Conditionals Information And Inference

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Conditionals, Information, and Inference

Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540322353
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditionals, Information, and Inference by : Gabriele Kern-Isberner

Download or read book Conditionals, Information, and Inference written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2005-05-13 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conditionals are fascinating and versatile objects of knowledge representation. On the one hand, they may express rules in a very general sense, representing, for example, plausible relationships, physical laws, and social norms. On the other hand, as default rules or general implications, they constitute a basic tool for reasoning, even in the presence of uncertainty. In this sense, conditionals are intimately connected both to information and inference. Due to their non-Boolean nature, however, conditionals are not easily dealt with. They are not simply true or false — rather, a conditional “if A then B” provides a context, A, for B to be plausible (or true) and must not be confused with “A entails B” or with the material implication “not A or B.” This ill- trates how conditionals represent information, understood in its strict sense as reduction of uncertainty. To learn that, in the context A, the proposition B is plausible, may reduce uncertainty about B and hence is information. The ab- ity to predict such conditioned propositions is knowledge and as such (earlier) acquired information. The ?rst work on conditional objects dates back to Boole in the 19th c- tury, and the interest in conditionals was revived in the second half of the 20th century, when the emerging Arti?cial Intelligence made claims for appropriate formaltoolstohandle“generalizedrules.”Sincethen,conditionalshavebeenthe topic of countless publications, each emphasizing their relevance for knowledge representation, plausible reasoning, nonmonotonic inference, and belief revision.

Conditionals, Information, and Inference

Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783540322351
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditionals, Information, and Inference by : Gabriele Kern-Isberner

Conditionals, Information, and Inference

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditionals, Information, and Inference by :

Download or read book Conditionals, Information, and Inference written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Special Issue: Inferences and Information Processing in a Conditional Framework

Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis Special Issue: Inferences and Information Processing in a Conditional Framework by : Gabriele Kern-Isberner

Download or read book Special Issue: Inferences and Information Processing in a Conditional Framework written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Conditional Inference and Logic for Intelligent Systems

Author : Irwin R. Goodman
Publisher : North Holland
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditional Inference and Logic for Intelligent Systems by : Irwin R. Goodman

Download or read book Conditional Inference and Logic for Intelligent Systems written by Irwin R. Goodman and published by North Holland. This book was released on 1991 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is concerned with addressing an anomoly involving probability and logic. This includes the interpretation and evaluation of implicative statements in natural language, compatible with conditional probability. One of the chief motivations for investigating this problem has been the need to formalize rigorously the appropriate connections between conditional probabilities and the underlying production rules in expert sytems. This is accomplished through the development of a comprehensive theory of conditional events and an associated logic. The results of this effort should be of prime use in the design and evaluation of inference rules in expert systems, and also, allow for a new expansion of probability to include at the syntactic level the concept of conditioning. The monograph is intended for two audiences: AI researchers who are primarily interested in the management of uncertainty in expert systems, and mathematicians in the fields of probabilistic modeling, logic, and algebra.

Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms

Author : David J. C. MacKay
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521642989
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms by : David J. C. MacKay

Download or read book Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms written by David J. C. MacKay and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-09-25 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information theory and inference, taught together in this exciting textbook, lie at the heart of many important areas of modern technology - communication, signal processing, data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational neuroscience, bioinformatics and cryptography. The book introduces theory in tandem with applications. Information theory is taught alongside practical communication systems such as arithmetic coding for data compression and sparse-graph codes for error-correction. Inference techniques, including message-passing algorithms, Monte Carlo methods and variational approximations, are developed alongside applications to clustering, convolutional codes, independent component analysis, and neural networks. Uniquely, the book covers state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density-parity-check codes, turbo codes, and digital fountain codes - the twenty-first-century standards for satellite communications, disk drives, and data broadcast. Richly illustrated, filled with worked examples and over 400 exercises, some with detailed solutions, the book is ideal for self-learning, and for undergraduate or graduate courses. It also provides an unparalleled entry point for professionals in areas as diverse as computational biology, financial engineering and machine learning.

For the Sake of the Argument

Author : Isaac Levi
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521497138
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (971 download)

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Book Synopsis For the Sake of the Argument by : Isaac Levi

Download or read book For the Sake of the Argument written by Isaac Levi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996-01-26 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Suppositions made "for the sake of the argument" sometimes conflict with our beliefs, and when they do, some beliefs are rejected and others retained. Thanks to such hypothetical belief contravention, adding content to a supposition can undermine conclusions reached without it. Subversion can also arise because suppositional reasoning is ampliative. These two types of nonmonotonicity are the focus of this book.

Conditional Reasoning

Author : Raymond S. Nickerson
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190202998
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditional Reasoning by : Raymond S. Nickerson

Download or read book Conditional Reasoning written by Raymond S. Nickerson and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the work of prominent psychologists and philosophers on conditional reasoning. It provides empirical research on how people deal with conditional arguments and examines how conditional statements are used and interpreted in everyday communication. It also includes philosophical and theoretical treatments of the mental processes that support conditional reasoning, making it an ideal resource for students, teachers, and researchers with a focus in cognition across disciplines.

The Logic of Conditionals

Author : E.W. Adams
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 940157622X
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis The Logic of Conditionals by : E.W. Adams

Download or read book The Logic of Conditionals written by E.W. Adams and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of the four chapters in this book, the first two discuss (albeit in consider ably modified form) matters previously discussed in my papers 'On the Logic of Conditionals' [1] and 'Probability and the Logic of Conditionals' [2], while the last two present essentially new material. Chapter I is relatively informal and roughly parallels the first of the above papers in discussing the basic ideas of a probabilistic approach to the logic of the indicative conditional, according to which these constructions do not have truth values, but they do have probabilities (equal to conditional probabilities), and the appropriate criterion of soundness for inferences involving them is that it should not be possible for all premises of the inference to be probable while the conclusion is improbable. Applying this criterion is shown to have radically different consequences from the orthodox 'material conditional' theory, not only in application to the standard 'fallacies' of the material conditional, but to many forms (e. g. , Contraposition) which have hitherto been regarded as above suspi cion. Many more applications are considered in Chapter I, as well as certain related theoretical matters. The chief of these, which is the most important new topic treated in Chapter I (i. e.

Conditionals in Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Belief Revision

Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540446001
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditionals in Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Belief Revision by : Gabriele Kern-Isberner

Download or read book Conditionals in Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Belief Revision written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-06-29 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conditionals are omnipresent, in everyday life as well as in scientific environments; they represent generic knowledge acquired inductively or learned from books. They tie a flexible and highly interrelated network of connections along which reasoning is possible and which can be applied to different situations. Therefore, conditionals are important, but also quite problematic objects in knowledge representation. This book presents a new approach to conditionals which captures their dynamic, non-proportional nature particularly well by considering conditionals as agents shifting possible worlds in order to establish relationships and beliefs. This understanding of conditionals yields a rich theory which makes complex interactions between conditionals transparent and operational. Moreover,it provides a unifying and enhanced framework for knowledge representation, nonmonotonic reasoning, belief revision,and even for knowledge discovery.

Cause and Effect, Conditionals, Explanations

Author : Richard L Epstein
Publisher : Advanced Reasoning Forum
ISBN 13 : 0983452113
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (834 download)

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Book Synopsis Cause and Effect, Conditionals, Explanations by : Richard L Epstein

Download or read book Cause and Effect, Conditionals, Explanations written by Richard L Epstein and published by Advanced Reasoning Forum. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series of books presents the fundamentals of reasoning well, in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the footnotes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of reasoning, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently of the others. The topic of this volume is the evaluation of reasoning about cause and effect, reasoning using conditionals, and reasoning that involves explanations. The essay "Reasoning about Cause and Effect" sets out a way to analyze whether there is cause and effect in terms of whether an inference from a claim describing the purported cause to a claim describing the purported effect satisfies specific conditions. Different notions of cause and effect correspond to placing different conditions on what counts as a good causal inference. An application of that method in "The Directedness of Emotions" leads to a clearer understanding of the issue whether every emotion need be directed at something. In the essay "Conditionals" various ways of analyzing reasoning with claims of the form "if . . . then . . ." are surveyed. Some of those uses are meant to be judged as inferences that are not necessarily valid, and conditions are given for when we can consider such inferences to be good. In "Explanations" verbal answers to a question why a claim is true are evaluated in terms of conditions placed on inferences from the explaining claims to the claim being explained. Recognizing that the direction of inference of such an explanation is the reverse of that for an argument with the very same claims is crucial in their evaluation. Explanations in terms of functions and goals are also investigated.

A Theory of Conditional Information for Probabilistic Inference in Intelligent Systems: 3, Mathematical Appendix

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis A Theory of Conditional Information for Probabilistic Inference in Intelligent Systems: 3, Mathematical Appendix by :

Download or read book A Theory of Conditional Information for Probabilistic Inference in Intelligent Systems: 3, Mathematical Appendix written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper concludes the work begun in Part 1 in presenting a coherent theory of conditioning consistent with all conditional probability evaluations.

Conditional Logic in Expert Systems

Author : Irwin R. Goodman
Publisher : North Holland
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditional Logic in Expert Systems by : Irwin R. Goodman

Download or read book Conditional Logic in Expert Systems written by Irwin R. Goodman and published by North Holland. This book was released on 1991 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of invited papers on all basic aspects of conditional logic, inference and reasoning in expert systems. Specifically, theoretical results and applications centered around the main task in automated reasoning, namely conditional inference, in the three main approaches to reasoning under uncertainty (Bayesian, Fuzzy sets and Belief functions) including: - Measure-free conditioning, conditioning operators for non-monotonic reasoning; - General approach using logic to conditional inference; - Conditioning reasoning with fuzzy sets; - Random set as a formalism for evidential reasoning; - New results in the theory of Belief functions; - Some aspects of applications to various fields of AI.

Information, Inference and Decision

Author : G. Menges
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401021597
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Information, Inference and Decision by : G. Menges

Download or read book Information, Inference and Decision written by G. Menges and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under the title 'Information, Inference and Decision' this volume in the Theory and Decision Library presents some papers on issues from the borderland of statistical inference philosophy and epistemology, written by statisticians and decision theorists who belonged or are allied to the former Saarbriicken school of statistical decision theory. In the first part I make an attempt to outline an objective theory of inductive behaviour, on the basis of R. A. Fisher's statistical inference philosophy, on the one hand, and R. Carnap's inductive logic, on the other. A special problem arising in the context of the new theory, viz., the problem of vagueness of concepts (in particular in the social sciences) is treated separately by H. Skala and myself. B. Leiner has contributed some biographical and bibliographical notes on the objective theory of inductive behaviour. Part II is concerned with inference philosophy. D. A. S. Fraser, the founder of structural inference theory, characterizes and compares some inference philosophies, and discusses his own and the arguments of the critics of his structural theory. In my opinion, Fraser's structural infer ence theory is suited to complete Fisher's inference philosophy in some essential points, if not to replace it. An interesting task for future re search work is to establish the connection between Fraser's theory and Carnap's ideas in the framework of an objective theory of inductive behaviour.

Elements of Causal Inference

Author : Jonas Peters
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262037319
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Elements of Causal Inference by : Jonas Peters

Download or read book Elements of Causal Inference written by Jonas Peters and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.

An Introduction to Causal Inference

Author : Judea Pearl
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781507894293
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (942 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Causal Inference by : Judea Pearl

Download or read book An Introduction to Causal Inference written by Judea Pearl and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper summarizes recent advances in causal inference and underscores the paradigmatic shifts that must be undertaken in moving from traditional statistical analysis to causal analysis of multivariate data. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions that underly all causal inferences, the languages used in formulating those assumptions, the conditional nature of all causal and counterfactual claims, and the methods that have been developed for the assessment of such claims. These advances are illustrated using a general theory of causation based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in Pearl (2000a), which subsumes and unifies other approaches to causation, and provides a coherent mathematical foundation for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper surveys the development of mathematical tools for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effects of potential interventions, (also called "causal effects" or "policy evaluation") (2) queries about probabilities of counterfactuals, (including assessment of "regret," "attribution" or "causes of effects") and (3) queries about direct and indirect effects (also known as "mediation"). Finally, the paper defines the formal and conceptual relationships between the structural and potential-outcome frameworks and presents tools for a symbiotic analysis that uses the strong features of both. The tools are demonstrated in the analyses of mediation, causes of effects, and probabilities of causation. -- p. 1.

Conditionals

Author : Nicholas Rescher
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262264439
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Conditionals by : Nicholas Rescher

Download or read book Conditionals written by Nicholas Rescher and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2007-05-04 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unified treatment of conditionals based on epistemological principles rather than the semantical principles in vogue over recent decades. This book by distinguished philosopher Nicholas Rescher seeks to clarify the idea of what a conditional says by elucidating the information that is normally transmitted by its utterance. The result is a unified treatment of conditionals based on epistemological principles rather than the semantical principles in vogue over recent decades. This approach, argues Rescher, makes it easier to understand how conditionals actually function in our thought and discourse. In its concern with what language theorists call pragmatics—the study of the norms and principles governing our use of language in conveying information—Conditionals steps beyond the limits of logic as traditionally understood and moves into the realm claimed by theorists of artificial intelligence as they try to simulate our actual information-processing practices. The book's treatment of counterfactuals essentially revives an epistemological approach proposed by F. P. Ramsey in the 1920s and developed by Rescher himself in the 1960s but since overshadowed by the now-dominant possible-worlds approach. Rescher argues that the increasingly evident liabilities of the possible-worlds strategy make a reappraisal of the older style of analysis both timely and desirable. As the book makes clear, an epistemological approach demonstrates that counterfactual reasoning, unlike inductive inference, is not a matter of abstract reasoning alone but one of good judgment and common sense.