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Copper Shaft Hole Axes And Early Metallurgy In South Eastern Europe An Integrated Approach
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Book Synopsis Copper Shaft-Hole Axes and Early Metallurgy in South-Eastern Europe: An Integrated Approach by : Julia Heeb
Download or read book Copper Shaft-Hole Axes and Early Metallurgy in South-Eastern Europe: An Integrated Approach written by Julia Heeb and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2014-06-27 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the copper axes with central shaft-hole from south-eastern Europe have a long history of research, they have not been studied on a transnational basis since the 1960s. What has also been missing, is trying to use as many methods as possible to better understand their production, use and context.
Book Synopsis Copper Shaft-Hole Axes and Early Metallurgy in South-Eastern Europe: An Integrated Approach by : Julia Heeb
Download or read book Copper Shaft-Hole Axes and Early Metallurgy in South-Eastern Europe: An Integrated Approach written by Julia Heeb and published by Archaeopress Archaeology. This book was released on 2014 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the copper axes with central shaft-hole from south-eastern Europe have a long history of research, they have not been studied on a transnational basis since the 1960s. What has also been missing, is trying to use as many methods as possible to better understand their production, use and context. A database was compiled to find answers to questions regarding patterns of distribution, context, fragmentation and deformation. Aspects of production were considered through experimental archaeology, metallographic analysis and a re-discovered axe blank with missing shaft-hole. The typology was re-evaluated and modified to ensure comparability across modern national boundaries. The integration of these approaches yielded some interesting results. The great variability in shape clearly shows that a variety of production techniques were used, but it is difficult to relate these to specific geographic areas. In fact the typology as well as the practice of marking the axes indicate that traditional archaeological 'cultures' rarely correspond to axe types and marking practices. Instead there were different spheres of influence, some more localised and others much larger than specific ceramic traditions. These different levels of belonging show that it was a period of complex cultural patterns and interactions. The axes were part of these networks of daily life on many different levels from the utilitarian to the ritualised placement in burial contexts.
Book Synopsis Copper Shaft-hole Axes and Early Metallurgy in South-eastern Europe by : Anthony Harding
Download or read book Copper Shaft-hole Axes and Early Metallurgy in South-eastern Europe written by Anthony Harding and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although the copper axes with central shaft-hole from south-eastern Europe have a long history of research, they have not been studied on a transnational basis since the 1960s. What has also been missing is an integrated or holistic approach, trying to use as many methods as possible and better understand the production, use and context of these enigmatic objects. This present research therefore approaches the axes from different angles. A database was compiled in order to find answers on questions such as the patterns of distribution, context, fragmentation and deformation of axes. For the distribution of axes in general as well as different attributes like fragmentation and typology, the content of the database was imported into GIS software and analysed. Aspects of production were considered through experimental archaeology, metallographic analysis and a re-discovered axe blank with missing shafthole. Especially the missing moulds make it difficult to fully understand the production sequence. The typology was re-evaluated and modified to ensure comparability across modern national boundaries. The context and background was developed through a thorough review of the literature and combined with theoretical considerations. The integration of all these approaches yielded some interesting results. The great variability in shape combined with the results of metallographic analyses clearly shows that a variety of production techniques were used, but it is as yet difficult to relate these to specific geographic areas or even cultural groups. In fact the typology as well as the practice of marking the axes indicate that traditional archaeological 'cultures' rarely correspond to the distribution of a type or to the practice of marking the axes. They show instead that there were different spheres of influence, some even more localised and others much larger (like the Carpathian Basin) than specific ceramic traditions. These different levels of belonging, as well as the increasing visibility of the individual in the archaeological record, show that it was a period of complex cultural patterns and interactions. The axes were a part of these networks of the daily life on many different levels from the strict utilitarian to the ritualised placement in burial contexts.
Book Synopsis Traditions and Transformations by : Tobias L. Kienlin
Download or read book Traditions and Transformations written by Tobias L. Kienlin and published by British Archaeological Reports Limited. This book was released on 2010 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study was conceived of some years ago as a sequel to the metallographic examination of Early Bronze Age axes from the north alpine region of central Europe. The original impetus was to provide a long-term perspective on the development of methods of casting and forging by extending the data base to Eneolithic/Copper Age material. In addition, by a shift east to the Carpathian Basin an attempt was made to allow for the existence of different traditions of early metalworking and compare regional trajectories into the metal ages. The approach may be termed cognitive since metallographic data, that is the examination of a metal objects microstructure, is used to reconstruct chaines operatoires in the production of early metal objects and to compare the knowledge Eneolithic/Copper Age and Bronze Age metalworkers had gained of the different types of copper and copper-based alloys they were working. In the first instance therefore this work represents is an archaeometallurgical study in the early phases of metallurgy in parts of central and south-eastern Europe. Metallographic data from a large series of Eneolithic/Copper Age shaft-hole axes and flat axes is first published here in detail. The findings from this examination are discussed and both groups of implements are compared in terms of variation in their production parameters. This variation is related to both the technological change that came about during the Eneolithic/Copper Age and to a shift in emphasis placed on the production of shaft-hole implements and more mundane flat axes respectively. The conclusions drawn relate to genuinely archaeological questions. At least, the author hopes that they are of wider archaeological relevance and they are framed in such terms as to arise the interest of an archaeological audience beyond the sub-discipline of archaeometallurgy. There is also new data on Bronze Age material contained in this study, but most discussions related to that period draw on previously published data as well and try to integrate both data sets into a more comprehensive picture than was previously available. Contents: 1) Introduction; 2) The Earliest Metalworking in South-Eastern and Central Europe: A Review of the Evidence; 3) Traditions in the Making: Aspects of the Production of Eneolithic/Copper Age Shaft-Hole Axes; 4) Traditions under Transformation I: The Casting and Working of Eneolithic/Copper Age Flat Axes; 5) The Axes in Context I: Copper and Copper Age Society; 6)Early Bronze Age Metallurgy: A Review of the Evidence; 7 Traditions under Transformation II: Technological Choice in Bronze Age Metallurgy; 8) The Axes in Context II: A Case Study from the North Alpine Region of Central Europe; 9) Some Concluding Thoughts; Appendix I: Methods Applied and Outline of the Interpretation of Eneolithic/Copper Age and Bronze Age Microstructures; Appendix II: Catalogue and Tables.
Book Synopsis Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective by : Benjamin W. Roberts
Download or read book Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective written by Benjamin W. Roberts and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-07 with total page 866 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of ancient metals in their social and cultural contexts has been a topic of considerable interest in archaeology and ancient history for decades, partly due to the modern dependence on technology and man-made materials. The formal study of Archaeometallurgy began in the 1970s-1980s, and has seen a recent growth in techniques, data, and theoretical movements. This comprehensive sourcebook on Archaeometallurgy provides an overview of earlier research as well as a review of modern techniques, written in an approachable way. Covering an extensive range of archaeological time-periods and regions, this volume will be a valuable resource for those studying archaeology worldwide. It provides a clear, straightforward look at the available methodologies, including: • Smelting processes • Slag analysis • Technical Ceramics • Archaeology of Mining and Field Survey • Ethnoarchaeology • Chemical Analysis and Provenance Studies • Conservation Studies With chapters focused on most geographic regions of Archaeometallurgical inquiry, researchers will find practical applications for metallurgical techniques in any area of their study. Ben Roberts is a specialist in the early metallurgy and later prehistoric archaeology of Europe. He was the Curator of the European Copper and Bronze Age collections at the British Museum between 2007 and 2012 and is now a Lecturer in Prehistoric Europe in the Departm ent of Archaeology at the Durham University, UK. Chris Thornton is a specialist in the ancient metallurgy of the Middle East, combining anthropological theory with archaeometrical analysis to understand the development and diffusion of metallurgical technologies throughout Eurasia. He is currently a Consulting Scholar of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, where he received his PhD in 2009, and the Lead Program Officer of research grants at the National Geographic Society.
Book Synopsis The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia by : Miljana Radivojević
Download or read book The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia written by Miljana Radivojević and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia is a landmark study in the evolution of early metallurgy in the Balkans. It demonstrates that far from being a rare and elite practice, the earliest metallurgy in the world was a common and communal craft activity.
Book Synopsis Bronze Age Tell Communities in Context: An Exploration Into Culture, Society and the Study of European Prehistory. Part 1 by : Tobias L. Kienlin
Download or read book Bronze Age Tell Communities in Context: An Exploration Into Culture, Society and the Study of European Prehistory. Part 1 written by Tobias L. Kienlin and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2015-07-31 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study challenges current modelling of Bronze Age tell communities in the Carpathian Basin in terms of the evolution of functionally-differentiated, hierarchical or 'proto-urban' society under the influence of Mediterranean palatial centres.
Book Synopsis The Advent of Metallurgy in Prehistoric Southeast Europe by : Petar Dusan Glumac
Download or read book The Advent of Metallurgy in Prehistoric Southeast Europe written by Petar Dusan Glumac and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Advent of Metallurgy in Prehistoric Southeast Europe by : Petar Dušan Glumac
Download or read book The Advent of Metallurgy in Prehistoric Southeast Europe written by Petar Dušan Glumac and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper by : H. G. Bachmann
Download or read book The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper written by H. G. Bachmann and published by Inst. for Archaeo-Metallurgica. This book was released on 1990 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ancient mining and metallurgy in southeast Europe by :
Download or read book Ancient mining and metallurgy in southeast Europe written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Lost World of Old Europe by : David W. Anthony
Download or read book The Lost World of Old Europe written by David W. Anthony and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the prehistoric Copper Age, long before cities, writing, or the invention of the wheel, Old Europe was among the most culturally rich regions in the world. Its inhabitants lived in prosperous agricultural towns. The ubiquitous goddess figurines found in their houses and shrines have triggered intense debates about women's roles. The Lost World of Old Europe is the accompanying catalog for an exhibition at New York University's Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. This superb volume features essays by leading archaeologists as well as breathtaking color photographs cataloguing the objects, some illustrated here for the first time. The heart of Old Europe was in the lower Danube valley, in contemporary Bulgaria and Romania. Old European coppersmiths were the most advanced metal artisans in the world. Their intense interest in acquiring copper, Aegean shells, and other rare valuables gave rise to far-reaching trading networks. In their graves, the bodies of Old European chieftains were adorned with pounds of gold and copper ornaments. Their funerals were without parallel in the Near East or Egypt. The exhibition represents the first time these rare objects have appeared in the United States. An unparalleled introduction to Old Europe's cultural, technological, and artistic legacy, The Lost World of Old Europe includes essays by Douglass Bailey, John Chapman, Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici, Ioan Opris and Catalin Bem, Ernst Pernicka, Dragomir Nicolae Popovici, Michel Séfériadès, and Vladimir Slavchev.
Book Synopsis Creativity in the Bronze Age by : Lise Bender Jørgensen
Download or read book Creativity in the Bronze Age written by Lise Bender Jørgensen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Creativity is an integral part of human history, yet most studies focus on the modern era, leaving unresolved questions about the formative role that creativity has played in the past. This book explores the fundamental nature of creativity in the European Bronze Age. Considering developments in crafts that we take for granted today, such as pottery, textiles, and metalwork, the volume compares and contrasts various aspects of their development, from the construction of the materials themselves, through the production processes, to the design and effects deployed in finished objects. It explores how creativity is closely related to changes in material culture, how it directs responses to the new and unfamiliar, and how it has resulted in changes to familiar things and practices. Written by an international team of scholars, the case studies in this volume consider wider issues and provide detailed insights into creative solutions found in specific objects.
Download or read book Copper Alloys written by Luca Collini and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-03-07 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper has been used for thousands of years. In the centuries, both handicraft and industry have taken advantage of its easy castability and remarkable ductility combined with good mechanical and corrosion resistance. Although its mechanical properties are now well known, the simple f.c.c. structure still makes copper a model material for basic studies of deformation and damage mechanism in metals. On the other hand, its increasing use in many industrial sectors stimulates the development of high-performance and high-efficiency copper-based alloys. After an introduction to classification and casting, this book presents modern techniques and trends in processing copper alloys, such as the developing of lead-free alloys and the role of severe plastic deformation in improving its tensile and fatigue strength. Finally, in a specific section, archaeometallurgy techniques are applied to ancient copper alloys. The book is addressed to engineering professionals, manufacturers and materials scientists.
Book Synopsis The Human Body in Early Iron Age Central Europe by : Katharina Rebay-Salisbury
Download or read book The Human Body in Early Iron Age Central Europe written by Katharina Rebay-Salisbury and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-08 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identities and social relations are fundamental elements of societies. To approach these topics from a new and different angle, this study takes the human body as the focal point of investigation. It tracks changing identities of early Iron Age people in central Europe through body-related practices: the treatment of the body after death and human representations in art. The human remains themselves provide information on biological parameters of life, such as sex, biological age, and health status. Objects associated with the body in the grave and funerary practices give further insights on how people of the early Iron Age understood life and death, themselves, and their place in the world. Representations of the human body appear in a variety of different materials, forms, and contexts, ranging from ceramic figurines to images on bronze buckets. Rather than focussing on their narrative content, human images are here interpreted as visualising and mediating identity. The analysis of how image elements were connected reveals networks of social relations that connect central Europe to the Mediterranean. Body ideals, nudity, sex and gender, aging, and many other aspects of women’s and men’s lives feature in this book. Archaeological evidence for marriage and motherhood, war, and everyday life is brought together to paint a vivid picture of the past.
Book Synopsis The Archaeology of the Caucasus by : Antonio Sagona
Download or read book The Archaeology of the Caucasus written by Antonio Sagona and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This conspectus brings together in an accessible and systematic manner a dizzy array of archaeological cultures situated between several worlds.
Book Synopsis Bronze Age Metalworking in the Netherlands (c. 2000-800 BC) by : M. H. G. Kuijpers
Download or read book Bronze Age Metalworking in the Netherlands (c. 2000-800 BC) written by M. H. G. Kuijpers and published by Sidestone Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost fifty years ago J. J. Butler started his research to trace the possible remains of a Bronze Age metalworker's workshop in the Netherlands. Yet, while metalworking has been deduced on the ground of the existence of regional types of axes and some scarce finds related to metalworking, the smith's workplace has remained elusive. In this Research Master Thesis I have tried to tackle this problem. I have considered both the social as well as the technological aspects of metalworking to be able to determine conclusively whether metalworking took place in the Netherlands or not. The first part of the thesis revolves around the social position of the smith and the social organization of metalworking. My approach entails a re-evaluation of the current theories on metalworking, which I believe to be unfounded and one-sided. They tend to disregard production of everyday objects of which the most prominent example is the axe. The second part deals with the technological aspects of metalworking and how these processes are manifested in the archaeological record. Based on evidence from archaeological sites elsewhere in Europe and with the aid of experimental archaeology a metalworking toolkit is constructed. Finally, a method is presented which might help archaeologists recognize the workplace of a Bronze Age smith.
