CONSTRUCTIVISM: A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE CLASSROOM TEACHING IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (An Empirical Study)

Download CONSTRUCTIVISM: A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE CLASSROOM TEACHING IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (An Empirical Study) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ashok Yakkaldevi
ISBN 13 : 1387871099
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CONSTRUCTIVISM: A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE CLASSROOM TEACHING IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (An Empirical Study) by : Dr.U.K.KULKARNI

Download or read book CONSTRUCTIVISM: A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE CLASSROOM TEACHING IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (An Empirical Study) written by Dr.U.K.KULKARNI and published by Ashok Yakkaldevi. This book was released on 2022-06-20 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: · INTRODUCTION Education is one of the most important factors in achieving the developmental goals of a country. Social Science is one among those subjects which is an essential element of education. Social Science is of great value and introduces the new ways of thinking reasoning and living. It develops the consciousness among' the individuals. Social Science is a subject which broadens the horizon of an individual and develops various skills and provides opportunity for the professional growth of an individual. Social Science has become a great value in the present day; Social Science has spread its net on all over the fields of life. Before the days of early printing when books were not easily available, the knowledge was imparted by the teachers from their own store by lecturing and discussion. With the advancement of educational technology and educational research the educationists evolved many teaching skills and techniques, which resulted in effective teaching. Social Science is such a subject which includes the skills, techniques, Methods, some time laboratory experiments, field study and so on. The teachers are required to teach in such a way that the students should learn better, understand well and also feel interested while learning. Hence in every school, there is need for Social Science laboratory to do simple demonstration and activities to develop scientific attitude, creativity, interest and attitude to get knowledge of handling equipment, models, specimens etc and to practice skills. Through practical knowledge a child learns better and understands the concepts clearly. Hence, activity based method of teaching is very essential to develop scientific and Critical Knowledge among the students at the secondary level.

Psychology for the Classroom: Constructivism and Social Learning

Download Psychology for the Classroom: Constructivism and Social Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136995722
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (369 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychology for the Classroom: Constructivism and Social Learning by : Alan Pritchard

Download or read book Psychology for the Classroom: Constructivism and Social Learning written by Alan Pritchard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychology for the Classroom: Constructivism and Social Learning provides a lively introduction to the much debated topics of talk and group collaboration in classrooms, and the development of interactive approaches to teaching. The authors provide a background to research in constructivist and social learning theory, offering a broad and practical analysis which focuses on contemporary issues and strategies, including the use of e-learning and multimedia. Throughout the book theory is linked with its practical implications for everyday teaching and learning and chapters incorporate: the history of constructivist and social learning theory and key thinkers pedagogical implications practical strategies for the classroom constructivist theory and e-learning. Case studies and vignettes demonstrating best practice are used throughout the text, illustrating how monitored collaboration between learners can result in an effective learning environment where targets are met. Essential reading for practising teachers and students, this book is a valuable guide for those looking to provide effective teaching and learning within a constructivist framework.

Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades

Download Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Allyn & Bacon
ISBN 13 : 9780205324385
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades by : Cynthia S. Sunal

Download or read book Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades written by Cynthia S. Sunal and published by Allyn & Bacon. This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: /* 2438L-2, Sunal, Cynthia Szymanski, Social Studies for the Elementary and Middle Grades: A Constructivist Approach.*/" Designed to help teachers facilitate students' development into problem solvers and decision makers who take an active role as citizens of the world. The authors provide interviews with exemplary teachers throughout the text help to put a face on the teaching of social studies and offer concrete examples of constructivist instruction." This book demonstrates how to use developmentally appropriate strategies to help students construct important social studies ideas and skills. "Time for Reflection: What do you think?" activities allow the reader to integrate their personal experiences and perspectives with text materials. Drawing upon their combined teaching experience of more than 25 years, the authors illustrate flexible strategies for teaching social studies to today's diverse learners. They provide readers with a structure of the knowledge to be learned, how to help students reconstruct present ideas, and how to translate theory and recent research into lesson plans and units. Readers also receive practical applications of constructivist theory by the numerous classroom scenarios and lesson plans that appear throughout the book. Explanations and examples throughout the text help the reader arrive at more appropriate and accurate conceptions and reflection and the application of these ideas to their teaching. The book supports the reader with many opportunities for reflection on classroom events, analysis of classroom scenarios, consideration of interviews with exemplary social studies teachers, and analysis of classroom-tested lesson plans that focus on allcontent areas." Designed for elementary and middle school social studies faculty(K-8).

Constructivism

Download Constructivism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807772593
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivism by : Catherine Twomey Fosnot

Download or read book Constructivism written by Catherine Twomey Fosnot and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2013-09-18 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This enduring bestseller remains the most comprehensive examination of constructivism and its relationship to teaching and learning. Closing the gap between theory and practice, well-known scholars make constructivism accessible by showing its application in everyday classrooms. Building on the success of the first edition, the authors have completely updated this popular text and expanded its scope to include examples of constructivist teaching across all grade levels and disciplines. An ambitious revision of a now classic text, Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for practicing teachers, teacher educators, and curriculum specialists in mathematics, science, social studies, and language arts. New for the Second Edition! An updated theory section that adds further contemporary biological evidence to go beyond the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky—offering a more contemporary framework for a psychological theory of learning.New chapters reflecting the school-based reforms that have been initiated since the writing of the first edition—specifically addressing the changes in mathematics, social studies, and teacher education.A new chapter on the emerging field of disability studies—including a critique that unmasks current practices and assumptions that better serve schools rather than students and their families. Contributors: Paul Cobb • Susan Cowey • Rheta DeVries • Eleanor Duckworth • Dewey I. Dykstra, Jr. • George Forman • Catherine Twomey Fosnot • Catherine A. Franklin • June S. Gould • Maxine Greene • Candace Julyan • Randall Stewart Perry • D. Kim Reid • Deborah Schifter • Jan Weatherly Valle • Ernst von Glasersfeld • Betty Zan. Praise for the First Edition! “Provides the reader with many ways of connecting to the central ideas of constructivism . . . highly readable.” —Gifted Child Quarterly “Shows how constructivist theory can inform classroom practices, and . . . provides teachers with a deeper understanding that gives substance to the rhetoric of school reform.” —Journal of Curriculum Studies

Constructivist Approaches and Research Methods

Download Constructivist Approaches and Research Methods PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1473987377
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (739 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivist Approaches and Research Methods by : Pam Denicolo

Download or read book Constructivist Approaches and Research Methods written by Pam Denicolo and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2016-09-07 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of personal construct psychology (PCP) that will help researchers understand the why′s, what′s and how′s of conducting a rigorous constructivist research project. From the theoretical underpinnings of constructivist approaches to the practical values of these techniques, these three expert authors explain how to conduct interpretative, constructivist research from inception to completion. Key topics include: Understanding research philosophies and paradigms Constructing and exploring personal realities Establishing effective research procedures Evaluating grids, mapping, narrative and other research methods Managing the practicalities of fieldwork Analysing and presenting data With activities and procedural examples from a wide range of disciplines woven throughout the text and two special chapters featuring in-depth case studies from a variety of constructivist researchers, this book helps readers grasp the tools, designs, and opportunities of interpretative research. An essential companion for both researchers and practitioners looking to understand people’s values, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or motivations!

Dynamic Social Studies for Constructivist Classrooms

Download Dynamic Social Studies for Constructivist Classrooms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780132849487
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (494 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dynamic Social Studies for Constructivist Classrooms by : George W. Maxim

Download or read book Dynamic Social Studies for Constructivist Classrooms written by George W. Maxim and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical and dynamic are the hallmarks of this popular social studies methods text, and this new edition steps up its focus on motivation and creativity with a fresh, new design and a number of updates that give readers a clear vision of the most effective ways to teach social studies to elementary school students—and to motivate them to become social scientists. Here readers get a close look at actual elementary school classrooms in chapter-opening scenarios that set the theme for the chapter and place the content into a meaningful context. In addition, a number of new, authentic scenarios are used within the chapters to enhance reader understanding and show visually how teachers have actually used suggested teaching strategies in their classrooms. These vignettes, coupled with numerous photos, illustrations, and figures, illuminate and reinforce the information presented in a way that helps pre- and in-service teachers clearly envision the most effective and creative ways to teach social studies to elementary school students.--Publisher's website.

The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education

Download The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136489746
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education by : Kenneth G. Tobin

Download or read book The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education written by Kenneth G. Tobin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-11-12 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a needed elaboration of theories and potential applications of constructivism in science education. Although the term "constructivism" is used widely, there has been a dearth of materials to guide science educators concerning the potential of constructivism to influence what is done in the field. In fact, there has been a tendency for constructivism to be viewed as a method that can be used in a classroom. This view tends to diminish the power of constructivism as a way of thinking about education, and in particular, about science education. The chapters in this book address the need to document the theoretical roots of constructivism and to describe how practitioners have applied constructivist oriented beliefs in the practice of K-12 teaching of science and mathematics, as well as teacher education. Not only does this book contain different theoretical perspectives on constructivism, but it also features a chapter that critiques constructivism as an epistemology. Specific topics covered include: * cooperative learning, * the negotiation of meaning, * problem centered learning, * social construction of knowledge, * science in culturally diverse settings, * curriculum planning and implementation, and * instructional technology. Issues associated with the preparation and enhancement of science teachers and the reform of science education are also explored.

Constructivism and Education

Download Constructivism and Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521621359
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (213 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivism and Education by : Marie Larochelle

Download or read book Constructivism and Education written by Marie Larochelle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-08-13 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An international collection dealing with the constructivist approach to education.

Innovations in Teacher Education

Download Innovations in Teacher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 0791481840
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovations in Teacher Education by : Clive Beck

Download or read book Innovations in Teacher Education written by Clive Beck and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive, "social constructivist" approach to preservice education. Written in a clear, accessible style, it presents key principles of teacher education and concrete examples from eight successful programs in Australia, Canada, and the United States. It extends constructivism beyond Piaget and Vygotsky to more recent theorists such as Barthes and Derrida, indicating how such an approach can lead to engaging, effective education. Clive Beck and Clare Kosnik advocate an approach to teacher education that is highly original, linking integration, community components, and inquiry to a degree not commonly found in preservice programs, and they show in detail how to implement these elements.

Effective Teaching

Download Effective Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1849200750
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (492 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effective Teaching by : Daniel Muijs

Download or read book Effective Teaching written by Daniel Muijs and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2010-12-09 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition updates the successful 2005 edition with the latest research on effective teaching and learning. Appropriate for primary and secondary education, the authors continue to provide a broad and comprehensive overview of what is now a large body of knowledge on effective teaching. The authors maintain their user-friendly style and the structure which takes in generic teaching skills; teaching for specific goals; subject specific strategies and other classroom issues. Each chapter is built around opening learning objectives.

Constructivist Methods for Teaching in Diverse Middle-level Classrooms

Download Constructivist Methods for Teaching in Diverse Middle-level Classrooms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Allyn & Bacon
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivist Methods for Teaching in Diverse Middle-level Classrooms by : Kenneth T. Henson

Download or read book Constructivist Methods for Teaching in Diverse Middle-level Classrooms written by Kenneth T. Henson and published by Allyn & Bacon. This book was released on 2004 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Constructivist Strategies for Proactive Middle Level Teachers is designed to prepare prospective middle level teachers for their first classroom experience and to help in-service teachers improve their teaching skills.Each of the themes in this book addresses a major goal set by the Carnegie Council on Academic Development or by the National Middle School Association particularly selected for middle-level programs. The book employs as its focus constructivism, multiculturalism, and a proactive approach to teaching-all topics of concern/importance to teacher educators.Prospective middle level teachers.

Constructivism Reconsidered in the Age of Social Media

Download Constructivism Reconsidered in the Age of Social Media PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119216141
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivism Reconsidered in the Age of Social Media by : Chris Stabile

Download or read book Constructivism Reconsidered in the Age of Social Media written by Chris Stabile and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No longer relegated to just the classroom, learning has become universal through the use of social media. Social media embodies constructivism itself as the users engage in the development of their own meaning. And, constructivism is relevant to education, and learning theory and technological advance can be better understood in the light of one another. This volume explores: particular areas influenced by constructivist thinking and social media, such as student learning, faculty development, and pedagogical practices, practical and useful ways to engage in social media, and dialogue and discussions regarding the nature of learning in relation to the technology that has changed how both faculty and students experience their educational landscape. This is the 144th volume of this Jossey-Bass higher education series. It offers a comprehensive range of ideas and techniques for improving college teaching based on the experience of seasoned instructors and the latest findings of educational and psychological researchers.

Constructivism

Download Constructivism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780807745700
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (457 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivism by : Catherine Twomey Fosnot

Download or read book Constructivism written by Catherine Twomey Fosnot and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the success of the first edition, the author have completely updated this popular text and expanded its scope to include examples of constructivist teaching across all grade levels and disciplines. (Midwest).

Teaching Social Studies that Matters

Download Teaching Social Studies that Matters PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807773220
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching Social Studies that Matters by : Stephen J. Thornton

Download or read book Teaching Social Studies that Matters written by Stephen J. Thornton and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No plan to increase achievement and enact reform in the social studies classroom will succeed without recognizing the central importance of the teacher as the “gatekeeper” of instruction. In this book, Thornton details why teachers must develop strong skills in curriculum planning and teaching methods in order for effective instruction to occur. Thornton helps teachers to develop a vision of their practice that will build strong social studies programs and inspire students to learn. Features: An approach to preparing purposeful teachers, acknowledging that teachers make daily decisions concerning what to teach and how to teach it. Replicable examples of the kinds of reflective practice that will enable teachers to animate classroom instruction and create a dynamic social studies curriculum. An analysis of how teachers adapt and shape state and district level curricula and classroom materials to fit the specific needs of their students—a model of how to develop an instructional program with suggestions for lesson planning. In-depth examinations of alternative ways of educating teachers in subject matter and teaching methods. “In this important book, Steve Thornton brings a Deweyan perspective to current problems in social studies education. He does more, however, because his analysis can be extended profitably to every subject in the curriculum.” —From the Foreword by Nel Noddings “A thoughtful and carefully documented analysis. . . . Let us hope that this book encourages a richer dialogue than the now-tedious and generally unproductive separate disciplines v. integrated social studies debate.” —Linda S. Levstik, University of Kentucky, Lexington “A refreshingly clearheaded, historically grounded, altogether enlightening analysis. This is the book I've been waiting for.” —Walter Parker, University of Washington

Confident Classroom Leadership

Download Confident Classroom Leadership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113662578X
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Confident Classroom Leadership by : Peter Hook

Download or read book Confident Classroom Leadership written by Peter Hook and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-21 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2000. Confident Classroom Leadership offers newly qualified and experienced teachers highly practical and successful skills to empower and support them in their key role of effectively managing classrooms. Powerful behaviour management approaches, influential language patterns and core skills for building positive relationships are presented in a detailed and well- structured style making it easy to incorporate them into practice.

Constructivism and the New Social Studies

Download Constructivism and the New Social Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1641132965
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructivism and the New Social Studies by : Geoffrey Scheurman

Download or read book Constructivism and the New Social Studies written by Geoffrey Scheurman and published by IAP. This book was released on 2018-07-01 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New Social Studies refers to a flurry of academic and commercial activity during the 1960s and 1970s that resulted in the mass development and dissemination of revolutionary classroom materials and teacher resources. In science as well as social studies, a spirit of “inquiry-based teaching” filled the air during this time, resulting in the development of curricula that were both pedagogically innovative and intellectually rigorous. “Constructivism and the New Social Studies” contains a collection of classic lessons from some of the most successful projects of the era, providing a resource of exceptional ideas and materials that have stood the test of time. These revealing artifacts are presented with commentaries from some of the original directors of major projects, including Edwin Fenton, Barry Beyer, and Suzanne Helburn. In addition to American and World History, groundbreaking lessons are represented in Economics, Government, Sociology, and Geography, including the Public Issues Series (Fred Newann), The Amherst History Project (Richard Brown and Geoffrey Scheurman) and Teaching American History: The Quest for Relevancy (Allan Kownslar, Gerald Ponder, and Geneva Gay), and Man: A Course of Study (Peter Dow). With a Foreword by Jerome Bruner, the volume not only provides a resource of exceptional curriculum ideas and actual materials, it also builds a lucid bridge between the theoretical ideas of constructivism and the pedagogical principles of inquiry learning. With over 50 years of expertise from curriculum history and social studies pedagogy, the editors make the case that “guided inquiry” as presented in these projects was constructivist by design, offering a range of instructional methods that begin with questions rather than answers and considers progress in terms of the development of analytical skills and experimental habits of mind rather than the mere acquisition of knowledge. Projects developed during the New Social Studies serve as both an interesting historical archive of powerful curricular innovations as well as a treasure trove of actual lessons and materials still useful in social studies classrooms striving to become more constructivist. The lessons and other materials we chose should be relevant if you are an historian, researcher, theorist, or teacher of any subject, but it will be especially significant if you are interested in the nature of social, civic, or historical literacy in America, including how to teach for authentic achievement in those areas.

Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning

Download Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441914277
Total Pages : 3643 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning by : Norbert M. Seel

Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 3643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.