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Conformational Changes During Potassium Channel Gating
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Book Synopsis Conformational Changes during Potassium-Channel Gating by : Jakob Renhorn
Download or read book Conformational Changes during Potassium-Channel Gating written by Jakob Renhorn and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Voltage-gated ion channels have a paramount importance in many physiological processes such as cell-to-cell communication, action potential-propagation, and cell motility. Voltage-gated ion channels are characterized by their ability to sense membrane voltage and to greatly change channel activity in response to small changes in the voltage. The ability to sense voltage resides in the four voltage-sensor domains (VSDs) surrounding the central ion-conducting pore. Membrane depolarization causes the inside of the membrane to become positively charged, electrostatically repelling the positively charged fourth transmembrane segment (S4), or voltage sensor, in the VSD, causing the voltage sensor to move outwards. This motion provides necessary energy to open the pore and allow ion conductivity. Prolonged channel activation leads to alterations in the selectivity filter which cease ion conductivity, in a process called slow inactivation. In this thesis, we investigated the movement of S4 during activation of the channel. We also studied the communication between the four subunits during activation as well as the communication between the pore domain and VSD during slow inactivation. We have shown that voltage sensors move approximately 12 Å outwards during activation. The positively charged amino acid residues in S4 create temporary salt bridges with negative counter-charges in the other segments of the VSD as it moves through a membrane. We have also shown that the movement of one of the four voltage sensors can affect the movement of the neighboring voltage sensors. When at least one voltage sensor has moved to an up-position, it stabilizes other voltage sensors in the up-position, increasing the energy required for the voltage sensor to return to the down position. We have also shown reciprocal communication between the pore domain and the VSDs. Alterations in the VSD or the interface between the pore and the VSD cause changes in the rate of slow inactivation. Likewise, modifications in the pore domain cause changes to the voltage-sensor movement. This indicates communication between the pore and the VSD during slow inactivation. The information from our work could be used to find new approaches when designing channel-modifying drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by increased neuronal excitability, such as chronic pain and epilepsy.
Book Synopsis Interactions Between Potassium Affinity & Gating Conformational Changes in the Shaker Potassium Channel by : Eva Marya Ogielska
Download or read book Interactions Between Potassium Affinity & Gating Conformational Changes in the Shaker Potassium Channel written by Eva Marya Ogielska and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular Biology of The Cell by : Bruce Alberts
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Spectroscopic Investigation Into the Dynamics of Potassium Channel Gating by : Raymond Earl Hulse
Download or read book A Spectroscopic Investigation Into the Dynamics of Potassium Channel Gating written by Raymond Earl Hulse and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prokaryotic potassium channel KcsA offers a unique opportunity to explicitly study the dynamics of the moving parts of ion channels and how they correlate to specific gating mechanisms. Yet, our understanding of the extent and dynamic behavior of the structural changes that occur at the inner gate and selectivity filter in KcsA remains incomplete. EPR, NMR spectroscopic measurements and MD simulations are used to characterize the extent of pH-dependent conformational changes of the inner gate in lipid (EPR) and detergent micelles (NMR). Our results demonstrate that the inner gate shows a maximal opening of around 24 A (on the diagonal) and that the largest degree of fluctuation is found at the pK of activation (pH 3.9). These results extend the observation that the C-terminus is necessary to limit the extent of opening and imply that the inner gate regulates the extent of conformational change at the zone of allosteric coupling and at the selectivity filter. Further, among the residues identified in NMR, G79 (located in the upper half of the selectivity filter) displays a clearly dispersive behavior with an exchange rate of approximately 37 ms at pH 7. This dynamic regime agrees well with the time frame of activation and conduction kinetics in the resting/active conformation and is consistent with single channel and macroscopic K+ currents. These findings are discussed within the context of current ideas regarding the conformational dynamics of the selectivity filter in the conductive and non-conductive states.
Book Synopsis Biological Membranes by : Kenneth M. Merz
Download or read book Biological Membranes written by Kenneth M. Merz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interface between a living cell and the surrounding world plays a critical role in numerous complex biological processes. Sperm/egg fusion, virus/cell fusion, exocytosis, endocytosis, and ion permeation are a few examples of processes involving membranes. In recent years, powerful tools such as X-ray crystal lography, electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infra-red and Raman spectroscopy have been developed to characterize the structure and dy namics of biomembranes. Despite this progress, many of the factors responsible for the function of biomembranes are still not well understood. The membrane is a very complicated supramolecular liquid-crystalline structure that is largely composed of lipids, forming a bilayer, to which proteins and other biomolecules are anchored. Often, the lipid bilayer environment is pictured as a hydropho bic structureless slab providing a thermodynamic driving force to partition the amino acids of a membrane protein according to their solubility. However, much of the molecular complexity of the phospholipid bilayer environment is ignored in such a simplified view. It is likely that the atomic details of the polar head group region and the transition from the bulk water to the hydrophobic core of the membrane are important. An understanding of the factors responsible for the function of biomembranes thus requires a better characterization at the molec ular level of how proteins interact with lipid molecules, of how lipids affect protein structure and of how lipid molecules might regulate protein function.
Book Synopsis Ion Channels and Disease by : Frances M. Ashcroft
Download or read book Ion Channels and Disease written by Frances M. Ashcroft and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1999-10-20 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ion channels are membrane proteins that act as gated pathways for the movement of ions across cell membranes. They play essential roles in the physiology of all cells. In recent years, an ever-increasing number of human and animal diseases have been found to result from defects in ion channel function. Most of these diseases arise from mutations in the genes encoding ion channel proteins, and they are now referred to as the channelopathies. Ion Channels and Disease provides an informative and up-to-date account of our present understanding of ion channels and the molecular basis of ion channel diseases. It includes a basic introduction to the relevant aspects of molecular biology and biophysics and a brief description of the principal methods used to study channelopathies. For each channel, the relationship between its molecular structure and its functional properties is discussed and ways in which genetic mutations produce the disease phenotype are considered. This book is intended for research workers and clinicians, as well as graduates and advanced undergraduates. The text is clear and lively and assumes little knowledge, yet it takes the reader to frontiers of what is currently known about this most exciting and medically important area of physiology. Introduces the relevant aspects of molecular biology and biophysics Describes the principal methods used to study channelopathies Considers single classes of ion channels with summaries of the physiological role, subunit composition, molecular structure and chromosomal location, plus the relationship between channel structure and function Looks at those diseases associated with defective channel structures and regulation, including mutations affecting channel function and to what extent this change in channel function can account for the clinical phenotype
Book Synopsis Handbook of Ion Channels by : Jie Zheng
Download or read book Handbook of Ion Channels written by Jie Zheng and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New Benchmark for Understanding the Latest Developments of Ion ChannelsIon channels control the electrical properties of neurons and cardiac cells, mediate the detection and response to sensory stimuli, and regulate the response to physical stimuli. They can often interact with the cellular environment due to their location at the surface of ce
Book Synopsis Potassium Channels by : Show-Ling Shyng
Download or read book Potassium Channels written by Show-Ling Shyng and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2017-10-24 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides readers with the latest techniques and approaches used to study K+ channels. There are a wide range of topics covered in the book, such as channel structure; K+ channels and their roles in physiology and disease; single-molecule FRET; proteins expression levels in vivo; real-time correlation of channel activity; gating; pharmacology; physiological functions; and channelopathies. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Potassium Channels: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for all researchers who are interested in studying potassium channels.
Book Synopsis TRP Ion Channel Function in Sensory Transduction and Cellular Signaling Cascades by : Wolfgang B. Liedtke, MD, PH.D.
Download or read book TRP Ion Channel Function in Sensory Transduction and Cellular Signaling Cascades written by Wolfgang B. Liedtke, MD, PH.D. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-09-29 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first TRP ion channel was discovered in Drosophila melanogaster in 1989, the progress made in this area of signaling research has yielded findings that offer the potential to dramatically impact human health and wellness. Involved in gateway activity for all five of our senses, TRP channels have been shown to respond to a wide range of st
Book Synopsis Store-Operated Calcium Channels by :
Download or read book Store-Operated Calcium Channels written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-07-24 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Store-operated calcium channels are found in most animal cells and regulate many cellular functions including cell division, growth, differentiation, and cell death. This volume provides a concise and informative overview of the principles of store-operated calcium entry and the key developments in the field from researchers who have led these advances. The overall goal of the volume is to provide interested students and investigators with sufficient information to enable a broad understanding of the progress and current excitement in the field. The volume contains a wealth of information that even experienced investigators in the field will find useful. The volume provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and functions of store-operated calcium channels Contributors are authoritative researchers who have produced important advances in the field The volume is well-illustrated with cartoons and data to facilitate easy comprehension of the subject
Book Synopsis Voltage Gated Sodium Channels by : Peter C. Ruben
Download or read book Voltage Gated Sodium Channels written by Peter C. Ruben and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of techniques to study ion channels have been developed since the electrical basis of excitability was first discovered. Ion channel biophysicists have at their disposal a rich and ever-growing array of instruments and reagents to explore the biophysical and structural basis of sodium channel behavior. Armed with these tools, researchers have made increasingly dramatic discoveries about sodium channels, culminating most recently in crystal structures of voltage-gated sodium channels from bacteria. These structures, along with those from other channels, give unprecedented insight into the structural basis of sodium channel function. This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology will explore sodium channels from the perspectives of their biophysical behavior, their structure, the drugs and toxins with which they are known to interact, acquired and inherited diseases that affect sodium channels and the techniques with which their biophysical and structural properties are studied.
Book Synopsis Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes by : Bertil Hille
Download or read book Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes written by Bertil Hille and published by Sinauer Associates, Incorporated. This book was released on 1992 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new, fully revised and expanded edition of Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes includes new chapters on fast chemical synapses, modulation through G protein coupled receptors and second messenger systems, molecules cloning, site directed mutagenesis, and cell biology. It begins with the classical biophysical work of Hodgkin and Huxley and then weaves a description of the known ionic channels together with their biological functions. The book continues by developing the physical and molecular principles needed for explaining permeation, gating, pharmacological modification, and molecular diversity, and ends with a discussion of channel evolution. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes is written to be accessible and interesting to biological and physical scientists of all kinds.
Book Synopsis Channelopathies by : F. Lehmann-Horn
Download or read book Channelopathies written by F. Lehmann-Horn and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-11-16 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes human hereditary ion channel diseases of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels covering the diverse fields of medicine myology, neurology, cardiology, and nephrology requiring a wide and interdisciplinary readership. Interesting parallels in pathogenetic mechanisms of disease are especially emphasized to interest even highly specialized readers in entities outside of their fields. Each author has written an objective overview of his or her particular subject in a way that should allow the reader within a short period of time to obtain a comprehensive picture of the present state of art.
Download or read book Proteins written by Thomas E. Creighton and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 1993 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organized on a combined basis of chronology and of structural and functional hierarchy, This comprehensive text describes all aspects of proteins--biosynthesis, evolution, dynamics, ligand binding, catalysis, and energy transduction--not just their structures. This edition (first was 1984) is thoroughly updated--especially in the area of protein biosynthesis--and features end-of-chapter exercises and problems, many of which require the student to consult the cited literature in order to obtain the answer. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins by : Robert H. Kretsinger
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins written by Robert H. Kretsinger and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-05-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In biochemistry, a metalloprotein is a generic term for a protein that contains a metal cofactor. The metal may be an isolated ion or may be coordinated with a nonprotein organic compound, such as the porphyrin found in hemoproteins. In some cases, the metal is co-coordinated with a side chain of the protein and an inorganic nonmetallic ion. This kind of protein-metal-nonmetal structure is seen in iron-sulfur clusters Metalloproteins deals with all aspects related to the intracellular and extracellular metal-binding proteins, including their structures, properties and functions. The biological roles of metal cations and metal-binding proteins are endless. They are involved in all crucial cellular activities. Many pathological conditions are related to the problematic metal metabolism. Research in metalloprotein-related topics is therefore rapidly growing, and different aspects of metal-binding proteins progressively enter curricula at Universities and even at the High School level on occasion. However, no key resource providing basic, but comprehensible knowledge on this rapidly expanding field exists. The Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins aims to bridge this gap, and will attempt to cover various aspects of metalloprotein/metalloproteomics and will deal with the different issues related to the intracellular and extracellular metal-binding proteins, including their structures, properties and functions. The goal is to cover exhaustively all catalytically and biologically crucial metal ions and to find at least one interacting protein for other metal ions. The Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins will provide a key resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, instructors, and professors interested in protein science, biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics.
Download or read book Lipid Bilayers written by J. Katsaras and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the reader with an up to date insight of the current state of the art in the field of lipid bilayer research and the important insights derived for the understanding of the complex and varied behaviour of biological membranes and its function.
Book Synopsis Ion Channels in Health and Sickness by : Fatima Shad Kaneez
Download or read book Ion Channels in Health and Sickness written by Fatima Shad Kaneez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ion channels are proteins that make pores in the membranes of excitable cells present both in the brain and the body. These cells are not only responsible for converting chemical and mechanical stimuli into the electrical signals but are also liable for monitoring vital functions. All our activities, from the blinking of our eyes to the beating of our heart and all our senses from smell to sight, touch, taste and hearing are regulated by the ion channels. This book will take us on an expedition describing the role of ion channels in congenital and acquired diseases and the challenges and limitations scientist are facing in the development of drugs targeting these membrane proteins.
