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Contextualizing Late Holocene Subsistence Change On Californias Northern Channel Islands
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Book Synopsis Contextualizing Late Holocene Subsistence Change on California’s Northern Channel Islands by :
Download or read book Contextualizing Late Holocene Subsistence Change on California’s Northern Channel Islands written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complex relationship between sociopolitical complexity, natural climatic change, and subsistence strategies on California’s Northern Channel Islands (NCI) has long been a topic of archaeological inquiry. One period of particular interest to NCI researchers is the Middle-to-Late Transition Period (MLT, 800-650 cal BP), during which Chumash hierarchical sociopolitical organization is thought to have solidified. Multiple models of sociopolitical change have been proposed, all of which acknowledge the relationship between rising populations, shifting dietary patterns, climatic events, and sociopolitical structure. Due to data gaps and the history of archaeological research on the Channel Islands, however, these models rely on dietary data from MLT and Late Period (650 cal BP to AD 1542) archaeological sites on Santa Cruz Island, but lack critical data from the Middle Period to contextualize subsistence shifts. Through my thesis research, I present and interpret dietary data from two well-dated Middle Period sites on Santa Cruz Island through a historical ecological framework to place dietary shifts in spatial and temporal context and to aid in a deeper understanding of Chumash lifeways during a very dynamic time on the NCI.
Book Synopsis Islands through Time by : Todd J. Braje
Download or read book Islands through Time written by Todd J. Braje and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-11-06 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore the remarkable history of one of the jewels of the US National Park system California’s Northern Channel Islands, sometimes called the American Galápagos and one of the jewels of the US National Park system, are a located between 20 and 44 km off the southern California mainland coast. Celebrated as a trip back in time where tourists can capture glimpses of California prior to modern development, the islands are often portrayed as frozen moments in history where ecosystems developed in virtual isolation for tens of thousands of years. This could not, however, be further from the truth. For at least 13,000 years, the Chumash and their ancestors occupied the Northern Channel Islands, leaving behind an archaeological record that is one of the longest and best preserved in the Americas. From ephemeral hunting and gathering camps to densely populated coastal villages and Euro-American and Chinese historical sites, archaeologists have studied the Channel Island environments and material culture records for over 100 years. They have pieced together a fascinating story of initial settlement by mobile hunter-gatherers to the development of one of the world’s most complex hunter-gatherer societies ever recorded, followed by the devastating effects of European contact and settlement. Likely arriving by boat along a “kelp highway,” Paleocoastal migrants found not four offshore islands, but a single super island, Santarosae. For millennia, the Chumash and their predecessors survived dramatic changes to their land- and seascapes, climatic fluctuations, and ever-evolving social and cultural systems. Islands Through Time is the remarkable story of the human and ecological history of California’s Northern Channel Islands. We weave the tale of how the Chumash and their ancestors shaped and were shaped by their island homes. Their story is one of adaptation to shifting land- and seascapes, growing populations, fluctuating subsistence resources, and the innovation of new technologies, subsistence strategies, and socio-political systems. Islands Through Time demonstrates that to truly understand and preserve the Channel Islands National Park today, archaeology and deep history are critically important. The lessons of history can act as a guide for building sustainable strategies into the future. The resilience of the Chumash and Channel Island ecosystems provides a story of hope for a world increasingly threatened by climate change, declining biodiversity, and geopolitical instability.
Book Synopsis A Dynamic Ecological Model for Human Settlement on California's Northern Channel Islands by : Christopher Jazwa
Download or read book A Dynamic Ecological Model for Human Settlement on California's Northern Channel Islands written by Christopher Jazwa and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Settlement on California's Northern Channel Islands can be described using two behavioral ecology models, the Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) and the Ideal Despotic Distribution (IDD). These models predict that (1) people will first establish permanent settlements in the regions ranked highest for environmental resources; (2) as population grows, people will settle progressively lower-ranked habitats; (3) resource depression should occur in the highest-ranked habitats prior to the occupation of lower-ranked habitats; and (4) under despotic conditions, residents of high-ranked habitats will force newcomers to less desirable locations to prevent resource depression. In this dissertation, I test these models using targeted survey, excavation, laboratory analysis, and radiocarbon dating of archaeological sites on Santa Rosa, the second largest of the Northern Channel Islands. On this island, the early permanent settlements (after ~8000 cal BP) were located in both high- and middle-ranked locations, with the most extensive settlement at the highest-ranked locations and only isolated sites elsewhere. Settlement at a low-ranked habitat is confined to the Late Holocene (after 3600 cal BP). Environmental change independent of human activities, including drought, influences the relative rank of different locations, adding a dynamic aspect to the model and potentially resulting in population movement. Furthermore, the despotic variant of the model (IDD) is prominent late in time as complexity and territoriality developed.This study expands on previous attempts to understand the environmental parameters for settlement on the Northern Channel Islands by modeling fresh water flow in the drainages on Santa Rosa Island. The hydrological model for Santa Rosa Island presented here incorporates geospatial and temporal data for climate (precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, temperature), soils, vegetation, and topography to simulate the complex land-surface-groundwater behavior of island hydrology for hypothetical wet, dry, and median centuries. Drainages on the northwest and east coasts of the island have the largest runoff and are the most resilient to drought. This contributes to their high rank in the IFD/IDD models. This dissertation traces settlement patterns on Santa Rosa Island from the earliest available evidence for permanent settlement during the Middle Holocene (7550-3600 cal BP) through historic contact. The Middle Holocene was associated with increasing sedentism and an elaboration of diverse settlement and special purpose sites. A central place forager model describes the processing and transport costs of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and California mussel (Mytilus californianus), and how these costs influence archaeological assemblages at coastal and interior settlements. Permanent coastal sites were occupied year-round by larger populations and special purpose sites have faunal assemblages that reflect their distance from coastal shellfish beds. Starting around 1300 cal BP, there were important cultural changes associated with an increase in sociopolitical complexity. Permanent settlement condensed from a dispersed pattern to one that was nucleated at a small number of large coastal villages. The subsequent settlement pattern can be described using the IDD. Village residents prevented others from joining them, pushing the others to more marginal habitats than would be expected in the IFD. Fish was the primary food source at that time, so changes in the distribution of fish and other faunal species provide a useful tool to track these changes.
Book Synopsis Changing Subsistence Patterns in the Late Holocene, on Isla Cedros, Baja, California by : Deborah V. Roman
Download or read book Changing Subsistence Patterns in the Late Holocene, on Isla Cedros, Baja, California written by Deborah V. Roman and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Symposium, Ventura, California, December 1-3, 2003 by : Dave Garcelon
Download or read book Proceedings of the Sixth California Islands Symposium, Ventura, California, December 1-3, 2003 written by Dave Garcelon and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis California's Channel Islands by : Christopher S. Jazwa
Download or read book California's Channel Islands written by Christopher S. Jazwa and published by Anthropology of Pacific North. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Definitive analyses of these unique Pacific coast islands and their inhabitants
Book Synopsis Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Stress and Prehistoric Human Occupation on San Clemente Island by : Andrew Yatsko
Download or read book Late Holocene Paleoclimatic Stress and Prehistoric Human Occupation on San Clemente Island written by Andrew Yatsko and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Middle Holocene Hilltop and Ridgeline Settlement on the Northern Channel Islands of California by : Robert A. Clifford
Download or read book Middle Holocene Hilltop and Ridgeline Settlement on the Northern Channel Islands of California written by Robert A. Clifford and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Late Prehistoric Territorial Expansion and Maintenance in the South-central Sierra Nevada, California by : Christopher Thomas Morgan
Download or read book Late Prehistoric Territorial Expansion and Maintenance in the South-central Sierra Nevada, California written by Christopher Thomas Morgan and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "While logistically organized and sedentary hunter-gatherers have been characterized as more efficient resource exploiters with adaptive advantages over simpler, mobile foragers, the mobile Western Mono successfully migrated to the western slope of the south-central Sierra Nevada, California, outcompeting and displacing more sedentary groups some 600 years ago. They did so during a shift from benign, warm, and dry to marginal, cold, and wet environmental conditions. Assuming that settlement and subsistence behaviors are adaptive mechanisms that confer advantages (and disadvantages) to groups competing to occupy territory, this research focuses on reconstructing Western Mono settlement, transport, and storage behaviors in light of patchy montane resource distributions resulting from late Holocene climate change. This theoretical approach directs analysis towards reconstructing competitive hunter-gatherer subsistence behaviors during a period where when resources were particularly patchy with regard to time, space, and elevation. Such behaviors were those that best averaged temporal and spatial variability in resource availability. For the Mono, these behaviors were seasonal residential mobility and acorn transport and caching. Residential mobility effectively averaged resource base variability by bringing consumers to resources during peak environmental productivity. Transport of acorn to winter hamlets and high elevations was important to this strategy, bringing resources to consumers in winter and reducing uncertainty when entering resource-poor environments in summer. Dispersed and expedient acorn caching offset the temporal variability of resource availability. Acorn caches are distributed in efficient and risk-reducing logistical foraging radii that effectively provisioned lowland winter settlements. Caches not only sustained winter populations, but also facilitated spring and summer moves by providing reliable food stores near highland spring and summer camps. Combined, Mono transport, mobility, and storage effectively averaged pronounced spatial and temporal variance in the environment's production of key resources during the late Holocene neoglacial, behaviors ultimately leading to their successful migration and territorial maintenance. These findings ultimately imply that when hunter-gatherers compete; to occupy territory, behaviors thought of as simple, such as residential mobility and expedient technology, can confer competitive advantages to their practitioners and that the success or failure of competing behaviors is intrinsically linked to the ecological contexts in which they occur."--Abstract
Book Synopsis The Culture of Santarosae by : Jack Loy Watts
Download or read book The Culture of Santarosae written by Jack Loy Watts and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Paleocoastal Mobility Patterns by : Nicole D. Kulaga
Download or read book Paleocoastal Mobility Patterns written by Nicole D. Kulaga and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Northern Channel Islands off the coast of southern California have played a pivotal role in understanding some of the earliest archaeology in North America, going back at least 13,000 years. The islands of Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel have likely the highest density of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene aged archaeological sites. While Paleocoastal archaeology has been the target of much research, there are still many aspects which have not been thoroughly explored, including settlement and mobility patterns of Paleocoastal peoples. This research examines this issue by conducting an intensive artifact analysis on arguably one of the most intensively excavated Paleocoastal sites, CA-SRI-997/H on Santa Rosa Island, and comparing the results to other contemporary Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene sites on the islands. The collected data will then be compared to well-known settlement and mobility hunter-gatherer models: the forager and collector models. The results of this research will be able to inform archaeologists about different aspects of one of the earliest cultures in North America, including site function, site organization, and settlement and mobility patterns.
Book Synopsis Understanding Changes in Mobility & Subsistence from Terminal Pleistocene to Late Holocene in the Highlands of New Guinea Through Intensity of Lithic Reduction, Changing Site Types, and Paleoclimate by : Jennifer Huff
Download or read book Understanding Changes in Mobility & Subsistence from Terminal Pleistocene to Late Holocene in the Highlands of New Guinea Through Intensity of Lithic Reduction, Changing Site Types, and Paleoclimate written by Jennifer Huff and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why did people in the highlands of New Guinea move from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and subsistence pattern, and develop a subsistence pattern centered on root and tree crop agriculture? How did the ancient residents of the highlands actually move around the landscape in the late Pleistocene, and how did that change though the Holocene? The research presented in this dissertation addresses these questions through and analysis of intensity of reduction of stone tools, paleoclimate reconstructions, and statistical analyses of regional radiocarbon dates. Competing models of processes driving change are compared against the accumulated evidence, with precipitation and other climate phenomena determined to be the mechanism with the strongest effect driving changes in site use, subsistence, and related technology.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium by : David R. Browne
Download or read book Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium written by David R. Browne and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Paleoenvironmental Change in Central California in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene by : Alicia Cowart
Download or read book Paleoenvironmental Change in Central California in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene written by Alicia Cowart and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dramatic environmental changes have occurred in the last 50,000 years in California due both to changes in climate and anthropogenic impacts. Analyses of pollen and microscopic charcoal from sediment cores from three wetland sites in central California record changes in vegetation and fire frequencies during the late Pleistocene and Holocene at different temporal resolutions. A long-term record with a basal date of ca. 50,000 cal yrs BP from a coastal wetland north of Santa Cruz shows important vegetation shifts between the Last Glacial Maximum, the glacial-interglacial transition, and the mid- to late-Holocene, as well as the introduction of a frequent fire regime in the Holocene. A 3,000-year record from a wetland near Año Nuevo State Park provides evidence of an increase in fire frequency in coastal California from the fifteenth century to the present, and vegetation changes associated with logging after Euro-American settlement. A core that spans the last ca. 700 years from an oxbow lake in the Sacramento Valley records the introduction of non-native plants into the area after European arrival. Together, these records help place the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts in the context of long-term environmental change due to regional or global climatic forcing.
Book Synopsis Foundations of Chumash Complexity by : Jeanne E. Arnold
Download or read book Foundations of Chumash Complexity written by Jeanne E. Arnold and published by Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. This book was released on 2005-12-31 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights the latest research on the foundations of sociopolitical complexity in coastal California. The populous maritime societies of southern California, particularly the groups known collectively as the Chumash, have gone largely unrecognized as prototypical complex hunter-gatherers, only recently beginning to emerge from the shadow of their more celebrated counterparts on the Northwest Coast of North America. While Northwest cultures are renowned for such complex institutions as ceremonial potlatches, slavery, cedar plank-house villages, and rich artistic traditions, the Chumash are increasingly recognized as complex hunter-gatherers with a different set of organizational characteristics: ascribed chiefly leadership, a strong maritime economy based on oceangoing canoes, an integrative ceremonial system, and intensive and highly specialized craft production activities. Chumash sites provide some of the most robust data on these subjects available in the Americas. Contributors present stimulating new analyses of household and village organization, ceremonial specialists, craft specializations and settlement data, cultural transmission processes, bead manufacturing practices, watercraft, and the acquisition of prized marine species.
Book Synopsis California Archaeology by : Michael J. Moratto
Download or read book California Archaeology written by Michael J. Moratto and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-10 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California Archaeology provides a compilation of knowledge for archeologists who are not California specialists. This book explains important cultural events and patterns discovered archeologically. Organized into 11 chapters, this book begins with an overview of California's historic and ancient environments as well as the evidence of Pleistocene human activity. This text then examines the glacial and other environmental conditions that would have influenced the origins, adaptations, and spread of the earliest North Americans. Other chapters consider how California's past is relevant to a wider understanding of human behavior. This book discusses as well the perceptions of Central Coast and San Francisco Bay region prehistory that have changed rapidly as a result of intensive fieldwork performed to comply with environmental law. The final chapter deals with the data of historical linguistics, which indicate something of the cultural relationships and events that might have occurred in the past. This book is a valuable resource for archeologists.
Book Synopsis Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change by : Erick Robinson
Download or read book Lithic Technological Organization and Paleoenvironmental Change written by Erick Robinson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this edited volume is to bring together a diverse set of analyses to document how small-scale societies responded to paleoenvironmental change based on the evidence of their lithic technologies. The contributions bring together an international forum for interpreting changes in technological organization - embracing a wide range of time periods, geographic regions and methodological approaches. As technology brings more refined information on ancient climates, the research on spatial and temporal variability of paleoenvironmental changes. In turn, this has also broadened considerations of the many ways that prehistoric hunter-gatherers may have responded to fluctuations in resource bases. From an archaeological perspective, stone tools and their associated debitage provide clues to understanding these past choices and decisions, and help to further the investigation into how variable human responses may have been. Despite significant advances in the theory and methodology of lithic technological analysis, there have been few attempts to link these developments to paleoenvironmental research on a global scale.
