Constructing Mathematical Knowledge

Download Constructing Mathematical Knowledge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136364722
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructing Mathematical Knowledge by : Paul Ernest

Download or read book Constructing Mathematical Knowledge written by Paul Ernest and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1994. This book and its companion volume, Mathematics, Education and Philosophy: An International Perspective are edited collections. Instead of the sharply focused concerns of the research monograph, the books offer a panorama of complementary and forward-looking perspectives. They illustrate the breadth of theoretical and philosophical perspectives that can fruitfully be brough to bear on the mathematics and education. The empathise of this book is on epistemological issues, encompassing multiple perspectives on the learning of mathematics, as well as broader philosophical reflections on the genesis of knowledge. It explores constructivist and social theories of learning and discusses the rile of the computer in light of these theories.

Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12

Download Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1544374844
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12 by : Peter Liljedahl

Download or read book Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K-12 written by Peter Liljedahl and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thinking student is an engaged student Teachers often find it difficult to implement lessons that help students go beyond rote memorization and repetitive calculations. In fact, institutional norms and habits that permeate all classrooms can actually be enabling "non-thinking" student behavior. Sparked by observing teachers struggle to implement rich mathematics tasks to engage students in deep thinking, Peter Liljedahl has translated his 15 years of research into this practical guide on how to move toward a thinking classroom. Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K–12 helps teachers implement 14 optimal practices for thinking that create an ideal setting for deep mathematics learning to occur. This guide Provides the what, why, and how of each practice and answers teachers’ most frequently asked questions Includes firsthand accounts of how these practices foster thinking through teacher and student interviews and student work samples Offers a plethora of macro moves, micro moves, and rich tasks to get started Organizes the 14 practices into four toolkits that can be implemented in order and built on throughout the year When combined, these unique research-based practices create the optimal conditions for learner-centered, student-owned deep mathematical thinking and learning, and have the power to transform mathematics classrooms like never before.

Visible Learning for Mathematics, Grades K-12

Download Visible Learning for Mathematics, Grades K-12 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1506362958
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Visible Learning for Mathematics, Grades K-12 by : John Hattie

Download or read book Visible Learning for Mathematics, Grades K-12 written by John Hattie and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected as the Michigan Council of Teachers of Mathematics winter book club book! Rich tasks, collaborative work, number talks, problem-based learning, direct instruction...with so many possible approaches, how do we know which ones work the best? In Visible Learning for Mathematics, six acclaimed educators assert it’s not about which one—it’s about when—and show you how to design high-impact instruction so all students demonstrate more than a year’s worth of mathematics learning for a year spent in school. That’s a high bar, but with the amazing K-12 framework here, you choose the right approach at the right time, depending upon where learners are within three phases of learning: surface, deep, and transfer. This results in "visible" learning because the effect is tangible. The framework is forged out of current research in mathematics combined with John Hattie’s synthesis of more than 15 years of education research involving 300 million students. Chapter by chapter, and equipped with video clips, planning tools, rubrics, and templates, you get the inside track on which instructional strategies to use at each phase of the learning cycle: Surface learning phase: When—through carefully constructed experiences—students explore new concepts and make connections to procedural skills and vocabulary that give shape to developing conceptual understandings. Deep learning phase: When—through the solving of rich high-cognitive tasks and rigorous discussion—students make connections among conceptual ideas, form mathematical generalizations, and apply and practice procedural skills with fluency. Transfer phase: When students can independently think through more complex mathematics, and can plan, investigate, and elaborate as they apply what they know to new mathematical situations. To equip students for higher-level mathematics learning, we have to be clear about where students are, where they need to go, and what it looks like when they get there. Visible Learning for Math brings about powerful, precision teaching for K-12 through intentionally designed guided, collaborative, and independent learning.

The Construction of New Mathematical Knowledge in Classroom Interaction

Download The Construction of New Mathematical Knowledge in Classroom Interaction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387242538
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Construction of New Mathematical Knowledge in Classroom Interaction by : Heinz Steinbring

Download or read book The Construction of New Mathematical Knowledge in Classroom Interaction written by Heinz Steinbring and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-30 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics is generally considered as the only science where knowledge is uni form, universal, and free from contradictions. „Mathematics is a social product - a 'net of norms', as Wittgenstein writes. In contrast to other institutions - traffic rules, legal systems or table manners -, which are often internally contradictory and are hardly ever unrestrictedly accepted, mathematics is distinguished by coherence and consensus. Although mathematics is presumably the discipline, which is the most differentiated internally, the corpus of mathematical knowledge constitutes a coher ent whole. The consistency of mathematics cannot be proved, yet, so far, no contra dictions were found that would question the uniformity of mathematics" (Heintz, 2000, p. 11). The coherence of mathematical knowledge is closely related to the kind of pro fessional communication that research mathematicians hold about mathematical knowledge. In an extensive study, Bettina Heintz (Heintz 2000) proposed that the historical development of formal mathematical proof was, in fact, a means of estab lishing a communicable „code of conduct" which helped mathematicians make themselves understood in relation to the truth of mathematical statements in a co ordinated and unequivocal way.

Mathematics for Human Flourishing

Download Mathematics for Human Flourishing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300237138
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematics for Human Flourishing by : Francis Su

Download or read book Mathematics for Human Flourishing written by Francis Su and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ancient Greeks argued that the best life was filled with beauty, truth, justice, play and love. The mathematician Francis Su knows just where to find them."--Kevin Hartnett, Quanta Magazine" This is perhaps the most important mathematics book of our time. Francis Su shows mathematics is an experience of the mind and, most important, of the heart."--James Tanton, Global Math Project For mathematician Francis Su, a society without mathematical affection is like a city without concerts, parks, or museums. To miss out on mathematics is to live without experiencing some of humanity's most beautiful ideas. In this profound book, written for a wide audience but especially for those disenchanted by their past experiences, an award-winning mathematician and educator weaves parables, puzzles, and personal reflections to show how mathematics meets basic human desires--such as for play, beauty, freedom, justice, and love--and cultivates virtues essential for human flourishing. These desires and virtues, and the stories told here, reveal how mathematics is intimately tied to being human. Some lessons emerge from those who have struggled, including philosopher Simone Weil, whose own mathematical contributions were overshadowed by her brother's, and Christopher Jackson, who discovered mathematics as an inmate in a federal prison. Christopher's letters to the author appear throughout the book and show how this intellectual pursuit can--and must--be open to all.

Constructing Mathematical Knowledge

Download Constructing Mathematical Knowledge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135716196
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (357 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Constructing Mathematical Knowledge by : Paul Ernest

Download or read book Constructing Mathematical Knowledge written by Paul Ernest and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-09-02 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides perspectives on the learning of mathematics and epistemology. The book explores constructivist and social theories of learning, and discusses the role of the computer in the light of these theories.

Mathematical Mindsets

Download Mathematical Mindsets PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118418271
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematical Mindsets by : Jo Boaler

Download or read book Mathematical Mindsets written by Jo Boaler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-12 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Banish math anxiety and give students of all ages a clear roadmap to success Mathematical Mindsets provides practical strategies and activities to help teachers and parents show all children, even those who are convinced that they are bad at math, that they can enjoy and succeed in math. Jo Boaler—Stanford researcher, professor of math education, and expert on math learning—has studied why students don't like math and often fail in math classes. She's followed thousands of students through middle and high schools to study how they learn and to find the most effective ways to unleash the math potential in all students. There is a clear gap between what research has shown to work in teaching math and what happens in schools and at home. This book bridges that gap by turning research findings into practical activities and advice. Boaler translates Carol Dweck's concept of 'mindset' into math teaching and parenting strategies, showing how students can go from self-doubt to strong self-confidence, which is so important to math learning. Boaler reveals the steps that must be taken by schools and parents to improve math education for all. Mathematical Mindsets: Explains how the brain processes mathematics learning Reveals how to turn mistakes and struggles into valuable learning experiences Provides examples of rich mathematical activities to replace rote learning Explains ways to give students a positive math mindset Gives examples of how assessment and grading policies need to change to support real understanding Scores of students hate and fear math, so they end up leaving school without an understanding of basic mathematical concepts. Their evasion and departure hinders math-related pathways and STEM career opportunities. Research has shown very clear methods to change this phenomena, but the information has been confined to research journals—until now. Mathematical Mindsets provides a proven, practical roadmap to mathematics success for any student at any age.

Mathematical Methods in the Earth and Environmental Sciences

Download Mathematical Methods in the Earth and Environmental Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107117488
Total Pages : 599 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematical Methods in the Earth and Environmental Sciences by : Adrian Burd

Download or read book Mathematical Methods in the Earth and Environmental Sciences written by Adrian Burd and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-18 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible introduction to the mathematical methods essential for understanding processes in the Earth and environmental sciences.

Helping Children Learn Mathematics

Download Helping Children Learn Mathematics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309131987
Total Pages : 52 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Helping Children Learn Mathematics by : National Research Council

Download or read book Helping Children Learn Mathematics written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-07-31 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Results from national and international assessments indicate that school children in the United States are not learning mathematics well enough. Many students cannot correctly apply computational algorithms to solve problems. Their understanding and use of decimals and fractions are especially weak. Indeed, helping all children succeed in mathematics is an imperative national goal. However, for our youth to succeed, we need to change how we’re teaching this discipline. Helping Children Learn Mathematics provides comprehensive and reliable information that will guide efforts to improve school mathematics from pre--kindergarten through eighth grade. The authors explain the five strands of mathematical proficiency and discuss the major changes that need to be made in mathematics instruction, instructional materials, assessments, teacher education, and the broader educational system and answers some of the frequently asked questions when it comes to mathematics instruction. The book concludes by providing recommended actions for parents and caregivers, teachers, administrators, and policy makers, stressing the importance that everyone work together to ensure a mathematically literate society.

Teaching Numeracy

Download Teaching Numeracy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1452224404
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (522 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching Numeracy by : Margie Pearse

Download or read book Teaching Numeracy written by Margie Pearse and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2011-03-23 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transform mathematics learning from “doing” to “thinking” American students are losing ground in the global mathematical environment. What many of them lack is numeracy—the ability to think through the math and apply it outside of the classroom. Referencing the new common core and NCTM standards, the authors outline nine critical thinking habits that foster numeracy and show you how to: Monitor and repair students’ understanding Guide students to recognize patterns Encourage questioning for understanding Develop students’ mathematics vocabulary Included are several numeracy-rich lesson plans, complete with clear directions and student handouts.

Construction Mathematics

Download Construction Mathematics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135055211
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Construction Mathematics by : Surinder Virdi

Download or read book Construction Mathematics written by Surinder Virdi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-03-21 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Construction Mathematics is an introductory level mathematics text, written specifically for students of construction and related disciplines. Learn by tackling exercises based on real-life construction maths. Examples include: costing calculations, labour costs, cost of materials and setting out of building components. Suitable for beginners and easy to follow throughout. Learn the essential basic theory along with the practical necessities. The second edition of this popular textbook is fully updated to match new curricula, and expanded to include even more learning exercises. End of chapter exercises cover a range of theoretical as well as practical problems commonly found in construction practice, and three detailed assignments based on practical tasks give students the opportunity to apply all the knowledge they have gained. Construction Mathematics addresses all the mathematical requirements of Level 2 construction NVQs from City & Guilds/CITB and Edexcel courses, including the BTEC First Diploma in Construction. Additional coverage of the core unit Mathematics in Construction and the Built Environment from BTEC National Construction, Civil Engineering and Building Services courses makes this an essential revision aid for students who do not have Level 2 mathematics experience before commencing their BTEC National studies. This is also the ideal primer for any reader who wishes to refresh their mathematics knowledge before going into a construction HNC or BSc.

Activating Math Talk

Download Activating Math Talk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1071821571
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Activating Math Talk by : Paola Sztajn

Download or read book Activating Math Talk written by Paola Sztajn and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2020-09-24 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieve High-Quality Mathematics Discourse With Purposeful Talk Techniques Many mathematics teachers agree that engaging students in high quality discourse is important for their conceptual learning, but successfully promoting such discourse in elementary classrooms—with attention to the needs of every learner—can be a challenge. Activating Math Talk tackles this challenge by bringing practical, math-specific, productive discourse techniques that are applicable to any lesson or curriculum. Framed around 11 student-centered discourse techniques, this research-based book connects purposeful instructional techniques to specific lesson goals and includes a focus on supporting emergent multilingual learners. You will be guided through each technique with Classroom examples of tasks and techniques spanning grades K–5 Reflection moments to help you consider how key ideas relate to your own instruction Classroom vignettes that illustrate the techniques in action and provide opportunities to analyze and prepare for your own implementation Group discussion questions for engaging with colleagues in your professional community Achieving high-quality mathematics discourse is within your reach using the clear-cut techniques that activates your math talk efforts to promote every student’s conceptual learning.

Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How

Download Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 150639423X
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How by : Jennifer Knudsen

Download or read book Mathematical Argumentation in Middle School-The What, Why, and How written by Jennifer Knudsen and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2017-09-21 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research-based book brings tough Standards for Mathematical Practice 3 standards for mathematical argumentation and critical reasoning alive - all within a thoroughly explained four-part model that covers generating cases, conjecturing, justifying, and concluding.

Strengths-Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics

Download Strengths-Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin
ISBN 13 : 1544374909
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Strengths-Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics by : Beth McCord Kobett

Download or read book Strengths-Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics written by Beth McCord Kobett and published by Corwin. This book was released on 2020-02-27 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is a game changer! Strengths-Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics: 5 Teaching Turnarounds for Grades K- 6 goes beyond simply providing information by sharing a pathway for changing practice. . . Focusing on our students’ strengths should be routine and can be lost in the day-to-day teaching demands. A teacher using these approaches can change the trajectory of students’ lives forever. All teachers need this resource! Connie S. Schrock Emporia State University National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics President, 2017-2019 NEW COVID RESOURCES ADDED: A Parent’s Toolkit to Strengths-Based Learning in Math is now available on the book’s companion website to support families engaged in math learning at home. This toolkit provides a variety of home-based activities and games for families to engage in together. Your game plan for unlocking mathematics by focusing on students’ strengths. We often evaluate student thinking and their work from a deficit point of view, particularly in mathematics, where many teachers have been taught that their role is to diagnose and eradicate students’ misconceptions. But what if instead of focusing on what students don’t know or haven’t mastered, we identify their mathematical strengths and build next instructional steps on students’ points of power? Beth McCord Kobett and Karen S. Karp answer this question and others by highlighting five key teaching turnarounds for improving students’ mathematics learning: identify teaching strengths, discover and leverage students’ strengths, design instruction from a strengths-based perspective, help students identify their points of power, and promote strengths in the school community and at home. Each chapter provides opportunities to stop and consider current practice, reflect, and transfer practice while also sharing · Downloadable resources, activities, and tools · Examples of student work within Grades K–6 · Real teachers’ notes and reflections for discussion It’s time to turn around our approach to mathematics instruction, end deficit thinking, and nurture each student’s mathematical strengths by emphasizing what makes them each unique and powerful.

Classroom-Ready Rich Math Tasks, Grades 4-5

Download Classroom-Ready Rich Math Tasks, Grades 4-5 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1071841068
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Classroom-Ready Rich Math Tasks, Grades 4-5 by : Beth McCord Kobett

Download or read book Classroom-Ready Rich Math Tasks, Grades 4-5 written by Beth McCord Kobett and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2021-04-14 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detailed plans for helping elementary students experience deep mathematical learning Do you work tirelessly to make your math lessons meaningful, challenging, accessible, and engaging? Do you spend hours you don’t have searching for, adapting, and creating tasks to provide rich experiences for your students that supplement your mathematics curriculum? Help has arrived! Classroom Ready-Rich Math Tasks for Grades 4-5 details more than 50 research- and standards-aligned, high-cognitive-demand tasks that will have your students doing deep-problem-based learning. These ready-to-implement, engaging tasks connect skills, concepts and practices, while encouraging students to reason, problem-solve, discuss, explore multiple solution pathways, connect multiple representations, and justify their thinking. They help students monitor their own thinking and connect the mathematics they know to new situations. In other words, these tasks allow students to truly do mathematics! Written with a strengths-based lens and an attentiveness to all students, this guide includes: • Complete task-based lessons, referencing mathematics standards and practices, vocabulary, and materials • Downloadable planning tools, student resource pages, and thoughtful questions, and formative assessment prompts • Guidance on preparing, launching, facilitating, and reflecting on each task • Notes on access and equity, focusing on students’ strengths, productive struggle, and distance or alternative learning environments. With concluding guidance on adapting or creating additional rich tasks for your students, this guide will help you give all of your students the deepest, most enriching and engaging mathematics learning experience possible.

Mathematics as a Constructive Activity

Download Mathematics as a Constructive Activity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135630011
Total Pages : 407 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematics as a Constructive Activity by : Anne Watson

Download or read book Mathematics as a Constructive Activity written by Anne Watson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-04-21 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains and demonstrates the teaching strategy of asking learners to construct their own examples of mathematical objects. The authors show that the creation of examples can involve transforming and reorganizing knowledge and that, although this is usually done by authors and teachers, if the responsibility for making examples is transferred to learners, their knowledge structures can be developed and extended. A multitude of examples to illustrate this is provided, spanning primary, secondary, and college levels. Readers are invited to learn from their own past experience augmented by tasks provided in the book, and are given direct experience of constructing examples through a collection of many tasks at many levels. Classroom stories show the practicalities of introducing such shifts in mathematics education. The authors examine how their approach relates to improving the learning of mathematics and raise future research questions. *Based on the authors' and others' theoretical and practical experience, the book includes a combination of exercises for the reader, practical applications for teaching, and solid scholarly grounding. *The ideas presented are generic in nature and thus applicable across every phase of mathematics teaching and learning. *Although the teaching methods offered are ones that engage learners imaginatively, these are also applied to traditional approaches to mathematics education; all tasks offered in the book are within conventional mathematics curriculum content. Mathematics as a Constructive Activity: Learners Generating Examples is intended for mathematics teacher educators, mathematics teachers, curriculum developers, task and test designers, and classroom researchers, and for use as a text in graduate-level mathematics education courses.

Mathematical Knowledge in Teaching

Download Mathematical Knowledge in Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 904819766X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mathematical Knowledge in Teaching by : Tim Rowland

Download or read book Mathematical Knowledge in Teaching written by Tim Rowland and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-06 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The quality of primary and secondary school mathematics teaching is generally agreed to depend crucially on the subject-related knowledge of the teacher. However, there is increasing recognition that effective teaching calls for distinctive forms of subject-related knowledge and thinking. Thus, established ways of conceptualizing, developing and assessing mathematical knowledge for teaching may be less than adequate. These are important issues for policy and practice because of longstanding difficulties in recruiting teachers who are confident and conventionally well-qualified in mathematics, and because of rising concern that teaching of the subject has not adapted sufficiently. The issues to be examined in Mathematical Knowledge in Teaching are of considerable significance in addressing global aspirations to raise standards of teaching and learning in mathematics by developing more effective approaches to characterizing, assessing and developing mathematical knowledge for teaching.