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Characterization Of The Cellulosic Cell Wall
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Book Synopsis Characterization of the Cellulosic Cell Wall by : Douglas D. Stokke
Download or read book Characterization of the Cellulosic Cell Wall written by Douglas D. Stokke and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together a broad array of scientific expertise to focus on the characterization and utilization of cellulosic materials. Researchers from Austria, Germany, Sweden, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, and the U.S. explore many facets of the plant cell wall, from its fundamental structure and its manipulation via molecular biology to its application in composite materials. Exciting applications of near infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, confocal microscopy, and molecular coupling as a viscoelastic probe provide new insights into the ultrastructure and properties of cellulosic materials.
Book Synopsis Characterization of the Cellulosic Cell Wall by : Douglas D. Stokke
Download or read book Characterization of the Cellulosic Cell Wall written by Douglas D. Stokke and published by Wiley-Blackwell. This book was released on 2006-04-24 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together a broad array of scientific expertise to focus on the characterization and utilization of cellulosic materials. Researchers from Austria, Germany, Sweden, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, and the U.S. explore many facets of the plant cell wall, from its fundamental structure and its manipulation via molecular biology to its application in composite materials. Exciting applications of near infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, confocal microscopy, and molecular coupling as a viscoelastic probe provide new insights into the ultrastructure and properties of cellulosic materials.
Book Synopsis Annual Plant Reviews, The Plant Cell Wall by : Jocelyn K. C. Rose
Download or read book Annual Plant Reviews, The Plant Cell Wall written by Jocelyn K. C. Rose and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-02-12 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 8 In the last few years, the new analytical tools associated withmolecular biology, biochemistry, spectroscopy, microscopy,immunology, genomics and proteomics have been employed toinvestigate plant cell wall structure and function, providing adegree of resolution that was, until recently, unattainable. Thishas resulted in a growing awareness of the critical role of plantcell walls in a broad range of developmental events, addingstrength and diversity to cell wall-related scientificresearch. This volume provides an overview of our current understanding ofplant cell walls, drawing on the recent advances of plant molecularbiology. It incorporates the identification of a rapidly growingnumber of genes and the proteins responsible for plant wallsynthesis, restructuring, degradation and wall-associated signaltransduction. The book bridges the biochemistry-oriented cell wallliterature and the new technology-driven approaches. This is a book for academic and industrial researchers in plantcell biology, biochemistry, developmental biology, genetics andmolecular biology.
Book Synopsis Structural Characterization of Plant Cell Walls Using Synchrotron X-ray by : Sintu Rongpipi
Download or read book Structural Characterization of Plant Cell Walls Using Synchrotron X-ray written by Sintu Rongpipi and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant cell walls are complex, dynamic biological assemblies consisting of several biopolymers and some structural proteins. They form an extracellular matrix that helps in growth, morphogenesis, mechanics, intercellular communication, and defense against pathogens. Besides having important structural and functional roles in plants, cell walls form the primary source for the most abundant biopolymers on earth which include cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. They form raw materials for several important commercial products and hold promise as renewable and sustainable source of energy and materials. Although the chemical composition of cell walls has been known for several decades now, detailed knowledge of the structure, interactions between the cell wall components, and their roles in the cell wall remain unknown. X-ray diffraction and scattering have been invaluable towards understanding the structure and organization of plant cell walls. Synchrotron-based X-ray techniques provide us with an opportunity to characterize the structure of plant cell walls over a broad length scale with high spatial resolution. The higher flux and collimation help obtaining good quality data in shorter measurement times from plant samples which are, in general, weakly scattering. In this dissertation, we explored the applicability of several synchrotron-based X-ray techniques to structural characterization of plant cell walls. We developed experimental designs and analytical approaches for successful application of techniques such as transmission X-ray scattering, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and resonant X-ray scattering on plant cell walls. We begin by introducing GIWAXS as a technique to probe preferred orientation of cellulose crystals (texture) with respect to cell wall plane, a previously unexamined structural parameter of cell walls. Using GIWAXS, we revealed that scattering from cellulose crystals and cuticular wax crystals can be decoupled. We also established a method to measure degree of preferred orientation of cellulose in cell walls through pole figures. Altogether, our GIWAXS results contradict the predominant notion of twisting of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls. We then applied GIWAXS to investigate how defects in biosynthesis of cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan affect cellulose preferred orientation in primary cell walls of etiolated hypocotyls of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, cellulose mutants, pectin mutants, and xyloglucan mutants. With the newly developed ability of GIWAXS to measure cellulose preferred orientation in plant cell walls, we found that the preferential orientation of cellulose is disrupted in cellulose and pectin deficient mutants, but not in xyloglucan deficient mutants. This suggests that pectin might act as a cementing substance in the cell wall matrix that maintains the preferred orientation of cellulose crystals. We also found that degree of cellulose preferred orientation is correlated with the rate of hypocotyl elongation, leading us to hypothesize that the degree of cellulose preferred orientation could be a measure of tension, cells experience during elongation. We then used transmission small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to evaluate the effects of defects in biosynthesis of cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan on anisotropy of mesoscale cellulose organization. We focused on the anisotropic organization of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls of etiolated hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana. We introduced a parameter called anisotropy ratio to describe relative alignment of microfibrils in direction parallel versus perpendicular to cell growth axis and found that xyloglucan mutants have higher anisotropy ratio when compared to wild type. Our results suggest that global anisotropic organization of cellulose microfibrils might be an essential factor for growth and mechanical anisotropy of plant cells. We also used near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) to quantify calcium content in plant samples. We tried to eliminate the effects of sample thickness in (a) transmission NEXAFS near calcium L-edge by normalizing NEXAFS spectra by edge jump at carbon K-edge and in (b) fluorescence yield NEXAFS near calcium K-edge by normalizing NEXAFS spectra by pre-edge region. Using a calibration curve for calcium concentration between calcium NEXAFS signal and calcium concentration from ICP-MS for different onion scales, we could estimate calcium concentration in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana, which have similar chemical composition of cell walls. Finally, we combined SAXS and NEXAFS to carry out a chemically sensitive characterization of primary cell walls in onion epidermis. This technique called resonant X-ray scattering has been used previously with soft X-rays (near Ca L-edge) to extract interfibrillar spacings between cellulose in primary cell walls. In the current work, we explored the possibilities of obtaining higher resolution structural information using tender X-rays near calcium K-edge (~ 4.05 keV). While the works presented in this chapter are in progress, we indeed see a structural feature corresponding to a length scale of ~ 2 nm in primary cell walls of onion epidermis which we have demonstrated to be originating from distribution of calcium in the cell wall. We hope that the results established throughout this work will help in further understanding of the structure of plant cell walls, particularly in relating nanoscale structure with macroscale properties of cell walls. This work demonstrated that the unique opportunities offered by synchrotron-based X-ray techniques which are routinely applied to other soft materials can be used for furthering our understanding of the plant cell walls, either by looking at an unexamined structural aspect or by developing a new analytical approach towards an already known structural parameter. In several sections of this dissertation, we have tried to answer fundamental questions relating to plant growth by using methods we developed. We believe that this dissertation has just scratched the surface of plant cell wall characterization using advanced X-ray techniques, and we hope that the techniques and protocols established here will enable answering several questions surrounding fundamental structure-function relationships in plant morphogenesis, growth, and mechanics through new directions.
Book Synopsis Plant Cell Walls by : Peter Albersheim
Download or read book Plant Cell Walls written by Peter Albersheim and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-04-15 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant cell walls are complex, dynamic cellular structures essential for plant growth, development, physiology and adaptation. Plant Cell Walls provides an in depth and diverse view of the microanatomy, biosynthesis and molecular physiology of these cellular structures, both in the life of the plant and in their use for bioproducts and biofuels. Plant Cell Walls is a textbook for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, as well as a professional-level reference book. Over 400 drawings, micrographs, and photographs provide visual insight into the latest research, as well as the uses of plant cell walls in everyday life, and their applications in biotechnology. Illustrated panels concisely review research methods and tools; a list of key terms is given at the end of each chapter; and extensive references organized by concept headings provide readers with guidance for entry into plant cell wall literature. Cell wall material is of considerable importance to the biofuel, food, timber, and pulp and paper industries as well as being a major focus of research in plant growth and sustainability that are of central interest in present day agriculture and biotechnology. The production and use of plants for biofuel and bioproducts in a time of need for responsible global carbon use requires a deep understanding of the fundamental biology of plants and their cell walls. Such an understanding will lead to improved plant processes and materials, and help provide a sustainable resource for meeting the future bioenergy and bioproduct needs of humankind.
Book Synopsis The Growing Plant Cell Wall by : Stephen C. Fry
Download or read book The Growing Plant Cell Wall written by Stephen C. Fry and published by Longman Scientific and Technical. This book was released on 1988 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functional significance of cell walls in many seemingly disparate branches of biology has recently been recognized. Here Fry (plant biochem, U. of Edinburgh) uses bench-top detail in outlining methods available to answer biological questions of current interest. Each chapter summarizes present knowledge of the subject and its significance, and then displays methods of analysis in table form. Acidic paper. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Book Synopsis Plant Cell Wall Analysis by : Hans F. Linskens
Download or read book Plant Cell Wall Analysis written by Hans F. Linskens and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Methods of Plant Analysis When the handbook Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, was first introduced in 1954, the considerations were: 1. the dependence of scientific progress in biology on the improvement of existing and the introduction of new methods; 2. the difficulty in finding many new analytical methods in specialized journals which are normally not accessible to experimental plant biologists; 3. the fact that in the methods sections of papers the description of methods is frequently so compact, or even sometimes to incomplete, that it is difficult to reproduce experiments. These considerations still stand today. The series was highly successful, seven volumes appearing between 1956 and 1964. Since there is still today a demand for the old series, the publisher has decided to resume publication of Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. It is hoped that the New Series will be just as acceptable to those working in plant sciences and related fields as the early volumes undoubtedly were. It is difficult to single out the major reasons for the success of any publication, but we believe that the methods published in the first series were up-to-date at the time and presented in a way that made description, as applied to plant material, complete in itself with little need to consult other publications. Contribution authors have attempted to follow these guidelines in this New Series of volumes. Editorial The earlier series of Modern Methods of Plant Analysis was initiated by Michel V.
Book Synopsis The Science and Lore of the Plant Cell Wall by : Takahisa Hayashi
Download or read book The Science and Lore of the Plant Cell Wall written by Takahisa Hayashi and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant cell walls are composed of complex carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, and inorganic ions, all of which play functional roles. Cellulose (1,4-fO-glucan) and callose (1,3-fO-glucan) are synthesized in the plasma membrane, while other polysaccharides are synthesized in the Golgi. Plant cell growth occurs with the loosening of the walls, which may be caused by several enzymatic actions. Plant development is related to the morphological changes of cells and tissue, which is caused by structural changes of the walls."
Book Synopsis Physiology of Cotton by : James McD. Stewart
Download or read book Physiology of Cotton written by James McD. Stewart and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-04 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cotton production today is not to be undertaken frivolously if one expects to profit by its production. If cotton production is to be sustainable and produced profitably, it is essential to be knowledgeable about the growth and development of the cotton plant and in the adaptation of cultivars to the region as well as the technology available. In addition, those individuals involved in growing cotton should be familiar with the use of management aids to know the most profitable time to irrigate, apply plant growth regulators, herbicides, foliar fertilizers, insecticides, defoliants, etc. The chapters in this book were assembled to provide those dealing with the production of cotton with the basic knowledge of the physiology of the plant required to manage the cotton crop in a profitable manner.
Book Synopsis Current challenges in plant cell walls by : Jose M. Estevez
Download or read book Current challenges in plant cell walls written by Jose M. Estevez and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Regulation of and by the Plant Cell Wall by : Georgia Drakakaki
Download or read book Regulation of and by the Plant Cell Wall written by Georgia Drakakaki and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-06-25 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Plant Cell Walls by : Nicholas C. Carpita
Download or read book Plant Cell Walls written by Nicholas C. Carpita and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work is a comprehensive collection of articles that cover aspects of cell wall research in the genomic era. Some 2500 genes are involved in some way in wall biogenesis and turnover, from generation of substrates, to polysaccharide and lignin synthesis, assembly, and rearrangement in the wall. Although a great number of genes and gene families remain to be characterized, this issue provides a census of the genes that have been discovered so far. The articles comprising this issue not only illustrate the enormous progress made in identifying the wealth of wall-related genes but they also show the future directions and how far we have to go. As cell walls are an enormously important source of raw material, we anticipate that cell-wall-related genes are of significant economic importance. Examples include the modification of pectin-cross-linking or cell-cell adhesion to increase shelf life of fruits and vegetables, the enhancement of dietary fiber contents of cereals, the improvement of yield and quality of fibers, and the relative allocation of carbon to wall biomass for use as biofuels. The book is intended for academic and professional scientists working in the area of plant biology as well as material chemists and engineers, and food scientists who define new ways to use cell walls.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cellulosic Materials by : Wadood Y. Hamad
Download or read book Cellulosic Materials written by Wadood Y. Hamad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this book are twofold: 1. To provide a thorough examination of the materials science of cellulosic fibers with emphasis on the characterization of structure-property relations, and 2. To advance knowledge of how to best analyze cellulosic fibrous networks and composites, and, ultimately, engineer "novel" cellulose-based systems of superior performance and functionality. The design of new materials through the study of living systems, or bio-imitation, is burgeoning to become an established field, generally referred to as biomimetics. The latter, as with materials science, in general, prominently features multi-disciplinarity where new developments in mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering continue to inspire novel areas of research and development. The book is structured in five chapters which provide a sequential treatment of the running theme: deformation mechanics and the physical, morphological and mechanical characterization of native cellulose fibers networks and composites. The heart of the book is Chapter 3, Damage Accumulation in Fibers, which treats the experimental methodology for fatigue testing of single fibers and the engendered results. In-depth examinations of the morphology, structure and chemical composition of native cellulose fibers, and the mechanics of deformation in these natural composite fibers are proffered in Chapters 1 and 2, respectively. The fourth chapter, Fractal Simulation of Crack Propagation, presents a fractal-based approach to modeling damage accumulation in materials. Fractals lend themselves well to modeling such randomly-oriented phenomena as crack propagation and fracture. The last chapter, Fibrous Structures: Networks and Composites, comprises analytical approaches for handling networks and composites.
Book Synopsis The Characterization of Cellulose Biosynthesis Regulators and Their Influence on Cell Wall Architecture by : Xiaoran Xin
Download or read book The Characterization of Cellulose Biosynthesis Regulators and Their Influence on Cell Wall Architecture written by Xiaoran Xin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, is not only a critical component in the plant cell wall, but also an economically important source of food, paper, textiles, and biofuel. In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) at the plasma membrane. Various CESA auxiliary proteins have been shown to assist in the process of cellulose biosynthesis. In this dissertation, I aim to identify novel cellulose biosynthesis regulators and assess their influence on cell wall architecture. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1) is a linker protein between CESAs and cortical microtubules (MTs), which guides the CSCs moving along MT trajectories. Loss of CSI1 results in defective CESA-MT coalignment, impaired anisotropic cell expansion, and reduced crystalline cellulose content. To further investigate how CSI1 affects cell wall structure, various spectroscopic techniques were utilized to examine the cell wall architecture in csi1-3 mutant. Transmission electron microscopy images of Arabidopsis outer epidermal cell wall revealed that csi1-3 lost the crossed-polylamellate wall architecture that was frequently observed in wild type seedlings. Despite the lack of CSI1, the most recently deposited cellulose microfibrils on the inner wall surface maintain a default transverse orientation, indicating that the orientation of nascent cellulose microfibrils is independent of CESA-MT linkage. A correlation between acid growth mediated cell elongation and the crossed-polylamellate cell wall architecture has been observed. This study may provide insights into the re-evaluation of the current models regarding cell morphogenesis. In addition to CSI1, a CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE32 (CPK32) was identified as a putative CESA interactive partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen. The direct interaction between CPK32 and CESAs was validated in an in vitro pull-down assay. The dominant negative CPK32 transgenic plants exhibited deficiency in cellulose content as well as CSC motility, suggesting that CPK32 regulates cellulose biosynthesis. Considering the direct interaction between CPK32 and CESAs, the evidence that CPK32 phosphorylates CESA peptide, and the implication of CPK32 in cellulose synthesis, CPK32 might serve as a promising candidate for investigating the phosphorylation of CSCs. In this dissertation, the influence of a cellulose synthesis regulator, CSI1, on modifying cell wall architecture was assessed. A correlation between acid growth mediated cell elongation and crossed-polylamellate cell wall architecture was observed. Last, a novel CESA interactive protein, CPK32, was identified and characterized, which also provides the opportunity for future research on exploring its impact on CSC phosphorylation.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites by : Roger M. Rowell
Download or read book Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites written by Roger M. Rowell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-02-18 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The degradable nature of high-performance, wood-based materials is an attractive advantage when considering environmental factors such as sustainability, recycling, and energy/resource conservation. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites provides an excellent guide to the latest concepts and technologies in wood chemistry and bio-based composites. The book analyzes the chemical composition and physical properties of wood cellulose and its response to natural processes of degradation. It describes safe and effective chemical modifications to strengthen wood against biological, chemical, and mechanical degradation without using toxic, leachable, or corrosive chemicals. Expert researchers provide insightful analyses of the types of chemical modifications applied to polymer cell walls in wood, emphasizing the mechanisms of reaction involved and resulting changes in performance properties. These include modifications that increase water repellency, fire retardancy, and resistance to ultraviolet light, heat, moisture, mold, and other biological organisms. The text also explores modifications that increase mechanical strength, such as lumen fill, monomer polymer penetration, and plasticization. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites concludes with the latest applications, such as adhesives, geotextiles, and sorbents, and future trends in the use of wood-based composites in terms of sustainable agriculture, biodegradability and recycling, and economics. Incorporating over 30 years of teaching experience, the esteemed editor of this handbook is well-attuned to educational demands as well as industry standards and research trends.
Book Synopsis Crystalline Cellulose and Derivatives by : Peter Zugenmaier
Download or read book Crystalline Cellulose and Derivatives written by Peter Zugenmaier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellulose as an abundant renewable material has stimulated basic and applied research that has resulted in significant progress in polymer science. This book discusses reliable crystal structures of all cellulose polymorphs and cellulose derivatives. Models are represented in graphs, together with a collection of geometrical data and the atomic coordinates. This book is a concise guide for members of the materials and life sciences communities interested in cellulose and related materials.
