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Comparison Of Hiv 1 Specific T Cell Immunity In The Female Genital Tract And Blood Of Hiv Infected Women
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Book Synopsis Comparison of HIV-1 Specific T Cell Immunity in the Female Genital Tract and Blood of HIV-infected Women by : Alfred Bere
Download or read book Comparison of HIV-1 Specific T Cell Immunity in the Female Genital Tract and Blood of HIV-infected Women written by Alfred Bere and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nutrition and HIV by : Saurabh Mehta
Download or read book Nutrition and HIV written by Saurabh Mehta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Inflammation in the Female Genital Tract and Blood on Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection and Disease Progression by : Lindi Masson
Download or read book The Impact of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Inflammation in the Female Genital Tract and Blood on Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection and Disease Progression written by Lindi Masson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background. In sub-Saharan Africa, which has the highest prevalence of HIV-1 worldwide, most newHIV-1 infections occur by sexual transmission to women. Recent studies in non-human primates have demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the genital tract is necessary for immune cell recruitment and establishment of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection following vaginal inoculation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationships between inflammation in the female genital tract and (i) susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and (ii) subsequent disease progression in women who became infected. Additionally, genital inflammation was investigated as a mechanism for breakthrough HIV-1 infections in women who became infected even though they were using 1% tenofovir (TFV) microbicide. In the systemic compartment, the level of T cell activation and soluble markers of immune activation during HIV-1 infection are associated with disease outcome. Therefore, the relationships between plasma cytokine concentrations during early HIV-1 infection and disease progression were evaluated Methods. The participants of this study included 230 HIV-uninfected women from the CAPRISA 002cohort who were followed longitudinally for HIV-1 infection, 49 women who were enrolled during acuteHIV-1 infection and followed until 12 months post-infection and 166 HIV-uninfected women who were enrolled in the CAPRISA 004 1% TFV microbicide trial (62 of whom later became HIV-1-infected).Cytokine concentrations were measured in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) and plasma samples from these women using Luminex and ELISA.
Download or read book HIV-1 Latency written by Guido Silvestri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, in characterizing residual viral reservoirs, and in developing targeted interventions to reduce HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Specific chapters address the molecular mechanisms that govern and regulate HIV-1 transcription and latency; assays and technical approaches to quantify viral reservoirs in humans and animal models; the complex interchange between viral reservoirs and the host immune system; computational strategies to model viral reservoir dynamics; and the development of therapeutic approaches that target viral reservoir cells. With contributions from an interdisciplinary group of investigators that cover a broad spectrum of subjects, from molecular virology to proof-of-principle clinical trials, this book is a valuable resource for basic scientists, translational investigators, infectious-disease physicians, individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the general public.
Book Synopsis Innate Immune Responses to HIV-1 and Chlamydia Trachomatis in the Human Female Reproductive Tract by : Lucy Rudo Mukura
Download or read book Innate Immune Responses to HIV-1 and Chlamydia Trachomatis in the Human Female Reproductive Tract written by Lucy Rudo Mukura and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Female reproductive tract (FRT) secretions contain a spectrum of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobials that inhibit infection of target cells by HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens. Innate immune protection maintained by the presence of FRT secretions is compromised by HIV-1 and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Using cervical-vaginal lavage (CVL) from HIV-1 positive women we demonstrate the impact of genital tract viral load (GTVL) on cytokine/antimicrobial levels. In separate studies, we report the effect of Chlamydia on uterine epithelial cell (UEC) cytokine/chemokine and antimicrobial secretion. CVL were collected from 19 HIV-1 positive women who where not on antiretroviral therapy. The women were catagorized into those with detectable GTVL or those with undetectable GTVL (detectable GTVL RNA levels>400 copies/ml). TZM-bl assay was used to determine the presence of infectious virus and anti-HIV activity. Higher levels of RANTES, Eotaxin, Fractalkine, Il-l[alpha], IL-6, MCP-1, MIP1[Beta], MIP1[alpha], TNF[alpha] and GM-CSF were observed in women with detectable GTVL compared to women with undetectable GTVL. We did not recover any infectious virus and did not find any anti-HIV activity in CVL. UEC constitutively secrete or can be induced to secrete increased amounts of cytokines/chemokines by pattern recognition receptor ligands. Using ECC-1 cells (a human uterine epithelial cell line) and primary UEC, we hypothesized that C. trachomatis infection increases cytokine/chemokine and antimicrobial secretion. ECC-1 cells and primary UEC secreted increased IL-8 and decreased MCP-1 in response to C. trachomatis. HBD2 and trappin-2/elafin secretion by ECC-1 incubated with C. trachomatis was suppressed. In primary UEC, IL-6 and MIP3[alpha] secretion were both inhibited at a high dose of Chlamydia. However, at a low does we observed an increase in MIP3[alpha] secretion by UEC. As part of these studies we found that transepithelial resistance, a measure of epithelial barrier integrity, was decreased in polarized ECC-1 cells incubated with live C. trachomatis. The findings presented in this thesis further our understanding of the effects of HIV-1 and Chlamydia on cytokines, chemokines and antibicrobials in secretions from the FRT. The results presented can facilitate the development of strategies that confer protection against sexually transmitted pathogens.
Book Synopsis Bloom and Fawcett by : Don Wayne Fawcett
Download or read book Bloom and Fawcett written by Don Wayne Fawcett and published by Hodder Arnold. This book was released on 1994 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sex and Gender Differences in Infection and Treatments for Infectious Diseases by : Sabra L. Klein
Download or read book Sex and Gender Differences in Infection and Treatments for Infectious Diseases written by Sabra L. Klein and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-11 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fully revised and significantly expanded second edition examines sex and gender differences in the immune system's response to bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections. The volume discusses both common and distinct molecular mechanisms that mediate these differences and illustrates how responses to vaccines may differ between the sexes and in pregnant individuals. Special emphasis is placed on the interplay between hormones and the immune system in the pathogenesis of HIV, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, and amebiasis. This second edition includes completely rewritten chapters as well as all new contents. This book is intended for researchers in academia and industry as well as clinicians in the fields of microbiology, immunology, and pharmacology. By expanding knowledge in sex and gender medicine as a basis for developing personalized treatment strategies, the book contributes to UN Sustainable Development Goals 3 (health and well-being) and 5 (gender equality).
Book Synopsis Determinants of SIV/HIV-1 Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract in Both the Non-human Primate Model and Humans by : Shaheed A. Abdulhaqq
Download or read book Determinants of SIV/HIV-1 Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract in Both the Non-human Primate Model and Humans written by Shaheed A. Abdulhaqq and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women comprise approximately 50% of the 35 million global HIV-1 infections to date. Most HIV-1 infections occur through male-to-female sexual transmission. However, male-to-female viral transmission is inefficient with rates estimated to fall between 1:100 and 1:1000, depending on various factors, such as the viral transmitter's seminal viral load or concurrent sexually transmitted infections. This suggests that a series of sub-infectious HIV-1 exposures is likely to occur prior to an infectious exposure. Yet, it is unknown what impact either semen or sub-infectious virion exposure has on immune function or activation in the female reproductive tract or periphery, and if these exposures influence subsequent infectious HIV-1 exposure. To elucidate the mechanisms regulating viral transmission, we performed the following sets of experiments: (1) we tested the impact of cervico-vaginal acute exposure to non-replicating SIV virions on the female reproductive tract in non-human primates (NHP); (2) we assessed the status and function of both cervico-vaginal and peripheral immune effectors in a cohort of HIV-1 high-risk female sex workers; and (3) we tested the impact of repeated exposure to semen and/or non-infectious virus on the female reproductive tract in NHP. Our results indicate that intra-vaginal exposure to non-replicating SIV virions in rhesus macaques induces acute recruitment of CD4+ T-cells and CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Infectious SIV challenge of this inflamed environment results in an enhanced SIV infection. We determined that HIV-1 high-risk female sex workers had reduced levels of T-cell activation, reduced cervico-vaginal immune activation despite higher immune cell infiltrates and high-levels of Interferon epsilon, a type I Interferon. Finally, we established that rhesus macaques intra-vaginally-exposed for a period of 20-weeks to semen had reduced T-cell activation and high levels of cervico-vaginal immune cell infiltrates and type I Interferon signaling as compared to controls resembling results found in high-risk female sex workers. These semen-exposed macaques also had fewer SIV infections as compared to macaques not receiving semen after low-dose intra-vaginal SIVmac251 challenge. Our work establishes a role for semen in modulation of the cervico-vaginal microenvironment and potentially lowering infection susceptibility.
Book Synopsis The Antigen-specific T-cell Response to HIV-1 Infection by : Michael Scott Killian
Download or read book The Antigen-specific T-cell Response to HIV-1 Infection written by Michael Scott Killian and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis HIV Pathogenesis in the Female Genital Tract During Chronic HIV Infection by : Pamela Phumelele Gumbi
Download or read book HIV Pathogenesis in the Female Genital Tract During Chronic HIV Infection written by Pamela Phumelele Gumbi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reducing the Odds by : National Research Council
Download or read book Reducing the Odds written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-02-13 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thousands of HIV-positive women give birth every year. Further, because many pregnant women are not tested for HIV and therefore do not receive treatment, the number of children born with HIV is still unacceptably high. What can we do to eliminate this tragic and costly inheritance? In response to a congressional request, this book evaluates the extent to which state efforts have been effective in reducing the perinatal transmission of HIV. The committee recommends that testing HIV be a routine part of prenatal care, and that health care providers notify women that HIV testing is part of the usual array of prenatal tests and that they have an opportunity to refuse the HIV test. This approach could help both reduce the number of pediatric AIDS cases and improve treatment for mothers with AIDS. Reducing the Odds will be of special interest to federal, state, and local health policymakers, prenatal care providers, maternal and child health specialists, public health practitioners, and advocates for HIV/AIDS patients. January
Book Synopsis T Cell Immunity in the Female Genital Tract by : Veronica Anjali Davé
Download or read book T Cell Immunity in the Female Genital Tract written by Veronica Anjali Davé and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many pathogens of global health significance are sexually transmitted, highlighting the importance of studying immune cells in genital barrier tissues. T cells are a critical component of the immune response to viruses, yet their role in protecting the female genital tract against viral infection is incompletely understood. Here, we combined studies of the mouse and human female genital tract to characterize T cells isolated from female genital barrier tissues. In human cervicovaginal tissue, CD8 T cells resembled effector T cells, raising the question of whether they were recently activated. By employing mouse models, we found that systemic immunization resulted in a cervicovaginal CD8 T cell compartment that was poorly maintained and underwent progressive differentiation that was not observed in spleen, lymph nodes, or small intestine lamina propria. This progressive differentiation occurred over five months, after which CD8 T cells gained an effector-like phenotype, ultimately resembling human cervicovaginal CD8 T cells. Vaginal inflammation combined with vaginal antigen exposure accelerated this differentiation process. The CD8 T cell compartment induced by systemic immunization mediated partial protection against vaginal infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). This protection waned over time as the loss and differentiation of the CD8 T cell compartment progressed. Together, these results demonstrate that tissue-intrinsic factors interact with environmental cues to dictate the final longevity and phenotype of the cervicovaginal CD8 T cell compartment.Women living with HSV-2 often experience recurring genital herpes lesions. We explored the T cell compartment in human genital skin during these localized HSV-2 reactivation events. Upon HSV-2 lesion formation, we found that CD4 and CD8 T cells expanded in the infected skin site and upregulated markers of proliferation and activation. Some of the expanded T cells resembled circulating memory T cells, suggesting influx of immune cells from the blood. Cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic regulatory mechanisms were also upregulated in HSV-2 lesions, indicating that the immune system acted to control the virus as well as limit immunopathology. Meanwhile, T cells isolated from a nearby unaffected region distinct from the HSV-2 lesion were quiescent, instead resembling the T cell isolate from genital biopsies from HSV seronegative participants. Despite the frequency of HSV-2 reactivation in people with chronic genital herpes, we did not observe evidence of T cell exhaustion or loss of functionality. After lesion resolution, the T cell infiltrate in HSV-2 lesions returned to quiescence, again resembling the T cell compartment in contralateral and seronegative control biopsies. Given these results, we conclude that T cell responses to HSV-2 reactivation events in genital skin are highly localized, include both resident T cells and circulating memory T cells, and are rapidly constrained by regulatory T cells and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. Taken together, our data highlight unique features of T cells in the female genital tract and their roles in vaccination and viral immunity.
Book Synopsis The Dynamic Interplay Between HIV-1 and T Cells by : Christian Raul Aguilera-Sandoval
Download or read book The Dynamic Interplay Between HIV-1 and T Cells written by Christian Raul Aguilera-Sandoval and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although it is well-documented that T cells are crucial in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) yet the dynamic interplay between HIV-1 and T cells has not been fully elucidated. The effects that HIV-1 has on T cell diversity and the effects that T cell diversity has on HIV viral escape have not been well characterized; an understanding of these effects could have crucial implications for design of CTL vaccines. In particular, such information could provide insights needed to develop methods for reconstitution of sufficient diversity in the immune systems of HIV+ persons to allow CTL vaccines to be effective. Furthermore, such information could be helpful in the development of CTL vaccines against semi-conserved epitopes, so as to prevent viral escape. These are the aims this dissertation will attempt to address. One major problem with the current approach to HIV-1 vaccine development is that the strategies currently being employed ultimately fail; this is mostly, but not entirely, due to HIV-1's high rate of mutation. This ultimately results in the escape of the virus from vaccine-induced immunity, thereby rendering such vaccines useless. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play a major role in immune responses to HIV-1. However, during the course of infection, CD4+ T cells are depleted, not only in number, but also in diversity. Limited CD4+ T cell diversity cripples the immune system, as such CD4+ T cells are not able to provide the help necessary for effective innate and adaptive immune system responses to HIV, including help to CTL, which is of particular importance for this dissertation. CTL responses constitute one of the crucial arms of the immune system that is highly responsible for responding to HIV-1 infection. However, immune defenses mediated by CTL ultimately fail in HIV infection, which is, again, also largely (but not entirely) due to high rates of HIV-1 mutation that cause constant viral escape, which, in turn, drives chronic immune activation and ultimately CTL exhaustion. We have addressed each of these problems in this dissertation. In Chapter Two, we present results of studies in which we examined thymic output and CD4+ T cell diversity from HIV+ persons who were perinatally infected, were in treatment and had lived with the infection for over two decades. In Chapter Three, we present results of studies in which we screened for CTL responses against the gag 162-173 KAFSPEVIPMF epitope from multiple persons and identified and cloned the TCR responsible for these responses, using a novel technique TCR identification and cloning technique that we also present in this chapter. Finally, we functionally tested the cloned KF11-specific TCR to confirm that this panel was able to recognize and lyse the most common circulating variants of the KF11 epitope. The results presented in Chapter Two of this dissertation show that HIV+ participants had reduced CD4+ T cell levels, with predominant depletion of the memory subset, but preservation of naive cells. In most of these HIV+ participants, levels of CD4+ T cells that were recent thymic emigrants' CD4+ T cell levels were normal, and enhanced thymopoiesis was present, as indicated by higher proportions of CD4+ T cells containing TCR recombination excision circles. Memory CD4+ T cell depletion was highly associated with CD8+ T-cell activation in HIV-1- infected persons, and plasma interlekin-7 levels were correlated with levels of naive CD4+ T cells, suggesting activation-driven loss and compensatory enhancement of thymopoiesis. Deep sequencing of CD4+ T cell receptor sequences in HIV+ subjects who had high levels of compensatory enhancement of thymopoiesis revealed supranormal TCR diversity, providing additional evidence of enhanced thymic output. In Chapter Three we introduce and describe an inexpensive new technique to quickly and efficiently identify, clone and functionally test epitope-specific TCR. Using this new technique and samples from multiple HIV+ HLA-B*5701 persons, we identified, cloned and functionally tested four KF11-specific TCR. The four identified KF11-specific TCR were able to recognize and lyse target cells that were peptide-loaded with the six most common circulating variants of KF11. These six variants make up 97% of all circulating variants, according to the Los Alamos HIV database. The functional avidity and killing efficiency of the KF11-specific TCR were also investigated. Consonant with prior supporting data on KF11-specific TCR, the functional avidity observed for these four KF11-specific TCR had a range of 89 ng/ml to 832 ng/ml. One of the KF11-specific TCR was tested for its ability to lyse HIV-infected cells. This TCR was able to lyse cells infected with three of the four variants that were previously recognized and lysed in the peptide-loaded target cells. If these TCR are validated in vivo, and they are to prevent viral escape, the process could be repeated with other HLA restricted epitopes in order to develop a new treatment against HIV-1.
Book Synopsis Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections by : Sunit Kumar Singh
Download or read book Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections written by Sunit Kumar Singh and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensively explores sexually transmitted diseases, from epidemiology, causative pathogens, clinical impact, and immunology, to management strategies utilizing new strategies of genomics and next-generation diagnostic tools Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are very common worldwide. More than 20 different STIs have been identified, and about 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States alone. This book looks at the complete picture of common STIs— how they form, evolve, and transmit, as well as how they can be treated and managed with modern techniques, medicines, and tools. Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections runs the spectrum of discussion ranging from introduction of causative pathogen, their pathogenesis to epidemiology, immunology, to anatomy and physiology of human genitalia and management strategies. The book offers in-depth chapter coverage on effect of probiotics on reproductive health; mucosal immunity in sexually transmitted infections; the role of circumcision in preventing STIs; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); genital herpes; molluscum contagiosum; genital warts; chlaymydia trachomatis; donovanosis; gonorrhoea; treponematoses; genital mycoplasms; bacterial vaginosis; vulvovaginal candidiasis; chlaymydia; scabies; chancroid, yeast infections; and more. Comprehensively compiles most of the major sexually transmitted infections Presents updated information on clinical aspects of sexually transmitted infections Examines the priorities in pathogenesis of human sexually transmitted infections and discusses new strategies of genomics and next-generation diagnostic tools used for detection of such pathogens Explores the future of rapid molecular diagnostic techniques and the challenges posed in the diagnosis of human STIs Includes bench to bedside content that will appeal to both basic and clinical researchers By offering the latest knowledge about recent advances in sexually transmitted infections in an interdisciplinary fashion, Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections is the perfect book for virologists, microbiologists, infectious disease experts, vaccinologists, biomedical researchers, clinicians, pharmacologists, and public health specialists.
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Book Synopsis Mucosal Immunology by : Jiri Mestecky
Download or read book Mucosal Immunology written by Jiri Mestecky and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-03-06 with total page 2566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mucosal Immunology, now in its fourth edition, is the only comprehensive reference covering the basic science and clinical manifestations of mucosal immunology. Most infectious agents enter the body through the various mucous membranes, and many common infections take place in or on mucous membranes, making this subject an area of singular importance in the field of immunology. This book contains new research data, exceptional illustrations, original theory, a new perspective, and excellent organization. It covers immune system topics, such as inductive and effector tissues and cells, and development and physiology of the mucosal barrier; diseases in the digestive system, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract; and immunodeficiency. The most comprehensive text on mucosal immunology from internationally recognized experts in the field Includes exceptional color illustrations, new research data, original theory and information on all mucosal diseases Contains nine new chapters and an expanded appendix
Book Synopsis Mucosal Vaccines by : Hiroshi Kiyono
Download or read book Mucosal Vaccines written by Hiroshi Kiyono and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-10-23 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, authoritative treatise covers all aspects of mucosal vaccines including their development, mechanisms of action, molecular/cellular aspects, and practical applications. The contributing authors and editors of this one-of-a-kind book are very well known in their respective fields. Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. This project is endorsed by the Society for Mucosal Immunology. Provides the latest views on mucosal vaccines Applies basic principles to the development of new vaccines Links basic, clinical, and practical aspects of mucosal vaccines to different infectious diseases Unique and user-friendly organization
