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Characterizing Chemo Mechanical Behavior Of Lithium Metal Batteries
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Book Synopsis Characterizing Chemo-Mechanical Behavior of Lithium Metal Batteries by : Wesley K. Chang
Download or read book Characterizing Chemo-Mechanical Behavior of Lithium Metal Batteries written by Wesley K. Chang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are the subject of intense research both academically and industrially, given the improvements in cell-level energy density compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries. Much of the research effort has focused on stabilizing the lithium metal negative electrode through new electrolyte formulations and interphase modifications, along with high spatial resolution characterization with state-of-the-art microscopy and spectroscopy. However, until recently, the evolving dynamics of this system during operation have been less explored, primarily due to the difficulty of detecting changes in lithium metal in situ or in operando. This dissertation explores the complex chemical and mechanical behaviors ("chemo-mechanics"), how they are interrelated and how they evolve with electrochemical perturbation of lithium metal. We start with an exploration of primary lithium metal deposition and how substrate surface chemistry affects lithium nucleation and growth. This is followed by a study exploring the chemical and morphological transitions of lithium metal as a function of current density and charge passed, utilizing spatially resolved spectroscopic and microscopic characterization. To complement these studies with characterization of macroscopic heterogeneities, an operando acoustic technique is developed. First, practical applications of this technique for far-from-equilibrium conditions in lithium-ion batteries are introduced (e.g. detection of fast-charge induced lithium metal plating and cell gassing), establishing acoustics as a useful tool for quantifying and qualifying physical behavior beyond simple predictive capabilities. Acoustic transmission is then used, alongside other spectroscopic, microscopic, magnetic and electrochemical techniques, to characterize lithium metal cells in both a liquid electrolyte (lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate) and a solid electrolyte (lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide) and dissect the complex chemo-mechanical behaviors during cell operation. Finally, spatially resolved multi-modal capabilities are developed for acoustic transmission to image entire electrochemical cells in operando while retaining useful information of physical behavior.
Book Synopsis Material Characterization of Lithium Ion Batteries for Crash Safety by : Larie Alecia Brandy Dixon
Download or read book Material Characterization of Lithium Ion Batteries for Crash Safety written by Larie Alecia Brandy Dixon and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The safety of lithium-ion batteries is extremely important due to their widespread use in consumer products such as laptops and cell phones. Several cases of thermal runaway in lithium ion batteries that resulted in fires have been reported recently. And in the case of vehicle batteries, deformation during a crash event could cause an internal short circuit, leading to thermal runaway, fires, or toxic gas release. While much is understood about lithium-ion batteries, no comprehensive computational models exist to test and optimize these batteries before manufacture. The objective of this research was to characterize the mechanical properties of three types of lithium-ion batteries through cell and interior component mechanical testing. Prismatic, elliptic, and pouch cells were tested using hemispherical punches to obtain load-displacement curves. Elliptic and pouch cells were also compression tested. Uniaxial, biaxial, and compression tests were performed on the interior components of elliptic and pouch cells. The test results were then used by Impact and Crashworthiness Laboratory team members to create, validate, and refine computational models. This research resulted in many conclusions involving the lithium-ion cells, their interior components, and efforts to model the failure of cells. At the cell level, the effect of liquid presence, strain rate, separator type, and test location was studied. The level of experience in sample preparation and testing methods was an important result for interior component material characterization, as was the varied force-displacement results for different cell types. But most importantly, this work demonstrated that the material characterization of lithium-ion battery cells through mechanical testing could be used to create, calibrate, and validate cell numerical simulation models.
Book Synopsis Electro-Chemo-Mechanics of Solids by : Sean R. Bishop
Download or read book Electro-Chemo-Mechanics of Solids written by Sean R. Bishop and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-18 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a collection of chapters that focus on the relationship among electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties and the study of adjusting one property through the control of another, namely, Electro-Chemo-Mechanics (ECM). The authors examine how this relationship can result in beneficial properties, such as mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, in oxides, upon oxygen deficiency or lithium insertion (electro-chemo) and/or changes in ionic and electronic mobility observed in strained systems (electro-mechano). They also consider how ECM interactions can be responsible for large stresses from non-stoichiometry induced lattice dilation (chemo-mechano). While many volumes are available devoted to the study of the origins and characteristics of electro-chemical relationships, they form the well-known field of electrochemistry, this volume is highly novel in its examination of the corresponding electro-mechanical, chemo-mechanical, and electro-chemo-mechanical relationships. The book is ideal for researchers and design engineers interested in energy storage and conversion and the electrical and mechanical properties of materials.
Book Synopsis Mechanical Characterization of Lithium-ion Battery Micro Components for Development of Homogenized and Multilayer Material Models by : Kyle Mark Miller
Download or read book Mechanical Characterization of Lithium-ion Battery Micro Components for Development of Homogenized and Multilayer Material Models written by Kyle Mark Miller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall battery research of the Impact and Crashworthiness Laboratory (ICL) at MIT has been focused on understanding the battery's mechanical properties so that individual battery cells and battery packs can be characterized during crash events. The objective of this research is to better understand the battery component (electrode and separator) properties under different loading conditions. In this work, over 200 tests were conducted on battery components. These tests include uniaxial stress, biaxial punch, multilayer, single layer, short-circuit testing, wet vs dry specimen testing, strain rate testing, and more. Additionally, a scanning electron microscope was used to view the battery components at a micro level for the purpose of better understanding the aforementioned test results. During these tests, it was observed that many of the electrodes in the Li-ion batteries are damaged during the battery manufacturing process. Also, the two methods of manufacturing battery separator were analyzed and their resulting mechanical properties were characterized. These results will be used to further refine and validate a high-level, robust, and accurate computational tool to predict strength, energy absorption, and the onset of electric short circuit of batteries under real-world crash loading situations. The cell deformation models will then be applied to the battery stack and beyond, thereby enabling rationalization of greater optimization of the battery pack/vehicle combination with respect to tolerance of battery crush intrusion behavior. Besides improving crash performance, the finite element models contribute substantially to the reduction of the cost of prototyping and shorten the development cycle of new electric vehicles.
Book Synopsis Quantitatively Designing Lithium Metal Batteries for Practical Applications by : Bingyu Lu
Download or read book Quantitatively Designing Lithium Metal Batteries for Practical Applications written by Bingyu Lu and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lithium-ion battery (LIB) has been playing a vital part in the rapid adoption of electric vehicles and portable electronics. However, due to the limited energy density and poor safety properties of the current generation LIB, the development of longer-range electric vehicles has been largely hindered. There is an urgent need for the new material design for the next generation of LIB, especially on the anode side. Among all the candidates, lithium metal is considered as the holy grail for the next generation battery anodes because of its high theoretical capacity (3,860 mAh/g, or 2,061 mAh/cm3) and low electrochemical potential (-3.04 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode). Although extensive works have been done to prolong the cycle life of Li-metal batteries, including electrolyte engineering, interphase design, there are still a lot of studies need to be performed before the commercialization of the Lithium metal battery (LMB). Here, by utilizing a series of characterization tools, the mechanical behaviors, corrosion process and safety properties of the Lithium metal anode in liquid electrolytes have been quantitatively studied. In addition to that, a porous copper current collector is also designed and synthesized for Lithium metal anode with high cycling Coulombic efficiency (CE). To study how the mechanical properties of the Lithium metal anode would affect the performance of the LMB, a split cell with pressure load cell is designed to precisely control the external stack pressure on the LMB during cycling. By employing Cryogenic Focused Ion Beam/Scanning Electron Microscopy (Cryo FIB/SEM) and Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM), the effects of external uniaxial stack pressure on the Lithium metal plating/stripping are systematically explored. It is found that by applying a 350-kPa stack pressure on the cell, a nearly 100% dense Lithium can be plated in the electrochemical process. The reversibility of this ultra-dense Lithium is also demonstrated up to 30 cycles. Next, by using three dimensional (3D) reconstruction from Cryo FIB/SEM and Titration Gas Chromatography, the chemical corrosion process of the Lithium metal in liquid electrolyte is thoroughly understood. It is shown that by limiting the contact surface area between the Lithium metal and the electrolyte, the chemical corrosion of the Lithium metal can be largely mitigated. In addition to that, a stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) is also crucial for the chemical stability of the Lithium metal anode. The optimized Lithium anode shows less than 0.8% active material loss after 10 days of corrosion in liquid electrolyte. Lastly the safety property of the LMB is quantitatively studied by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The key parameters in controlling the reactivity of the LMB is presented. It is shown that the morphology of the Lithium metal anode, the thermal stability of the cathode and the electrolyte salts and solvents all play a synergetic role in the overall safety of the LMB. By optimizing the all the parameters, a safe LMB is demonstrated which shows no thermal response up to 400 ̊C.
Book Synopsis Characterization and Prevention of Failure Modes of Lithium Polymer and Lithium Ion Batteries in Transportation Applications by : Karim Zaghib
Download or read book Characterization and Prevention of Failure Modes of Lithium Polymer and Lithium Ion Batteries in Transportation Applications written by Karim Zaghib and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2007-11 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented in the symposium ¿Characterization and Prevention of Failure Modes of Lithium Polymer and Lithium Ion Batteries in Transportation Applications¿, held during the 211th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, in Chicago, IL.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Mechanical Stress Effects on Lithium-ion Battery Materials by : Christina A. Peabody
Download or read book Characterization of Mechanical Stress Effects on Lithium-ion Battery Materials written by Christina A. Peabody and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis On Mechanical Characterization and Multi-scale Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries by : Priyank Gupta
Download or read book On Mechanical Characterization and Multi-scale Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries written by Priyank Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Material Characterization and Axial Loading Response of Pouch Lithium Ion Battery Cells for Crash Safety by : Amber J. Mason
Download or read book Material Characterization and Axial Loading Response of Pouch Lithium Ion Battery Cells for Crash Safety written by Amber J. Mason and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent research conducted at MIT's Impact and Crashworthiness Laboratory (ICL) has focused on material characterization of lithium ion battery cell components for use in the development of an accurate and practical computational model intended to predict mechanical deformation and related short circuit behavior of Li-ion battery cells and stacks in real world impact scenarios. In an effort to continue to refine and validate this modeling tool, characterization testing was conducted on battery cell pouch material using uniaxial stress and biaxial punch tests. At the full cell level, hemispherical punch indentation validation testing and internal electric short circuit testing was conducted on large, high energy pouch cells. Further investigations at the full cell level examined the buckling response of small pouch cells as a result of in-plane axial compression under varying degrees of confinement. To this end, a custom testing device was designed and constructed to provide controllable cell confinement for axial loading experimentation purposes. All experimentation results will feed into a computational model of the cell extended for use in comprehensive mechanical deformation simulation modeling.
Book Synopsis Chemo-mechanical Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries by : Yang Bai
Download or read book Chemo-mechanical Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries written by Yang Bai and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Multiscale Chemo-mechanical Mechanics of High-capacity Anode Materials in Lithium-ion Nano-batteries by : Hui Yang
Download or read book Multiscale Chemo-mechanical Mechanics of High-capacity Anode Materials in Lithium-ion Nano-batteries written by Hui Yang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are the most prevailing and promising electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices due to their high energy density and design flexibility, are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles. Currently commercialized LIBs adopt graphite as anode for its long cycle life, abundant material supply, and relatively low cost. However, graphite suffers low specific charge capacity (372 mAhg-1), which is obviously insufficient for powering new generation electronic devices. Thus, considerable efforts are being undertaking to develop alternative anode materials with low cost, high capacity, and long cycle life. A variety of high capacity anode materials have been identified, and silicon (Si) stands as the leading candidate and has attracted much attention for its highest theoretical capacity (4200 mAhg-1). Nevertheless, inherent to the high-capacity electrodes, lithium (Li) insertion-extraction cycling induces huge volumetric expansion and stress inside the electrodes, leading to fracture, pulverization, electrical disconnectivity, and ultimately huge capacity loss. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the degradation mechanisms in the high-capacity anodes during lithiation-delithiation cycling is crucial for the rational design of next-generation failure-resistant electrodes.In this thesis, a finite-strain chemo-mechanical model is formulated to study the lithiation-induced phase transformation, morphological evolution, stress generation and fracture in high capacity anode materials such as Si and germanium (Ge). The model couples Li reaction-diffusion with large elasto-plastic deformation in a bidirectional manner: insertion of the Li into electrode generates localized stress, which in turn mediates electrochemical insertion rates. Several key features observed from recent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies are incorporated into the modeling framework, including the sharp interface between the lithiated amorphous shell and unlithiated crystalline core, crystallographic orientation-dependent electrochemical reaction rate, and large-strain plasticity. The simulation results demonstrate that the model faithfully predicts the anisotropic swelling of lithiated crystalline silicon nanowires (c-SiNWs) observed from previous experimental studies. Stress analysis reveals that the SiNWs are prone to surface fracture at the angular sites where two adjacent facets intersect, consistent with previous experimental observations. In addition, Li insertion can induce high hydrostatic pressure at and closely behind the reaction front, which can lead to the lithiation retardation observed by TEM studies.For a comparative study, the highly reversible expansion and contraction of crystalline germanium nanoparticles (c-GeNPs) under lithiation-delithiation cycling are reported. During multiple cycles to the full capacity, the GeNPs remain robust without any visible cracking despite ~260% volume changes, in contrast to the size dependent fracture of crystalline silicon nanoparticles (c-SiNPs) upon the first lithiation. The comparative study of c-SiNPs, c-GeNPs, and amorphous SiNPs (a-SiNPs) through in-situ TEM and chemo-mechanical modeling suggest that the tough behavior of c-GeNPs and a-SiNPs can be attributed to the weak lithiation anisotropy at the reaction front. In the absence of lithiation anisotropy, the c-GeNPs and a-SiNPs experience uniform hoop tension in the surface layer without the localized high stress and therefore remain robust throughout multicycling. In addition, the two-step lithiation in a-SiNPs can further alleviate the abruptness of the interface and hence the incompatible stress at the interface, leading to an even tougher behavior of a-SiNPs. Therefore, eliminating the lithiation anisotropy presents a novel pathway to mitigate the mechanical degradation in high-capacity electrode materials. In addition to the study of the retardation effect caused by lithiation self-generated internal stress, the influence of the external bending on the lithiation kinetics and deformation morphologies in germanium nanowires (GeNWs) is also investigated. Contrary to the symmetric core-shell lithiation in free-standing GeNWs, bending a GeNW during lithiation breaks the lithiation symmetry, speeding up lithaition at the tensile side while slowing down at the compressive side of the GeNWs. The chemo-mechanical modeling further corroborates the experimental observations and suggests the stress dependence of both Li diffusion and interfacial reaction rate during lithiation. The finding that external load can mediate lithiation kinetics opens new pathways to improve the performance of electrode materials by tailoring lithiation rate via strain engineering. Furthermore, in the light of bending-induced symmetry breaking of lithiation, the mechanically controlled flux of the secondary species (i.e., Li) features a novel energy harvesting mechanism through mechanical stress.Besides the continuum level chemo-mechanical modelings, molecular dynamics simulations with the ReaxFF reactive force field are also conducted to investigate the fracture mechanisms of lithiated graphene. The simulation results reveal that Li diffusion toward the crack tip is both energetically and kinetically favored owing to the crack-tip stress gradient. The stress-driven Li diffusion results in Li aggregation around the crack tip, chemically weakening the crack-tip bond and at the same time causing stress relaxation. As a dominant factor in lithiated graphene, the chemical weakening effect manifests a self-weakening mechanism that causes the fracture of the graphene. Moreover, lithiation-induced fracture mechanisms of defective single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. The variation of defect size and Li concentration sets two distinct fracture modes of the SWCNTs upon uniaxial stretch: abrupt and retarded fracture. Abrupt fracture either involves spontaneous Li weakening of the propagating crack tip or is absent of Li participation, while retarded fracture features a "wait-and-go" crack extension process in which the crack tip periodically arrests and waits to be weakened by diffusing Li before extension resumes. The failure analysis of the defective CNTs upon lithiation, together with the cracked graphene, provides fundamental guidance to the lifetime extension of high capacity anode materials.
Book Synopsis Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics and Applications by : Reiner Korthauer
Download or read book Lithium-Ion Batteries: Basics and Applications written by Reiner Korthauer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The handbook focuses on a complete outline of lithium-ion batteries. Just before starting with an exposition of the fundamentals of this system, the book gives a short explanation of the newest cell generation. The most important elements are described as negative / positive electrode materials, electrolytes, seals and separators. The battery disconnect unit and the battery management system are important parts of modern lithium-ion batteries. An economical, faultless and efficient battery production is a must today and is represented with one chapter in the handbook. Cross-cutting issues like electrical, chemical, functional safety are further topics. Last but not least standards and transportation themes are the final chapters of the handbook. The different topics of the handbook provide a good knowledge base not only for those working daily on electrochemical energy storage, but also to scientists, engineers and students concerned in modern battery systems.
Book Synopsis Microscopy and Microanalysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries by : Cai Shen
Download or read book Microscopy and Microanalysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries written by Cai Shen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-05-26 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past three decades have witnessed the great success of lithium-ion batteries, especially in the areas of 3C products, electrical vehicles, and smart grid applications. However, further optimization of the energy/power density, coulombic efficiency, cycle life, charge speed, and environmental adaptability are still needed. To address these issues, a thorough understanding of the reaction inside a battery or dynamic evolution of each component is required. Microscopy and Microanalysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries discusses advanced analytical techniques that offer the capability of resolving the structure and chemistry at an atomic resolution to further drive lithium-ion battery research and development. Provides comprehensive techniques that probe the fundamentals of Li-ion batteries Covers the basic principles of the techniques involved as well as its application in battery research Describes details of experimental setups and procedure for successful experiments This reference is aimed at researchers, engineers, and scientists studying lithium-ion batteries including chemical, materials, and electrical engineers, as well as chemists and physicists.
Book Synopsis Characterization and Equalization of Lithium-ion Batteries by : Divya Surana
Download or read book Characterization and Equalization of Lithium-ion Batteries written by Divya Surana and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Stress Relaxation Testing by : Alfred Fox
Download or read book Stress Relaxation Testing written by Alfred Fox and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1979 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Understanding Control of Lithium Morphology in Lithium Metal Batteries by : Robert Martin Kasse
Download or read book Understanding Control of Lithium Morphology in Lithium Metal Batteries written by Robert Martin Kasse and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Directing the morphology of lithium metal deposits during electrodeposition is crucial to the development of safe, high energy density batteries with robust cycle life for application in emerging energy storage technologies including electric vehicles. Towards this end, mechanistic insight is imperative to understand the relationship between electrolytes, additives, cycling conditions, and resulting lithium morphologies. Relevant background and motivating information for the work to be presented in this dissertation is discussed in Chapter 1, including a brief discussion of batteries, electrochemical characterization, and materials characterization techniques. In Chapter 2, results of a systematic study which reveals the links between electrolyte composition, initial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and a highly controlled columnar morphology of electrodeposited lithium metal is presented. A suite of electrochemical characterizations, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, small and wide-angle synchrotron X-ray scattering, and scanning electron microscopy was used to draw insights concerning the underlying mechanisms of HF additive-induced columnar lithium formation and these insights can help guide the development of future electrolyte additive design and rational formation cycling protocols for lithium metal batteries. Chapter 3 focuses on the role of applied mechanical pressure in enhancing the cycling performance of lithium metal batteries, and the combined effects of electrolyte additives and stack pressure. Results from experiments on anode-free cells as well as both anode and cathode symmetric cells over a range of applied pressures and pressure application methods help shed light on precisely how mechanical pressure modulates cycling behavior and reaffirms the importance of a wholistic approach to designing and engineering lithium metal batteries for practical applications. This dissertation concludes with Chapter 4 in which a brief overall conclusion of the work is followed by some future perspectives and research ideas within the lithium metal battery space.
Book Synopsis Synthesis & Characterization of Advanced Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries by : Rachid Amine
Download or read book Synthesis & Characterization of Advanced Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries written by Rachid Amine and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
