Computerised Texture And Shape Analysis For Classification Of Breast Tumours In Digital Mammograms

Download Computerised Texture And Shape Analysis For Classification Of Breast Tumours In Digital Mammograms full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Computerised Texture And Shape Analysis For Classification Of Breast Tumours In Digital Mammograms ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Digital Mammography

Author : Nico Karssemeijer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401153183
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Mammography by : Nico Karssemeijer

Download or read book Digital Mammography written by Nico Karssemeijer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In June 1998 the Fourth International Workshop on Digital Mammography was held in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, where it was hosted by the department of Radiology of the University Hospital Nijmegen. This series of meetings was initiated at the 1993 SPIE Biomedical Image Processing Conference in San Jose, USA, where a number of sessions were entirely devoted to mammographic image analysis. At very successful subsequent workshops held in York, UK (1994) and Chicago, USA (1996), the scope of the conference was broadened, establishing a platform for presentation and discussion of new developments in digital mammog raphy. Topics that are addressed at these meetings are computer-aided diagnosis, image processing, detector development, system design, observer performance and clinical evaluation. The goal is to bring researchers from universities, breast cancer experts, and engineers together, to exchange information and present new scientific developments in this rapidly evolving field. This book contains all the scientific papers and posters presented at the work shop in Nijmegen. Contributions came from as many as 20 different countries and 190 participants attended the meeting. At a technical exhibit companies demon strated new products and work in progress. Abstracts of all papers were reviewed by members of the scientific committee. Many of the accepted papers had excellent quality, but due to limited space not all of them could be included as full papers in these proceedings. Papers that were rated high by the reviewers are included as long or short papers, others appear as extended abstracts in the last chapter.

Mammography and Beyond

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171318
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mammography and Beyond by : National Research Council

Download or read book Mammography and Beyond written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-23 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year more than 180,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in women in the U.S. If cancer is detected when small and local, treatment options are less dangerous, intrusive, and costly-and more likely to lead to a cure. Yet those simple facts belie the complexity of developing and disseminating acceptable techniques for breast cancer diagnosis. Even the most exciting new technologies remain clouded with uncertainty. Mammography and Beyond provides a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the state of breast cancer screening and diagnosis and recommends steps for developing the most reliable breast cancer detection methods possible. This book reviews the dramatic expansion of breast cancer awareness and screening, examining the capabilities and limitations of current and emerging technologies for breast cancer detection and their effectiveness at actually reducing deaths. The committee discusses issues including national policy toward breast cancer detection, roles of public and private agencies, problems in determining the success of a technique, availability of detection methods to specific populations of women, women's experience during the detection process, cost-benefit analyses, and more. Examining current practices and specifying research and other needs, Mammography and Beyond will be an indispensable resource to policy makers, public health officials, medical practitioners, researchers, women's health advocates, and concerned women and their families.

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA) 2014

Author : Suresh Chandra Satapathy
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319119328
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA) 2014 by : Suresh Chandra Satapathy

Download or read book Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Frontiers of Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications (FICTA) 2014 written by Suresh Chandra Satapathy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains 95 papers presented at FICTA 2014: Third International Conference on Frontiers in Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications. The conference was held during 14-15, November, 2014 at Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. This volume contains papers mainly focused on Data Warehousing and Mining, Machine Learning, Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing, AI, E-commerce & Distributed Computing and Soft Computing, Evolutionary Computing, Bio-inspired Computing and its Applications.

State Of The Art In Digital Mammographic Image Analysis

Author : Sue Astley
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814502839
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis State Of The Art In Digital Mammographic Image Analysis by : Sue Astley

Download or read book State Of The Art In Digital Mammographic Image Analysis written by Sue Astley and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1994-07-26 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed assessment of the state of the art in automated techniques for the analysis of digital mammogram images. Topics covered include a variety of approaches for image processing and pattern recognition aimed at assisting the physician in the task of detecting tumors from evidence in mammogram images. The chapters are written by recognized experts in the field and are revised versions of papers selected from those presented at the “First International Workshop on Mammogram Image Analysis” held in San Jose as part of the 1993 Biomedical Image Processing conference.

Medical Image Analysis Methods

Author : Lena Costaridou
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0203500458
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Medical Image Analysis Methods by : Lena Costaridou

Download or read book Medical Image Analysis Methods written by Lena Costaridou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-07-13 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To successfully detect and diagnose disease, it is vital for medical diagnosticians to properly apply the latest medical imaging technologies. It is a worrisome reality that due to either the nature or volume of some of the images provided, early or obscured signs of disease can go undetected or be misdiagnosed. To combat these inaccuracies, diagno

Analysis of Oriented Texture with application to the Detection of Architectural Distortion in Mammograms

Author : Fabio Ayres
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031016475
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Analysis of Oriented Texture with application to the Detection of Architectural Distortion in Mammograms by : Fabio Ayres

Download or read book Analysis of Oriented Texture with application to the Detection of Architectural Distortion in Mammograms written by Fabio Ayres and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The presence of oriented features in images often conveys important information about the scene or the objects contained; the analysis of oriented patterns is an important task in the general framework of image understanding. As in many other applications of computer vision, the general framework for the understanding of oriented features in images can be divided into low- and high-level analysis. In the context of the study of oriented features, low-level analysis includes the detection of oriented features in images; a measure of the local magnitude and orientation of oriented features over the entire region of analysis in the image is called the orientation field. High-level analysis relates to the discovery of patterns in the orientation field, usually by associating the structure perceived in the orientation field with a geometrical model. This book presents an analysis of several important methods for the detection of oriented features in images, and a discussion of the phase portrait method for high-level analysis of orientation fields. In order to illustrate the concepts developed throughout the book, an application is presented of the phase portrait method to computer-aided detection of architectural distortion in mammograms. Table of Contents: Detection of Oriented Features in Images / Analysis of Oriented Patterns Using Phase Portraits / Optimization Techniques / Detection of Sites of Architectural Distortion in Mammograms

Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography (CEDM)

Author : Jacopo Nori
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319945521
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (455 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography (CEDM) by : Jacopo Nori

Download or read book Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography (CEDM) written by Jacopo Nori and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive, practical resource entirely devoted to Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography (CEDM), a state-of-the-art technique that has emerged as a valuable addition to conventional imaging modalities in the detection of primary and recurrent breast cancer, and as an important preoperative staging tool for women with breast cancer. CEDM is a relatively new breast imaging technique based on dual energy acquisition, combining mammography with iodine-based contrast agents to display contrast uptake in breast lesions. It improves the sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer detection by providing higher foci to breast-gland contrast and better lesion delineation than digital mammography. Preliminary results suggest that CEDM is comparable to breast MRI for evaluating the extent and size of lesions and detecting multifocal lesions, and thus has the potential to become a readily available, fast and cost-effective examination. With a focus on the basic imaging principles of CEDM, this book takes a practical approach to breast imaging. Drawing on the editors’ and authors’ practical experience, it guides the reader through the basics of CEDM, making it especially accessible for beginners. By presenting the key aspects of CEDM in a straightforward manner and supported by clear images, the book represents a valuable guide for all practicing radiologists, in particular those who perform breast imaging and have recently incorporated or plan to incorporate CEDM into their diagnostic arsenal.

Mammographic Image Analysis

Author : Ralph Highnam
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780792356202
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (562 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mammographic Image Analysis by : Ralph Highnam

Download or read book Mammographic Image Analysis written by Ralph Highnam and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The key contribution of the approach to x-ray mammographic image analysis developed in this monograph is a representation of the non-fatty compressed breast tissue that we show can be derived from a single mammogram. The importance of the representation, called hint, is that it removes all those changes in the image that are due only to the particular imaging conditions (for example, the film speed or exposure time), leaving just the non-fatty 'interesting' tissue. Normalising images in this way enables them to be enhanced and matched, and regions in them to be classified more reliably, because unnecessary, distracting variations have been eliminated. Part I of the monograph develops a model-based approach to x-ray mammography, Part II shows how it can be put to work successfully on a range of clinically-important tasks, while Part III develops a model and exploits it for contrast-enhanced MRI mammography. The final chapter points the way forward in a number of promising areas of research.

Computer Systems that Learn

Author : Sholom M. Weiss
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computer Systems that Learn by : Sholom M. Weiss

Download or read book Computer Systems that Learn written by Sholom M. Weiss and published by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. This book was released on 1991 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is a practical guide to classification learning systems and their applications, which learn from sample data and make predictions for new cases. The authors examine prominent methods from each area, using an engineering approach and taking the practitioner's point of view.

Digital Mammography

Author : Etta D. Pisano
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 0781741424
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (817 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Mammography by : Etta D. Pisano

Download or read book Digital Mammography written by Etta D. Pisano and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2004 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bogen er en grundlæggende lærebog om digital mammografi, hvori digital mammografi og traditionel mammografi også sammenlignes i forhold til screening, diagnoser og radiografisk billedteknik. Der er en komplet billedsamling af cases indenfor digital mammografi.

State of the Art in Digital Mammographic Image Analysis

Author : K. W. Bowyer
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9789810215095
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis State of the Art in Digital Mammographic Image Analysis by : K. W. Bowyer

Download or read book State of the Art in Digital Mammographic Image Analysis written by K. W. Bowyer and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1994 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed assessment of the state of the art in automated techniques for the analysis of digital mammogram images. Topics covered include a variety of approaches for image processing and pattern recognition aimed at assisting the physician in the task of detecting tumors from evidence in mammogram images. The chapters are written by recognized experts in the field and are revised versions of papers selected from those presented at the “First International Workshop on Mammogram Image Analysis” held in San Jose as part of the 1993 Biomedical Image Processing conference.

Fractal Analysis of Breast Masses in Mammograms

Author : Thanh Cabral
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031016548
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fractal Analysis of Breast Masses in Mammograms by : Thanh Cabral

Download or read book Fractal Analysis of Breast Masses in Mammograms written by Thanh Cabral and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fractal analysis is useful in digital image processing for the characterization of shape roughness and gray-scale texture or complexity. Breast masses present shape and gray-scale characteristics in mammograms that vary between benign masses and malignant tumors. This book demonstrates the use of fractal analysis to classify breast masses as benign masses or malignant tumors based on the irregularity exhibited in their contours and the gray-scale variability exhibited in their mammographic images. A few different approaches are described to estimate the fractal dimension (FD) of the contour of a mass, including the ruler method, box-counting method, and the power spectral analysis (PSA) method. Procedures are also described for the estimation of the FD of the gray-scale image of a mass using the blanket method and the PSA method. To facilitate comparative analysis of FD as a feature for pattern classification of breast masses, several other shape features and texture measures are described in the book. The shape features described include compactness, spiculation index, fractional concavity, and Fourier factor. The texture measures described are statistical measures derived from the gray-level cooccurrence matrix of the given image. Texture measures reveal properties about the spatial distribution of the gray levels in the given image; therefore, the performance of texture measures may be dependent on the resolution of the image. For this reason, an analysis of the effect of spatial resolution or pixel size on texture measures in the classification of breast masses is presented in the book. The results demonstrated in the book indicate that fractal analysis is more suitable for characterization of the shape than the gray-level variations of breast masses, with area under the receiver operating characteristics of up to 0.93 with a dataset of 111 mammographic images of masses. The methods and results presented in the book are useful for computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer. Table of Contents: Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Breast Cancer / Detection and Analysis of\newline Breast Masses / Datasets of Images of Breast Masses / Methods for Fractal Analysis / Pattern Classification / Results of Classification of Breast Masses / Concluding Remarks

Handbook of Image and Video Processing

Author : Alan C. Bovik
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080533612
Total Pages : 1429 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Image and Video Processing by : Alan C. Bovik

Download or read book Handbook of Image and Video Processing written by Alan C. Bovik and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-07-21 with total page 1429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 55% new material in the latest edition of this "must-have for students and practitioners of image & video processing!This Handbook is intended to serve as the basic reference point on image and video processing, in the field, in the research laboratory, and in the classroom. Each chapter has been written by carefully selected, distinguished experts specializing in that topic and carefully reviewed by the Editor, Al Bovik, ensuring that the greatest depth of understanding be communicated to the reader. Coverage includes introductory, intermediate and advanced topics and as such, this book serves equally well as classroom textbook as reference resource. • Provides practicing engineers and students with a highly accessible resource for learning and using image/video processing theory and algorithms • Includes a new chapter on image processing education, which should prove invaluable for those developing or modifying their curricula • Covers the various image and video processing standards that exist and are emerging, driving today's explosive industry • Offers an understanding of what images are, how they are modeled, and gives an introduction to how they are perceived • Introduces the necessary, practical background to allow engineering students to acquire and process their own digital image or video data • Culminates with a diverse set of applications chapters, covered in sufficient depth to serve as extensible models to the reader's own potential applications About the Editor... Al Bovik is the Cullen Trust for Higher Education Endowed Professor at The University of Texas at Austin, where he is the Director of the Laboratory for Image and Video Engineering (LIVE). He has published over 400 technical articles in the general area of image and video processing and holds two U.S. patents. Dr. Bovik was Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Signal Processing Society (2000), received the IEEE Signal Processing Society Meritorious Service Award (1998), the IEEE Third Millennium Medal (2000), and twice was a two-time Honorable Mention winner of the international Pattern Recognition Society Award. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, was Editor-in-Chief, of the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing (1996-2002), has served on and continues to serve on many other professional boards and panels, and was the Founding General Chairman of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing which was held in Austin, Texas in 1994.* No other resource for image and video processing contains the same breadth of up-to-date coverage* Each chapter written by one or several of the top experts working in that area* Includes all essential mathematics, techniques, and algorithms for every type of image and video processing used by electrical engineers, computer scientists, internet developers, bioengineers, and scientists in various, image-intensive disciplines

Computerized Analysis of Mammographic Images for Detection and Characterization of Breast Cancer

Author : Arianna Mencattini
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031016645
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computerized Analysis of Mammographic Images for Detection and Characterization of Breast Cancer by : Arianna Mencattini

Download or read book Computerized Analysis of Mammographic Images for Detection and Characterization of Breast Cancer written by Arianna Mencattini and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The identification and interpretation of the signs of breast cancer in mammographic images from screening programs can be very difficult due to the subtle and diversified appearance of breast disease. This book presents new image processing and pattern recognition techniques for computer-aided detection and diagnosis of breast cancer in its various forms. The main goals are: (1) the identification of bilateral asymmetry as an early sign of breast disease which is not detectable by other existing approaches; and (2) the detection and classification of masses and regions of architectural distortion, as benign lesions or malignant tumors, in a unified framework that does not require accurate extraction of the contours of the lesions. The innovative aspects of the work include the design and validation of landmarking algorithms, automatic Tabár masking procedures, and various feature descriptors for quantification of similarity and for contour independent classification of mammographic lesions. Characterization of breast tissue patterns is achieved by means of multidirectional Gabor filters. For the classification tasks, pattern recognition strategies, including Fisher linear discriminant analysis, Bayesian classifiers, support vector machines, and neural networks are applied using automatic selection of features and cross-validation techniques. Computer-aided detection of bilateral asymmetry resulted in accuracy up to 0.94, with sensitivity and specificity of 1 and 0.88, respectively. Computer-aided diagnosis of automatically detected lesions provided sensitivity of detection of malignant tumors in the range of [0.70, 0.81] at a range of falsely detected tumors of [0.82, 3.47] per image. The techniques presented in this work are effective in detecting and characterizing various mammographic signs of breast disease.

Evaluation of diagnostic systems

Author : John Swets
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323141641
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Evaluation of diagnostic systems by : John Swets

Download or read book Evaluation of diagnostic systems written by John Swets and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation of Diagnostic Systems: Methods from Signal Detection Theory addresses the many issues that arise in evaluating the performance of a diagnostic system, across the wide range of settings in which such systems are used. These settings include clinical medicine, industrial quality control, environmental monitoring and investigation, machine and metals inspection, military monitoring, information retrieval, and crime investigation. The book is divided into three parts encompassing 11 chapters that emphasize the interpretation of diagnostic visual images by human observers. The first part of the book describes quantitative methods for measuring the accuracy of a system and the statistical techniques for drawing inferences from performance tests. The subsequent part covers study design and includes a detailed description of the form and conduct of an image-interpretation test. The concluding part examines the case study of a medical imaging system that serves as an example of both simple and complex applications. In this part, three mammographic modalities are used: industrial film radiography, low-dose film radiography, and xeroradiography. The case study focuses on the overall reliability of accuracy indices made by its main components, that is, the variabilities across cases, across readers, and within individual readers. The supplementary texts provide study protocols, a computer program for processing test results, and an extensive list of references that will assist the reader in applying those evaluative methods to diagnostic systems in any setting. This book is of value to scientists and engineers, as well as to applied, quantitative, or experimental psychologists who are engaged in the study of the human processes of discrimination and decision making in either perceptual or cognitive tasks.

Multi Modality State-of-the-Art Medical Image Segmentation and Registration Methodologies

Author : Ayman S. El-Baz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441982043
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Multi Modality State-of-the-Art Medical Image Segmentation and Registration Methodologies by : Ayman S. El-Baz

Download or read book Multi Modality State-of-the-Art Medical Image Segmentation and Registration Methodologies written by Ayman S. El-Baz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-11 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the advances in image guided surgery for cancer treatment, the role of image segmentation and registration has become very critical. The central engine of any image guided surgery product is its ability to quantify the organ or segment the organ whether it is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT), X-ray, PET, SPECT, Ultrasound, and Molecular imaging modality. Sophisticated segmentation algorithms can help the physicians delineate better the anatomical structures present in the input images, enhance the accuracy of medical diagnosis and facilitate the best treatment planning system designs. The focus of this book in towards the state of the art techniques in the area of image segmentation and registration.

Computational and Experimental Biomedical Sciences: Methods and Applications

Author : João Manuel R. S. Tavares
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331915799X
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computational and Experimental Biomedical Sciences: Methods and Applications by : João Manuel R. S. Tavares

Download or read book Computational and Experimental Biomedical Sciences: Methods and Applications written by João Manuel R. S. Tavares and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-16 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the full papers presented at ICCEBS 2013 – the 1st International Conference on Computational and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, which was organized in Azores, in October 2013. The included papers present and discuss new trends in those fields, using several methods and techniques, including active shape models, constitutive models, isogeometric elements, genetic algorithms, level sets, material models, neural networks, optimization and the finite element method, in order to address more efficiently different and timely applications involving biofluids, computer simulation, computational biomechanics, image based diagnosis, image processing and analysis, image segmentation, image registration, scaffolds, simulation and surgical planning. The main audience for this book consists of researchers, Ph.D students and graduate students with multidisciplinary interests related to the areas of artificial intelligence, bioengineering, biology, biomechanics, computational fluid dynamics, computational mechanics, computational vision, histology, human motion, imagiology, applied mathematics, medical image, medicine, orthopaedics, rehabilitation, speech production and tissue engineering.