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Commitment And Resoluteness In Rational Choice
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Book Synopsis Commitment and Resoluteness in Rational Choice by : Chrisoula Andreou
Download or read book Commitment and Resoluteness in Rational Choice written by Chrisoula Andreou and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-03 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing and building on the existing literature, this Element explores the interesting and challenging philosophical terrain where issues regarding cooperation, commitment, and control intersect. Section 1 discusses interpersonal and intrapersonal Prisoner's Dilemma situations, and the possibility of a set of unrestrained choices adding up in a way that is problematic relative to the concerns of the choosers involved. Section 2 focuses on the role of precommitment devices in rational choice. Section 3 considers the role of resoluteness in rational choice and action. And Section 4 delves into some related complications concerning the nature of actions and the nature of intentions.
Book Synopsis Rationality and Commitment by : Fabienne Peter
Download or read book Rationality and Commitment written by Fabienne Peter and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-12-13 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rational choice theory forms the core of the economic approach to human behaviour. It is also the most influential philosophical account of practical rationality. Yet there are persistent controversies about the scope of rational choice theory in philosophy and, increasingly, in economics as well. A leading critic is the philosopher and Nobel Laureate economist Amartya Sen, who put forward a trenchant critique of rational choice theory in his seminal paper 'Rational Fools'. Sen emphasizes the importance of commitment - those aspects of human behavior which dispose individuals to co-operate, follow norms, and identify with others. He argues that rational choice theory cannot accommodate commitment, and demands a more adequate account of rationality. The question of how to account for the rationality of commitment is very much an open issue and, if anything, even more pressing today than when Sen first raised it. In Rationality and Commitment, thirteen leading philosophers and economists discuss Sen's claims and propose their own answers to the question of how to account for the rationality of committed action. The volume concludes with a specially-written reply by Sen, in which he responds to his critics and provides a rich commentary on the preceding essays.
Book Synopsis The Covenant of Reason by : Isaac Levi
Download or read book The Covenant of Reason written by Isaac Levi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1997-09-13 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isaac Levi is one of the preeminent philosophers in the areas of pragmatic rationality and epistemology. This collection of essays constitutes an important presentation of his original and influential ideas about rational choice and belief. A wide range of topics is covered, including consequentialism and sequential choice, consensus, voluntarism of belief, and the tolerance of the opinions of others. The essays elaborate on the idea that principles of rationality are norms that regulate the coherence of our beliefs and values with our rational choices. The norms impose minimal constraints on deliberation and inquiry, but they also impose demands well beyond the capacities of deliberating agents. This major collection will be eagerly sought out by a wide range of philosophers in epistemology, logic, and philosophy of science, as well as economists, decision theorists, and statisticians.
Book Synopsis Self-Control, Decision Theory, and Rationality by : José Luis Bermúdez
Download or read book Self-Control, Decision Theory, and Rationality written by José Luis Bermúdez and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A distinguished group of philosophers, decision theorists, and psychologists offer new interdisciplinary perspectives on the rationality of self-control.
Book Synopsis Money-Pump Arguments by : Johan E. Gustafsson
Download or read book Money-Pump Arguments written by Johan E. Gustafsson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-10-13 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Suppose that you prefer A to B, B to C, and C to A. Your preferences violate Expected Utility Theory by being cyclic. Money-pump arguments offer a way to show that such violations are irrational. Suppose that you start with A. Then you should be willing to trade A for C and then C for B. But then, once you have B, you are offered a trade back to A for a small cost. Since you prefer A to B, you pay the small sum to trade from B to A. But now you have been turned into a money pump. You are back to the alternative you started with but with less money. This Element shows how each of the axioms of Expected Utility Theory can be defended by money-pump arguments of this kind. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Book Synopsis Preference Change by : David Strohmaier
Download or read book Preference Change written by David Strohmaier and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-01-31 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For most of its history, decision theory has investigated the rational choices of humans under the assumption of static preferences. Human preferences, however, change. In recent years, decision theory has increasingly acknowledged the reality of preference change throughout life. This Element provides an accessible introduction and new contributions to the debates on preference change. It is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, the authors discuss what preference change is and whether we can integrate it into decision theory. In the second chapter, they present models of preference change, including a novel proposal of their own. In the third and final chapter, they discuss how we can rationally choose a course of action when our preferences might change. Both the transformative experience literature and recent work on choosing for changing selves are discussed.
Book Synopsis The Measurement of Subjective Probability by : Edward J. R. Elliott
Download or read book The Measurement of Subjective Probability written by Edward J. R. Elliott and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2024-05-02 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beliefs come in degrees, and we often represent those degrees with numbers. We might say, for example, that we are 90% confident in the truth of some scientific hypothesis, or only 30% confident in the success of some risky endeavour. But what do these numbers mean? What, in other words, is the underlying psychological reality to which the numbers correspond? And what constitutes a meaningful difference between numerically distinct representations of belief? In this Element, we discuss the main approaches to the measurement of belief. These fall into two broad categories-epistemic and decision-theoretic-with divergent foundations in the theory of measurement. Epistemic approaches explain the measurement of belief by appeal to relations between belief states themselves, whereas decision-theoretic approaches appeal to relations between beliefs and desires in the production of choice and preferences.
Book Synopsis Philosophy of Devotion by : Paul Katsafanas
Download or read book Philosophy of Devotion written by Paul Katsafanas and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-22 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do people persist in commitments that threaten their happiness, security, and comfort? Why do some of our most central, identity-defining commitments seem to resist the effects of reasoning and critical reflection? Drawing on real-life examples, empirical psychology, and philosophical reflection, Paul Katsafanas argues that these commitments involve an ethical stance called devotion, which plays a pervasive--but often hidden--role in human life. Devotion typically involves sacralizing certain values, goals, or relationships. To sacralize a value is to treat it as inviolable (trade-offs with ordinary values are forbidden), incontestable (even contemplating such trade-offs is prohibited), and dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt the agent's commitment to the value). Philosophy of Devotion offers a detailed philosophical account and defense of these features. Devotion and the sacralization of values can be reasonable; indeed, a life involving meaningful, sustained commitment depends on these stances. Without devotion, we risk an existential condition that Katsafanas describes as normative dissipation, in which all of our commitments become etiolated. Yet devotion can easily go wrong, deforming into the individual and group fanaticism that have become pervasive features of modern social life. Katsafanas provides an alternative to fanaticism, investigating the way in which we can express non-pathological forms of devotion. We can be devoted through affirmation and through what Katsafanas calls the deepening move, which treats the agent's central commitments as systematically inchoate. Each of these stances enables a wholehearted form of devotion that nevertheless preserves flexibility and openness, avoiding the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other. But this is inevitably a fragile and precarious achievement: affirmation can slide into a focus on rejecting what isn't affirmed, and the deepening move can ossify into rigidity. Only the perpetual quest to maintain a form of existential flexibility, which may require oscillation between affirmation and deepening, can stave off these dangers
Book Synopsis Realistic Decision Theory by : Paul Weirich
Download or read book Realistic Decision Theory written by Paul Weirich and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2004-09-16 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within traditional decision theory, common decision principles -- e.g. the principle to maximize utility -- generally invoke idealization; they govern ideal agents in ideal circumstances. In Realistic Decision Theory, Paul Weirch adds practicality to decision theory by formulating principles applying to nonideal agents in nonideal circumstances, such as real people coping with complex decisions. Bridging the gap between normative demands and psychological resources, Realistic Decision Theory is essential reading for theorists seeking precise normative decision principles that acknowledge the limits and difficulties of human decision-making.
Book Synopsis Morality and Rational Choice by : J. Baron
Download or read book Morality and Rational Choice written by J. Baron and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993-05-31 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops and defends a version of utilitarianism, including expected-utility theory, as a normative model of decision making. The defense, based on the idea of utility as achievement of goals, considers the endorsement of a norm as a decision and asks what reasons we have to endorse norms for decision making. The reasons derive from our pre-existing goals, so any norm we endorse must not fly in the face of these goals, although it must not be selfishly biased, either. This approach is further clarified by drawing distinctions between decisions for the self, for a single other person, for several others, and for the self and others. The book discusses the implications of this argument for the psychological study of decision making, the act--omission distinction, moral education, decision analysis, risk analysis, and other questions of public policy. The final chapter sketches a prescriptive approach to group decision making.
Book Synopsis Ethics, Rationality, and Economic Behaviour by : Francesco Farina
Download or read book Ethics, Rationality, and Economic Behaviour written by Francesco Farina and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The connection between economics and ethics is as old as economics itself, and central to both disciplines. The essays included in the present volume provide an analysis of the connections between ethics and economics as viewed from several different - oft
Book Synopsis Taking Chances by : Jordan Howard Sobel
Download or read book Taking Chances written by Jordan Howard Sobel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-04-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J. Howard Sobel has long been recognized as an important figure in philosophical discussions of rational decision. He has done much to help formulate the concept of causal decision theory. In this volume of essays Sobel explores the Bayesian idea that rational actions maximize expected values, where an action's expected value is a weighted average of its agent's values for its possible total outcomes. Newcomb's Problem and The Prisoner's Dilemma are discussed, and Allais-type puzzles are viewed from the perspective of causal world Bayesianism. The author establishes principles for distinguishing options in decision problems, and studies ways in which perfectly rational causal maximizers can be capable of resolute choices. Sobel also views critically Gauthier's revisionist ideas about maximizing rationality. This collection will be a desideratum for anyone working in the field of rational choice theory, whether in philosophy, economics, political science, psychology or statistics. Howard Sobel's work in decision theory is certainly among the most important, interesting and challenging that is being done by philosophers.
Book Synopsis Rational Deliberation by : David Gauthier
Download or read book Rational Deliberation written by David Gauthier and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-02-18 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For several decades, David Gauthier has been one of the leading philosophers working on practical rationality and deliberation. This book presents a selection of Gauthier's writings on these topics, all but two of which were written after Morals by Agreement (OUP, 1986). They represent Gauthier's most important contributions to the theory of practical reason, moving some distance from the view a first presented in "Reason and Maximization" and developed in a much-reprinted chapter of Morals by Agreement. These essays challenge common misconceptions of Gauthier's revisionist conception of practical rationality, and provide important insights with implications for economic theory.
Book Synopsis Modeling Rationality, Morality, and Evolution by : Peter Danielson
Download or read book Modeling Rationality, Morality, and Evolution written by Peter Danielson and published by New York : Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These essays focus on questions that arise when morality is considered from the perspective of rational choice and evolution. It links questions like ""is it rational to be moral?"" to the evolution of co-operation, and uses models from game theory, evolutionary biology and cognitive science.
Book Synopsis Rational Commitment and Social Justice by : Jules L. Coleman
Download or read book Rational Commitment and Social Justice written by Jules L. Coleman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-11-13 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays concerned with fundamental issues of rational commitment and social justice to which Kavka devoted his work as a philosopher.
Book Synopsis Commitment to Work of Industrial Workers by : Om Prakash Gupta
Download or read book Commitment to Work of Industrial Workers written by Om Prakash Gupta and published by Concept Publishing Company. This book was released on 1982 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Beyond Optimizing by : Michael Slote
Download or read book Beyond Optimizing written by Michael Slote and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1989 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Philosophy, economics, and decision theory have long been dominated by the idea that rational choice consists of seeking or achieving one's own greatest good. Beyond Optimizing argues that our ordinary understanding of practical reason is more complex than this, and also that optimizing/maximizing views are inadequately supported by the considerations typically offered in their favor. Michael Slote challenges the long-dominant conception of individual rationality, which has to a large extent shaped the very way we think about the essential problems and nature of rationality, morality, and the relations between them. He contests the accepted view by appealing to a set of real-life examples, claiming that our intuitive reaction to these examples illustrates a significant and prevalent, if not always dominant, way of thinking. Slote argues that common sense recognizes that one can reach a point where "enough is enough," be satisfied with what one has, and, hence, rationally decline an optimizing alternative. He suggests that, in the light of common sense, optimizing behavior is often irrational. Thus, Slote is not merely describing an alternative mode of rationality; he is offering a rival theory. And the numerous parallels he points out between this common-sense theory of rationality and common-sense morality are then shown to have important implications for the long-standing disagreement between commonsense morality and utilitarian consequentialism. Beyond Optimizing is notable for its use of a much richer vocabulary of criticism than optimizing/maximizing models ever call upon. And it further argues that recent empirical investigations of the development of altruism and moral motivation need to be followed up by psychological studies of how moderation, and individual rationality more generally, take shape within developing individuals.
