Comparison Of Conventional And Automated Cephalometric Analysis Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

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Comparison of Conventional and Automated Cephalometric Analysis Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Author : Andrew Paige
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Conventional and Automated Cephalometric Analysis Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography by : Andrew Paige

Download or read book Comparison of Conventional and Automated Cephalometric Analysis Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography written by Andrew Paige and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its advent in 1931, analysis of lateral cephalometric radiographs has been an important aspect of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. This type of orthodontic analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of the positions of various anatomical structures of the face, including skeletal, dental, and soft tissue features. Cephalometric analysis, however, is a time-consuming process and is not always performed in clinical practice. Cephalometric analysis from Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging is particularly cumbersome, requiring both reconstruction of a two-dimensional lateral cephalogram as well as subsequent computer-assisted tracing analysis using a program such as Dolphin. As the use of CBCT continues to become more prominent in orthodontics, methodologies to expedite cephalometric analysis may be valuable in facilitating their use by clinicians. Several different commercially available (e.g. CephX) and proprietary products have been created to analyze cephalometric radiographs using automated artificial intelligence (AI), but the accuracy of these products remains incompletely established. Our study examined the accuracy and workflow impacts of CephX's ABO analysis directly from CBCT compared to manual reconstruction and tracing by human examiners on 40 CBCT volumes. We hypothesized that automatically generated cephalometric analyses from CBCT volumes would differ significantly from those generated by human examiners, and that workflow time would be statistically significantly decreased in the automated analysis. In contrast, overall workflow time was found to be significantly greater for the CephX software than for the human examiners. Furthermore, our study showed that seven of the eleven measurements in the ABO analysis differed statistically significantly from the human examiners: SNB, ANB, SN-MP, L1-NB, L1-MP, LL to E-Plane, and UL to E-Plane. Nine of the eleven measurements showed average measurement error within clinically acceptable limits, while two showed greater average error than is clinically acceptable - U1-SN and L1-MP were the least accurate measurement in our study. Bland-Altman plots were constructed showing that FMA may show a slight tendency towards greater accuracy at high values, while LL to E-Plane may display a slight tendency to underestimate more frequently at low values and overestimate more frequently at high values. Only one measurement (ANB) showed limits of agreement within the maximum allowed difference; ten out of the eleven variables exceeded the maximum allowed difference. Overall, CephX may offer clinically acceptable performance for most variables in the ABO analysis, but needs further improvement overall, particularly with the inclination of the upper and lower incisors (U1-SN and L1-MP).

Comparison of Conventional, Digital, and Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Lateral Cephalometric Radiography

Author : Wesley J. Chladny
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Conventional, Digital, and Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Lateral Cephalometric Radiography by : Wesley J. Chladny

Download or read book Comparison of Conventional, Digital, and Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Lateral Cephalometric Radiography written by Wesley J. Chladny and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparison of Cone Beam CT Reconstructed Lateral Cephalometric Images with Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs

Author : Loren W. Jolley
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparison of Cone Beam CT Reconstructed Lateral Cephalometric Images with Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs by : Loren W. Jolley

Download or read book Comparison of Cone Beam CT Reconstructed Lateral Cephalometric Images with Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs written by Loren W. Jolley and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Comparative Linear Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam CT Derived 2-dimensional Images and Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Images Using Photostimulable Storage Phosphors

Download Comparative Linear Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam CT Derived 2-dimensional Images and Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Images Using Photostimulable Storage Phosphors PDF Online Free

Author : Mazyar Moshiri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Linear Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam CT Derived 2-dimensional Images and Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Images Using Photostimulable Storage Phosphors by : Mazyar Moshiri

Download or read book Comparative Linear Accuracy and Reliability of Cone Beam CT Derived 2-dimensional Images and Conventional Lateral Cephalometric Images Using Photostimulable Storage Phosphors written by Mazyar Moshiri and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project was to compare the accuracy and precision of linear measurements made on conventional lateral cephalograms (LC) and simulated LC using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to direct measurements on dentate skulls. The linear distances for 5 mid-sagittal and 4 bilateral measurements between anatomical landmarks on 22 skulls were measured by two observers. The skulls were imaged using a CBCT scanner at 4 scan settings: high resolution (0.2mm) and normal resolution (0.4mm) at 20-sec (306 projections) and 40-sec scans (612 projections). Three simulated LC were generated: Ray sum image reconstructions of the maximum thickness mid-sagittal multiplanar projections, a single frame basis projection, and the scout image. LCs were acquired using a storage phosphor system. Projection images were exported into a cephalometric analysis program and linear measurements determined. Analyses were repeated three times and statistically compared to measured anatomic truth using repeated measures general linear model (p [less than or equal to] 0.05). The mean absolute error was used as an index of precision. While there were statistical differences between skull and modality measurements for 6 of the nine measurements, there were no overall differences between LC and CBCT derived image measurements irrespective of method of construction. CBCT imaging provides clinically reliable 2D simulation images however, dose considerations demand that evidence-based selection criteria should be developed for CBCT in orthodontics that take into account the ALARA principle.

Comparative Accuracy of Linear Measures from Conventional Digital and Cone Beam Computed Tomography Simulated Posterior Anterior Cephalograms

Download Comparative Accuracy of Linear Measures from Conventional Digital and Cone Beam Computed Tomography Simulated Posterior Anterior Cephalograms PDF Online Free

Author : Brian M. Mannari
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (657 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Accuracy of Linear Measures from Conventional Digital and Cone Beam Computed Tomography Simulated Posterior Anterior Cephalograms by : Brian M. Mannari

Download or read book Comparative Accuracy of Linear Measures from Conventional Digital and Cone Beam Computed Tomography Simulated Posterior Anterior Cephalograms written by Brian M. Mannari and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project was to compare the accuracy and reliability of linear measurements on posterior-anterior (PA) cephalograms made conventionally using photostimulable storage phosphor imaging plates (PSP) and simulated PA cephalometric images from ray sum reconstruction of cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) volumetric datasets of the same anatomic specimens. The sample consisted of 19 dried dentate human skulls which were imaged using PA cephalometry using PSP imaging plates and three CBCT datasets at 10 s., 20 s. and 40 s. scanning times from which ray sum simulated PA images were produced. Various anatomic landmarks were identified and truth measurements of 13 selected cephalometric linear dimensions were measured directly on the skulls using a high precision caliper. CBCT datasets were imported into a reconstruction program (Dolphin 3D Software) from which ray sum PA images were constructed. Linear cephalometric measurements on PSP and CBCT simulated PA images were performed by one observer using Dolphin Imaging Software. Intraobserver reliability was determined by calculating and comparing Intraclass correlation coefficient. Mean absolute and percentage errors were calculated for each dimension and modality to quantify the reliability error. Mean modality measurements were compared. All other groups were compared using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc comparisons (p [less than or equal to] 0.05). While the ICC was high, PSP cephalometric absolute error was greater than anatomic distances and CBCT image measurements for 8 for 13 measurements. We found that for most measurements, simulated PA images produced from reconstructed CBCT volumetric dataset were accurate and compared well to PSP cephalometric images except for Z-Ag. We also found that PSP cephalometric images consistently underestimated MO-MO dimensions. Measurements on CBCT simulated PA images are more reliabile and as accuracte as PSP cephalometric measurements. The number of projections comprising the reconstructed simulated PA image did not influence reliability or accuracy. Therefore in accordance with ALARA, when CBCT imaging is used to generate simulated PA images, the lowest number of projections are recommended.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics

Author : Sunil D. Kapila
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118646592
Total Pages : 880 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics by : Sunil D. Kapila

Download or read book Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics written by Sunil D. Kapila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-29 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its introduction to dentistry, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has undergone a rapid evolution and considerable integration into orthodontics. However, despite the increasing popularity of CBCT and progress in applying it to clinical orthodontics, the profession has lacked a cohesive, comprehensive and objective reference that provides clinicians with the background needed to utilize this technology optimally for treating their patients. Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics provides timely, impartial, and state-of-the-art information on the indications and protocols for CBCT imaging in orthodontics, clinical insights gained from these images, and innovations driven by these insights. As such, it is the most current and authoritative textbook on CBCT in orthodontics. Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics is organized to progress sequentially through specific topics so as to build the knowledgebase logically in this important and rapidly evolving field. Part I provides the foundational information on CBCT technology, including radiation exposure and risks, and future evolutions in computed tomography. Part II presents the Principles and Protocols for CBCT Imaging in Orthodontics, focusing on developing evidence-based criteria for CBCT imaging, the medico-legal implications of CBCT to the professional and the protocols and integration of this technology in orthodontic practice. Part III provides critical information on CBCT-based Diagnosis and Treatment Planning that includes how to interpret CBCT scans, identify incidental pathologies and the possible other uses of this technology. Part IV covers practical aspects of CBCT’s Clinical Applications and Treatment Outcomes that encompasses a range of topics, including root morphology and position, treatment of impacted teeth, virtual surgical treatment planning and outcomes, and more.

CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ORTHODONTICS

Author : Dr. SHREYA SHARMA
Publisher : Book Rivers
ISBN 13 : 9355151470
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (551 download)

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Book Synopsis CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ORTHODONTICS by : Dr. SHREYA SHARMA

Download or read book CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN ORTHODONTICS written by Dr. SHREYA SHARMA and published by Book Rivers. This book was released on 2022-02-07 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Intra- and Inter-operator Reliability of Cephalometric Landmark Identification

Author : Llon Hurst Clendenen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 84 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Intra- and Inter-operator Reliability of Cephalometric Landmark Identification by : Llon Hurst Clendenen

Download or read book Intra- and Inter-operator Reliability of Cephalometric Landmark Identification written by Llon Hurst Clendenen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to compare examiner reliability of cephalometric measurements from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and conventional digital cephalograms. Three imaging modalities were compared: CBCT using maximum intensity projection and ray-sum algorithms, and conventional digital cephalograms. Blinded examiners were calibrated, and intra- and inter-examiner reliability were assessed. Data were collected on a convenience sample of seven subjects. Examiners obtained linear and angular measures on each of the subjects' images, and rater consistency among the three methods were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance of intraclass correlation coefficient ratios. A statistically significantly greater level of consistency for linear measurements was seen with the CBCT images. For the conventional digital images, linear measurements showed less consistency than angular measurements. This statistical significance unlikely correlates to a clinical significance. For orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment evaluation, CBCT generated cephalograms are equally effective to conventional digital cephalograms.

Automatic Point Acquisition for 3-Dimensional Cephalometric Analysis

Author : Ryann Christensen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 51 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Automatic Point Acquisition for 3-Dimensional Cephalometric Analysis by : Ryann Christensen

Download or read book Automatic Point Acquisition for 3-Dimensional Cephalometric Analysis written by Ryann Christensen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objectives: The increased use of 3-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in orthodontic and orthognathic cases has provided a clear understanding of its benefits compared to 2-dimensional (2D) cephalometric radiographs. However, current "3D hard tissue analyses" continue to rely on 2D linear and angular measurements and do not take advantage of the vast amount of information that can be derived from CBCTs. The long-term objective is to establish a user-friendly true 3D skeletal and dental analysis including quantifiable subnorms with respect to age, gender, and ethnicity. In order to eventually create a comprehensive and effective 3D analysis, it is necessary to first develop a true 3D description of the craniofacial structure that is both accurate and practical for the user. The specific objective of this study is to develop an approach for automatic point acquisition for 3D hard tissue analysis. Materials and Methods: The skeletal boundaries of the maxilla/palate, cranial base/zygoma, and mandible of 24 patient samples were manually plotted in a previous study conducted at UCLA. The same strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was used in both studies, including requirements for patients to be 18+ years old, have a class I skeletal relationship, and mesocephalic pattern and omitting patients with significant craniofacial defects, gross skeletal asymmetry or deformity, or history of orthognathic surgery. An extended form to the Active Shape Model (ASM) was further extended to function in 3D. Using ASM, automatic point acquisition along the boundaries of the maxilla/palate, cranial base/zygoma, and mandible was trained and implemented. A general Procrustes alignment was performed and elliptical-fourier descriptors were computed on both the points automatically plotted ("estimated landmarks") and points manually plotted ("ground-truth landmarks"), which were later compared. Results: An approach for automatic point acquisition on normative 3D CBCT images of the adult craniofacial complex was created. Conclusion: The development of an approach for automatic point acquisition on 3D CBCT images is an essential step towards establishing a true 3D skeletal and dental analysis. While this approach improves practicality by eliminating the need for a user to plot a great number of points thereby eliminating several hours of the user's time, further development of this method is needed to improve its accuracy.

Radiographic Cephalometry

Author : Alexander Jacobson
Publisher : Quintessence Publishing (IL)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Radiographic Cephalometry by : Alexander Jacobson

Download or read book Radiographic Cephalometry written by Alexander Jacobson and published by Quintessence Publishing (IL). This book was released on 2006 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM contains ... "an 'average' template and larger and smaller 'normal' templates ... Also provided are instructions for the digital application of the templates to accommodate skulls of all sizes."--Page ix.

Ultrasonography in Dentomaxillofacial Diagnostics

Author : Kaan Orhan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030621790
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrasonography in Dentomaxillofacial Diagnostics by : Kaan Orhan

Download or read book Ultrasonography in Dentomaxillofacial Diagnostics written by Kaan Orhan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive review of the state of the art in Ultrasonography (USG) dentomaxillofacial imaging to help radiologists and dentists in their training and daily practice. The book examines the relationship between clinical features, diagnosis, and choice of minimally invasive technique for a range of dentomaxillofacial disorders and provides information on post-treatment therapy. Accurate interpretation of indications for treatment is the cornerstone of success in medicine, and as such, the book explains how the selection of imaging technique is closely linked to clinical and diagnostic aspects and how recognition of this relationship forms the foundation for optimal outcomes. In addition to examining the various modalities, the book highlights the role of the latest USG imaging techniques. Further, it discusses in detail the pathology, treatment, and prognosis of common and rare diseases, as well as congenital/developmental malformations in the dentomaxillofacial, an area that is often underestimated and largely ignored by dentists. Featuring updated high-resolution images created with state-of-the-art equipment, the book introduces readers to current imaging modalities. It also includes pathological descriptions of radiologic diagnoses to help clarify the pathophysiology of the disease, while the pearls and pitfalls of image interpretation provide a quick reference guide for practitioners. Written by leading international experts, this outstanding book is a valuable resource for both radiologists, dentists and students seeking a more in-depth appreciation of the subject and its contribution to the scientific radiology community.

Comparing Conventional and Digital Radiography to Cone Beam Computed Tomography Using Simulated Lesions

Author : Oday Alhalasa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparing Conventional and Digital Radiography to Cone Beam Computed Tomography Using Simulated Lesions by : Oday Alhalasa

Download or read book Comparing Conventional and Digital Radiography to Cone Beam Computed Tomography Using Simulated Lesions written by Oday Alhalasa and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Author : Prashant P Jaju
Publisher : JP Medical Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9351526399
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Cone Beam Computed Tomography by : Prashant P Jaju

Download or read book Cone Beam Computed Tomography written by Prashant P Jaju and published by JP Medical Ltd. This book was released on 2015-05-10 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cone Beam Computed Tomography is an imaging technique in which x-rays diverge to form a cone. Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Clinician’s Guide to 3D Imaging is a concise, highly illustrated manual on this increasingly important form of imaging in dentistry. Divided into twelve chapters, the book begins with a history of Cone Beam Computed Tomography, followed by chapters on the physics and apparatus of CBCT and the need for CBCT in dentistry. Further chapters cover the role of CBCT in specific sub-specialties of dentistry, and a glossary provides an explanation of CBCT terminology. The role of CBCT in prosthodontics, orthodontics and airway analysis, endodontics and caries diagnosis, oral and maxillofacial pathologies, periodontal disease and forensic odontology, is described in detail. This book also brings the reader up to date on possible future applications of CBCT in dentistry. Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Clinician’s Guide to 3D Imaging includes 180 full colour images and illustrations, further enhancing this invaluable resource for dentists. Key Points Concise guide to 3D imaging in dentistry Includes a history and basics of CBCT, as well as the role of CBCT in various dentistry sub-specialties 189 full colour images and illustrations

Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, E-Book

Author : Om Prakash Kharbanda
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 8131249360
Total Pages : 1022 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, E-Book by : Om Prakash Kharbanda

Download or read book Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, E-Book written by Om Prakash Kharbanda and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 1022 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition is expanded and rejuvenated with a greater focus on PG students, orthodontic educators, UG students and practitioners. The book covers entire panorama of science and clinical practice of orthodontics, from basics to clinical, presented in 58 chapters organised in 15 sections. The information is provided in-depth, literature supported, complimented with real life scenarios and case reports. A special effort has been made to include structured information on subjects of relevance which are much talked about but found only in journals. Contains a balanced blend of texts, graphics, boxes and clinical case reports encountered in clinical practice A comprehensive coverage of cephalometric radiology, ethnic norms and advances in three-dimensional imaging A detailed step by step approach to orthodontic treatment with contemporary fixed appliances, from diagnosis to finishing Provides an up-to-date information on topics of day-to-day relevance such as epidemiology of malocclusion and orthodontic indices, psychological aspects of orthodontics, debonding, care and maintenance of occlusion after orthodontic treatment Presents updated information on temporary anchorage devices (TAD), impacted and transposed teeth, inter-disciplinary treatment, management of cleft lip and palate and orthognathic surgery Emerging fields such as surgically facilitated rapid tooth movement, distraction osteogenesis and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are included with up-to-date clinically relevant information Includes Companion Website containing procedural videos

Automated processing and analysis of cephalometric parameters and their comparison with direct measurements of dry skulls

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (741 download)

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Book Synopsis Automated processing and analysis of cephalometric parameters and their comparison with direct measurements of dry skulls by :

Download or read book Automated processing and analysis of cephalometric parameters and their comparison with direct measurements of dry skulls written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Orthognathic Surgery

Author : Farhad B. Naini
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118649974
Total Pages : 949 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Orthognathic Surgery by : Farhad B. Naini

Download or read book Orthognathic Surgery written by Farhad B. Naini and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 949 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY Orthognathic Surgery: Principles, Planning and Practice is a definitive clinical guide to orthognathic surgery, from initial diagnosis and treatment planning to surgical management and postoperative care. Addresses the major craniofacial anomalies and complex conditions of the jaw and face that require surgery Edited by two highly experienced specialists, with contributions from an international team of experts Enhanced by case studies, note boxes and more than 2000 clinical photographs and illustrations Serves as an essential reference for higher trainees and practicing clinicians in cranio-maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, plastic and reconstructive surgery and allied specialties

A Comparative Analysis of Angular Cephalometric Values Between CBCT Generated Lateral Cephalographs Versus Digitized Conventional Lateral Cephalographs

Download A Comparative Analysis of Angular Cephalometric Values Between CBCT Generated Lateral Cephalographs Versus Digitized Conventional Lateral Cephalographs PDF Online Free

Author : Raymond Rhin Chung
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis A Comparative Analysis of Angular Cephalometric Values Between CBCT Generated Lateral Cephalographs Versus Digitized Conventional Lateral Cephalographs by : Raymond Rhin Chung

Download or read book A Comparative Analysis of Angular Cephalometric Values Between CBCT Generated Lateral Cephalographs Versus Digitized Conventional Lateral Cephalographs written by Raymond Rhin Chung and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: