagh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the coronaviruses has never been greater. Their economic impact is considerable as they infect humans, livestock, poultry and companion animals. Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infection of the mouse and rat central nervous systems are the subject of intense study; these investigations are providing insights into the potential role of viruses in human neurological diseases and, more generally, into mechanisms causing neurological damage. The single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes of two species of these enveloped viruses (IBV and MHV) have been cloned completely and one of them (lBV) sequenced in its entirety, revealing a genome size of some 27000 nucleotides. This has made possible more incisive investigations into the nature of those polypeptides, encoded by more than half of the genome, which are likely to contribute, in the main, to RNA polymerase/replicase activity. Intriguingly, ribosomal frameshifting is exhibited within the mRNA coding for these polypeptides. The cloning/sequencing phase of coronavirology for which the 1980's will be partly remembered, has provided a sound framework for furthex: studies of the virus structural proteins and also some provocative insights relevant to these studies. The large spike glycoprotein(s), responsible for membrane fusion and bearing important antigenic sites, varies amazingly in length and composition both within as well as between coronavirus species. Receptors on host cells have been identified. The integral membrane glycoprotein (M) has been shown to use internal hydrophobic sequences to direct translocation within membranes.

Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19

Download Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030637611
Total Pages : 964 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 by : Nima Rezaei

Download or read book Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 written by Nima Rezaei and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2019, the world witnessed the occurrence of a new coronavirus to humanity. The disease spread quickly and became known as a pandemic globally, affecting both society and the health care system, both the elderly and young groups of people, and both the men’s and women’s groups. It was a universal challenge that immediately caused a surge in scientific research. Be a part of a world rising in fighting against the pandemic, the Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 was depicted in the early days of the pandemic, but updated by more than 200 scientists and clinicians to include many facets of this new infectious pandemic, including i, characteristics, ecology, and evolution of coronaviruses; ii, epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis (immune responses and oxidative stress) of the disease; iii, diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical manifestations of the disease in pediatrics, geriatrics, pregnant women, and neonates; iv, challenges of co-occurring the disease with tropical infections, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer and to the settings of dentistry, hematology, ophthalmology, and pharmacy; v, transmission, prevention, and potential treatments, ranging from supportive ventilator support and nutrition therapy to potential virus- and host-based therapies, immune-based therapies, photobiomodulation, antiviral photodynamic therapy, and vaccines; vi, the resulting consequences on social lives, mental health, education, tourism industry and economy; and vii, multimodal approaches to solve the problem by bioinformatic methods, innovation and ingenuity, globalization, social and scientific networking, interdisciplinary approaches, and art integration. We are approaching December 2020 and the still presence of COVID-19, asking us to call it COVID (without 19).

What You Need to Know about Infectious Disease

Download What You Need to Know about Infectious Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What You Need to Know about Infectious Disease by : Madeline Drexler

Download or read book What You Need to Know about Infectious Disease written by Madeline Drexler and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Coronaviridae

Download The Coronaviridae PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489915311
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Coronaviridae by : Stuart G. Siddell

Download or read book The Coronaviridae written by Stuart G. Siddell and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coronaviruses were recognized as a group of enveloped, RNA viruses in 1968 and accepted by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses as a separate family, the Coronaviridae, in 1975. By 1978, it had become evident that the coronavirus genomic RNA was infectious (i. e. , positive strand), and by 1983, at least the framework of the coronavirus replication strategy had been per ceived. Subsequently, with the application of recombinant DNA techniques, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of coronaviruses, and a mass of structural data concerning coronavirus genomes, mRNAs, and pro teins now exists. More recently, attention has been focused on the role of essential and accessory gene products in the coronavirus replication cyde and a molecular analysis of the structure-function relation ships of coronavirus proteins. Nevertheless, there are still large gaps in our knowledge, for instance, in areas such as the genesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNAs or the function of the coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The diseases caused by coronaviruses have been known for much longer than the agents themselves. Possibly the first coronavirus-related disease to be recorded was feline infectious peritonitis, as early as 1912. The diseases associ ated with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, and murine hepatitis virus were all well known before 1950.

Prevention And Control Of Covid-19

Download Prevention And Control Of Covid-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811220514
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Prevention And Control Of Covid-19 by :

Download or read book Prevention And Control Of Covid-19 written by and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shanghai COVID-19 Medical Treatment Expert Team edits this timely guide for effective prevention and control of COVID-19. Readers will obtain useful guidance on prevention and control of COVID-19 in different places ranging from homes, outdoors, workplaces, etc. You will know 'What is the purpose and significance of home quarantine?', ' When do you need to wear a mask?', 'How should you wash your hands?', 'Do you need to wear a mask in an elevator?', 'What foods are safe to eat and what are not?', 'How to deal with express parcels from major epidemic areas or other areas?' and many other useful tips.Related Link(s)

100 Questions & Answers About Coronaviruses

Download 100 Questions & Answers About Coronaviruses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
ISBN 13 : 128423049X
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (842 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 100 Questions & Answers About Coronaviruses by : Delthia Ricks

Download or read book 100 Questions & Answers About Coronaviruses written by Delthia Ricks and published by Jones & Bartlett Learning. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 100 Questions & Answers About Coronaviruses is a timely resource that organizes and distills cutting-edge information and data on COVID-19 in a single, convenient, easy-to-read resource. Featuring a foreword by Dr. Aaron Glatt, Chairman and Chief of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiologist at Mount Sinai South Nassau, 100 Questions and Answers About Coronaviruses begins with a history and myths about coronaviruses and progresses to answer questions about how COVID-19 affects children and adults, current vaccine research, quarantine, social distancing, preventing future pandemics, and more often asked questions. 100 Questions & Answers About Coronaviruses is a must-read for anyone interested in learning about the coronavirus that has reshaped our daily lives.

Emerging Viral Diseases

Download Emerging Viral Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309314003
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emerging Viral Diseases by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Emerging Viral Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past half century, deadly disease outbreaks caused by novel viruses of animal origin - Nipah virus in Malaysia, Hendra virus in Australia, Hantavirus in the United States, Ebola virus in Africa, along with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), several influenza subtypes, and the SARS (sudden acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) coronaviruses - have underscored the urgency of understanding factors influencing viral disease emergence and spread. Emerging Viral Diseases is the summary of a public workshop hosted in March 2014 to examine factors driving the appearance, establishment, and spread of emerging, re-emerging and novel viral diseases; the global health and economic impacts of recently emerging and novel viral diseases in humans; and the scientific and policy approaches to improving domestic and international capacity to detect and respond to global outbreaks of infectious disease. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the event.

CDC Yellow Book 2020

Download CDC Yellow Book 2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190065974
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CDC Yellow Book 2020 by : CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. (CDC)

Download or read book CDC Yellow Book 2020 written by CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION. (CDC) and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-06-11 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive reference for travel medicine, updated for 2020! "A beloved travel must-have for the intrepid wanderer." -Publishers Weekly "A truly excellent and comprehensive resource." -Journal of Hospital Infection The CDC Yellow Book offers everything travelers and healthcare providers need to know for safe and healthy travel abroad. This 2020 edition includes: · Country-specific risk guidelines for yellow fever and malaria, including expert recommendations and 26 detailed, country-level maps · Detailed maps showing distribution of travel-related illnesses, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis, and schistosomiasis · Guidelines for self-treating common travel conditions, including altitude illness, jet lag, motion sickness, and travelers' diarrhea · Expert guidance on food and drink precautions to avoid illness, plus water-disinfection techniques for travel to remote destinations · Specialized guidelines for non-leisure travelers, study abroad, work-related travel, and travel to mass gatherings · Advice on medical tourism, complementary and integrative health approaches, and counterfeit drugs · Updated guidance for pre-travel consultations · Advice for obtaining healthcare abroad, including guidance on different types of travel insurance · Health insights around 15 popular tourist destinations and itineraries · Recommendations for traveling with infants and children · Advising travelers with specific needs, including those with chronic medical conditions or weakened immune systems, health care workers, humanitarian aid workers, long-term travelers and expatriates, and last-minute travelers · Considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees Long the most trusted book of its kind, the CDC Yellow Book is an essential resource in an ever-changing field -- and an ever-changing world.

Bats and Viruses

Download Bats and Viruses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118818733
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bats and Viruses by : Lin-Fa Wang

Download or read book Bats and Viruses written by Lin-Fa Wang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, and the rate of emergence of zoonotic diseases is on the rise. Bats are being increasingly recognised as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including SARS coronavirus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and Ebola virus. Understanding bats’ role in emerging zoonotic diseases is crucial to this rapidly expanding area of research. Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases provides an updated overview of research focusing on bat biology and the role bats play as hosts of many major zoonotic viruses. The text covers bat biology, immunology, and genomics. Chapters also delve into the various major bat-borne virus families, including lyssaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses and reoviruses, among others. Edited by leaders in the field, Bats and Viruses: A New Frontier of Emerging Infectious Diseases is a timely, invaluable reference for bat researchers studying microbiology, virology and immunology, as well as infectious disease workers and epidemiologists, among others.

CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel

Download CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190628634
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel by : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC

Download or read book CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE ESSENTIAL WORK IN TRAVEL MEDICINE -- NOW COMPLETELY UPDATED FOR 2018 As unprecedented numbers of travelers cross international borders each day, the need for up-to-date, practical information about the health challenges posed by travel has never been greater. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, the CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel is the definitive guide to staying safe and healthy anywhere in the world. The fully revised and updated 2018 edition codifies the U.S. government's most current health guidelines and information for international travelers, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables, and charts. The 2018 Yellow Book also addresses the needs of specific types of travelers, with dedicated sections on: · Precautions for pregnant travelers, immunocompromised travelers, and travelers with disabilities · Special considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees · Practical tips for last-minute or resource-limited travelers · Advice for air crews, humanitarian workers, missionaries, and others who provide care and support overseas Authored by a team of the world's most esteemed travel medicine experts, the Yellow Book is an essential resource for travelers -- and the clinicians overseeing their care -- at home and abroad.

COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management-Part I

Download COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management-Part I PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1681088096
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management-Part I by : Neeraj Mittal

Download or read book COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management-Part I written by Neeraj Mittal and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2021-06-04 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has spread throughout the globe and much time has passed since it was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management provides clinicians and scholars all the information on this disease in 2 volumes. Readers will find a concise and visual reference for this viral disease and will be equipped with the knowledge to assess and manage Sar-Cov-2 infection cases in clinical settings. This book is divided into two parts (I and II). Part I provides comprehensive information about 1) History of Coronaviruses, 2) Epidemiology of COVID-19, 3) Clinical presentation of this viral disease and 4) COVID-19 diagnosis. Part II covers broader topics about this communicable disease including 1) the prevention and treatment methodology, 2) mortality and long-term complications, 3) COVID-19 vaccines and future perspectives. Key Features: Covers all the aspects of COVID-19 making this a perfect textbook for virology and medical students. Chapter wise description and segregation of topics from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management of COVID-19. Six chapters in the first part which focus on clinical basics of COVID-19. Six chapters in the first part which cover broader topics for practical infection control. Multiple tables and figures which summarize and highlight important points. Presents a summary of the current standards for the evaluation and diagnosis of COVID-19. Features a detailed list of references, abbreviations, and symbols. This book is an essential textbook reference for medical students, scientists (virologists, pulmonologists) and public health officials who are required to understand COVDI-19 diagnosis and management as part of their clinical training or professional work.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Download Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789811548161
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by : Shailendra K. Saxena

Download or read book Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) written by Shailendra K. Saxena and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-05-14 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their biology and associated challenges for their treatment and prevention of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Discussing various aspects of COVID-19 infection, including global epidemiology, genome organization, immunopathogenesis, transmission cycle, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control strategies, it highlights host-pathogen interactions, host immune response, and pathogen immune invasion strategies toward developing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID-19. An understanding of the topics covered in the book is imperative in the context of designing strategies to protect the human race from further losses and harm due to SARS-CoV-2 infection causing COVID-19.

Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First Insights Concerning SARS

Download Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First Insights Concerning SARS PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3764373393
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (643 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First Insights Concerning SARS by : Axel Schmidt

Download or read book Coronaviruses with Special Emphasis on First Insights Concerning SARS written by Axel Schmidt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-30 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: -SARS has received much attention and coverage by the media and has a high impact on the public making this a hot research topic for scientists. -

Persistent Viral Infections

Download Persistent Viral Infections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wiley-Blackwell
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 754 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Persistent Viral Infections by : R. Ahmed

Download or read book Persistent Viral Infections written by R. Ahmed and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 1999 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Persistent Viral Infections Edited by Rafi Ahmed Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, USA and Irvin S. Y. Chen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA During the past decade much of our attention has focused on diseases associated with viral persistence. Major breakthroughs in immunology, and the advent of molecular approaches to study pathogenesis have increased our understanding of the complex virus-host interactions that occur during viral persistence. Persistent Viral Infections focuses on: * The pathogenesis and immunology of chronic infections * Animal models that provide, or have the potential to provide, major insights This volume will be essential reading for virologists, immunologists, oncologists and neurologists.

The Covid-19 Reader

Download The Covid-19 Reader PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000332608
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Covid-19 Reader by : William C. Cockerham

Download or read book The Covid-19 Reader written by William C. Cockerham and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reader offers some of the most important writing to date from the science of COVID-19 and what science says about its spread and social implications. The readings have been carefully selected, introduced, and interpreted for an introductory or graduate student readership by a distinguished medical sociology and political science team. While some of the early science was inaccurate, lacking sufficient data, or otherwise incomplete, the author team has selected the most important and reliable early work for teachers and students in courses on medical sociology, public health, nursing, infectious diseases, epidemiology, anthropology of medicine, sociology of health and illness, social aspects of medicine, comparative health systems, health policy and management, health behaviors, and community health. Global in scope, the book tells the story of what happened and how COVID-19 was dealt with. Much of this material is in clinical journals, normally not considered in the social sciences, which are nonetheless informative and authoritative for student and faculty readers. Their selection and interpretation for students makes this concise reader an essential teaching source about COVID-19. An accompanying online resource on the book’s Routledge web page will update and evolve by providing links to new readings as the science develops.

Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses

Download Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461593735
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses by : P. J. Rottier

Download or read book Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses written by P. J. Rottier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume contains the Proceedings of an EMBO Workshop organized in June 1983 by the Institute of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, State University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. Some 70 scientists from 11 countries followed the invitation to present and discuss their recent data on the structure, replication, genetics and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. It was the second international meeting on these viruses; the Workshop, which was held in Zeist near Utrecht followed the example of the Wuerzburg symposium of October 1980. At that time it became clear that coronaviruses are unique in many respects. Once a group of viruses that were defined merely on the basis of their characteristic peplomer morphology, Coronaviridae family members are known today - to be constructed from essentially three polypeptides - to use a "nested set" of 5-6 subgenomic mRNAs in the expression of their large, positive and single stranded RNA genome, - to generate these subgenomic RNAs through specific fusion of non contiguous sequences, - to mature by budding from intracellular membranes, - to cause persistent infection with neurological involvement and sometimes immunopathological conditons. These and many other findings have been established only very recently. The articles collected in this book reveal and/or further detail these findings. Since these Proceedings contain the combined scientific presentations of representatives from virtually all laboratories engaged in the field, they provide a fairly comprehensive review of the state of the art in corona virology.