Heart & Mind

Download Heart & Mind PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Amer Psychological Assn
ISBN 13 : 9781557983565
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (835 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Heart & Mind by : Robert Allan

Download or read book Heart & Mind written by Robert Allan and published by Amer Psychological Assn. This book was released on 1996-01 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical trials have demonstrated that psychosocial intervention with patients who have coronary heart disease (CHD) may reduce morbidity and help patients achieve better quality of life. "Heart and Mind: The Practice of Cardiac Psychology" explores these findings and how they can be applied to improve the prognosis for patients with CHD. This [is a] sourcebook for a career in cardiac psychology [intended for] psychologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, internists, exercise physiologists, cardiac nurses, and other specialists as well as by social workers and primary care physicians.

Clinical Psychology and Heart Disease

Download Clinical Psychology and Heart Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9788847003774
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Psychology and Heart Disease by : E. Molinari

Download or read book Clinical Psychology and Heart Disease written by E. Molinari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-20 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive overview of epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical data evidencing the emergence of cardiac psychology as a specialty. It offers a thorough and up-to-date review of the scientific research supporting the relationship between cardiac disease and psychological condition, practical suggestions for developing a clinical practice and directions for future research in this new field of "cardiac psychology". The first part provides an overview of the psychological risk factors for cardiac disease. Emphasis is placed on physiological basis of mind-heart link, depression and anxiety, personality and relational aspects, and on advanced statistical tools for the study of personalities at risk. The second part offers a systematic overview of literature on psychological treatments in cardiac rehabilitation.

The Psychology of Cardiovascular Illness

Download The Psychology of Cardiovascular Illness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000553280
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Psychology of Cardiovascular Illness by : Mark P. Blanchard

Download or read book The Psychology of Cardiovascular Illness written by Mark P. Blanchard and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important book shows those working with clinical populations how to develop an understanding of the psychology of patients with cardiovascular problems to support appropriate medical care. An understanding of the psychological underpinnings of physical illness can alter the way clinicians conceptualize their patients and the communities they serve. Based on the latest research, this book offers suggestions about how to approach cardiovascular disease holistically in multidisciplinary medical settings with competence and professionalism in mind. With the escalating prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, this book flags the importance of understanding the psychological mechanisms at play in affected patients, highlighting the multifactorial pathways that lead to the development of physical health maladies and comorbid psychopathology. It describes the bidirectional relationship of cardiovascular disease with personality pathology and offers best practices in interacting between primary care, cardiology, psychologists, and other allied professionals. It also provides specific instruction about how to navigate the relationship with medical doctors while illustrating the unique ethical challenges or limitations of the health psychologist working with patients, their families, and providers in clinical practice. Moreover, it includes coverage of treatment plans taking into consideration individual differences in age, health status, and culture. This book will be of interest to anyone interested in furthering their knowledge about the complex interplay between cardiovascular problems and mental health conditions, especially clinical health psychologists who collaborate with social workers, primary care physicians, cardiologists, and surgeons alike.

Psychological Treatment of Cardiac Patients

Download Psychological Treatment of Cardiac Patients PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Clinical Health Psychology
ISBN 13 : 9781433828294
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychological Treatment of Cardiac Patients by : Matthew M. Burg

Download or read book Psychological Treatment of Cardiac Patients written by Matthew M. Burg and published by Clinical Health Psychology. This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise primer introduces mental health practitioners to the fundamentals of chronic heart disease. It reviews basic etiology and specific methods for assessing and treating comorbid psychological disorders.

Handbook of Psychocardiology

Download Handbook of Psychocardiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789812872050
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Psychocardiology by : Marlies Alvarenga

Download or read book Handbook of Psychocardiology written by Marlies Alvarenga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook brings together the full weight of contemporary evidence bearing on what is now commonly termed “psycho-cardiology”. It focuses on the role of psycho-social factors in the genesis and clinical management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The book constitutes a critically reviewed compendium of current knowledge in the area, coupled with guides to evidence-based best practice in the field of psycho-cardiology. The following categories are covered: Social/demographic risk for CVD, Personality and CVD risk, Stress and CVD risk, Psychopathology (particularly affective disorders) and CVD risk, The psychological management of those with clinical CVD, Psychology in the prevention of CVD. The book integrates the evidence into a compelling argument that clinicians, researchers and those in public health will discount the role of psychological factors in regard to CVD at their own peril. And importantly for clinicians charged with the care of patients with CVD, the book poses the argument that failure to recognize the links between psychological factors and CVD may well be at the considerable peril of those patients under their care.

Stress Proof the Heart

Download Stress Proof the Heart PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441956506
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stress Proof the Heart by : Ellen A. Dornelas

Download or read book Stress Proof the Heart written by Ellen A. Dornelas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death throughout the world. Chronic negative emotions such as depression and anxiety place cardiac patients at greater risk for death and recurrence of cardiovascular disease. In 2008 the editor published a book related to this topic, titled Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients: Behavioral Cardiology in Practice (American Psychological Association). Aside from that book, there are very few resources specifically written for clinicians who treat psychologically distressed cardiac patients. Unlike other medical specialty areas such as oncology, the field of cardiology has been slow to integrate behavioral treatments into the delivery of service. Perhaps because the field has been largely defined and dominated by researchers, mental health clinicians are only starting to recognize behavioral cardiology as a viable arena in which to practice. There is a large void in the practitioner literature on behavioral cardiology. In a review of Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients, Paul Efthim, Ph.D. wrote, "Her new book goes well beyond previous works by giving specific and detailed guidance about how to tailor psychological interventions with this variegated population." He added, "It would benefit from even more details about treatment approaches." This proposed volume goes beyond the editor’s previous volume by providing in-depth descriptions of behavioral treatments for distressed cardiac patients written by eminent leaders in behavioral cardiology. This book describes a wide range of behavioral treatments for the common psychologically based problems encountered by clinicians who treat cardiac patients. The book is organized as follows: Part I focuses on the most psychologically challenging and common presentations of cardiac diagnosis; coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, and heart failure. This section also includes a chapter on heart transplantation, which is a treatment, not a diagnosis, but a treatment that incurs profound psychological impact for the individual. In Part II, behavioral interventions for the general cardiac population are described. Mainstream therapies such as stress management, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and medical family therapy are described, along with approaches that have less empirical support but considerable practical significance such as personality-guided therapy and interventions aimed at altering type D personality traits. The literature in behavioral cardiology has a rich history of investigating maladaptive personality traits and thus it is important to include behavioral approaches that target personality in this volume. Part III focuses on common behavioral problems encountered by clinicians who work with this patient population. Most patients who seek psychological help do so because they perceive themselves to be stressed due to their job or overextended in all areas of their life. Other people with heart disease present with sleep problems and/or an inability to motivate themselves to exercise or quit smoking. There are many practical behavioral approaches that can be helpful for patients with these difficulties and these are detailed in this section of the book. The conclusion of the book focuses on how to integrate the behavioral treatments described in the preceding chapters into a comprehensive treatment model.

Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients

Download Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Psychological Association (APA)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients by : Ellen A. Dornelas

Download or read book Psychotherapy with Cardiac Patients written by Ellen A. Dornelas and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2008 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, and those who experience cardiac events suffer a wide range of psychological sequelae. Yet, few books show psychotherapy practitioners how they can modify their techniques to accommodate the unique needs of this population. The author, an experienced hospital-based psychologist, provides an orientation to this specialization and, drawing on a variety of therapy models, describes empirically supported intervention strategies. After providing an overview of the cardiovascular system, she discusses lifestyle and psychological risk factors for heart disease. Subsequent chapters cover practical techniques for helping patients overcome depression, anxiety, and hostility--all factors that complicate recovery. A final group of chapters addresses factors that affect treatment effectiveness, such as substance abuse problems, obesity, and sex differences. Case illustrations are provided throughout"--Cover. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).

Cardiac Psychology

Download Cardiac Psychology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : APA Videos
ISBN 13 : 9781591474616
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (746 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Psychology by : Robert Allan

Download or read book Cardiac Psychology written by Robert Allan and published by APA Videos. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demonstrates an approach to working with patients who have or are at risk for coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death and disability in Western civilization.

Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions

Download Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319722069
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions by : Linda M. Collins

Download or read book Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions written by Linda M. Collins and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a framework for development, optimization, and evaluation of behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions. Behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions are programs with the objective of improving and maintaining human health and well-being, broadly defined, in individuals, families, schools, organizations, or communities. These interventions may be aimed at, for example, preventing or treating disease, promoting physical and mental health, preventing violence, or improving academic achievement. This volume introduces the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST), pioneered at The Methodology Center at the Pennsylvania State University, as an alternative to the classical approach of relying solely on the randomized controlled trial (RCT). MOST borrows heavily from perspectives taken and approaches used in engineering, and also integrates concepts from statistics and behavioral science, including the RCT. As described in detail in this book, MOST consists of three phases: preparation, in which the conceptual model underlying the intervention is articulated; optimization, in which experimentation is used to gather the information necessary to identify the optimized intervention; and evaluation, in which the optimized intervention is evaluated in a standard RCT. Through numerous examples, the book demonstrates that MOST can be used to develop interventions that are more effective, efficient, economical, and scalable. Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions: The Multiphase Optimization Strategy is the first book to present a comprehensive introduction to MOST. It will be an essential resource for behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical scientists; statisticians, biostatisticians, and analysts working in epidemiology and public health; and graduate-level courses in development and evaluation of interventions.

Cardiovascular Disability

Download Cardiovascular Disability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030915698X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiovascular Disability by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Cardiovascular Disability written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-12-04 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses a screening tool called the Listing of Impairments to identify claimants who are so severely impaired that they cannot work at all and thus immediately qualify for benefits. In this report, the IOM makes several recommendations for improving SSA's capacity to determine disability benefits more quickly and efficiently using the Listings.

Neuropsychology of Cardiovascular Disease

Download Neuropsychology of Cardiovascular Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1135674116
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neuropsychology of Cardiovascular Disease by : Shari R. Waldstein

Download or read book Neuropsychology of Cardiovascular Disease written by Shari R. Waldstein and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and many other countries, confers substantial risk for cerebrovascular events, such as stroke and vascular dementia. The neuropsychological sequelae of such conditions are well documented and can have a devastating impact on individuals' quality of life. However, prior to the development of overt cerebrovascular complications, persons with cardiovascular disease or its risk factors may display mild to severe neuropsychological difficulties. Medical and surgical treatments for cardiovascular disease have also been found to affect neuropsychological function. This landmark volume offers the first comprehensive overview of the neuropsychological consequences of cardiovascular disease, tracking its natural history, epidemiology, and treatments. It encourages researchers and clinicians to consider all relevant facets of vascular disease processes in their evaluation, study, and treatment of affected patients and indicates a need for primary and secondary prevention efforts. Neuropsychology of Cardiovascular Disease will be welcomed as an invaluable resource by neuropsychologists, specialists in behavioral medicine, neurologists, cardiologists, epidemiologists, gerontologists, and many other health professionals whose work brings them into contact with these challenging patients.

Psychological, Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects of Implantable Cardiac Devices

Download Psychological, Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects of Implantable Cardiac Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319557211
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychological, Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects of Implantable Cardiac Devices by : Riccardo Proietti

Download or read book Psychological, Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects of Implantable Cardiac Devices written by Riccardo Proietti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-20 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical therapy of the heart has rapidly evolved over recent years with the development of the cardiac implantable defibrillator and the application of the cardiac resynchronization therapy to improve performance of the congestive failed heart. There is an impressive amount of literature produced to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of the electrical therapy. New technology is continuously introduced into the market for the treatment of electrical heart disease with optimized performance and implemented design, with approximately 600,000 new pacemakers implanted each year. Attention of the electrophysiology community has mainly focused on the biomedical aspects of electrical therapy, but the psychological, emotional, social and cognitive aspects of the implantable devices has been largely overlooked. Health-related quality of life (QoL) and, to a lesser extent, psychological disorders, i.e. anxiety and depression, have rarely been assessed as outcomes in clinical trials, and results are pointing towards the impact of the implantable devices on QoL and mental health not being direct but moderated and mediated by several biomedical as well as psychosocial variables. Furthermore, the cognitive effects of the implantable devices have rarely been assessed in empirical studies, although cognitive impairment is largely associated with the heart disorders that require implantation of an electrical device and cognitive benefits are strongly expected from the therapy. The aim of this book is to collect, appraise and condense the results of all empirical studies that have investigated, even marginally, the relationships between the implantable devices and any psychological, emotional, social and cognitive dimension. This book is a cornerstone for all involved in device utilization (physicians, nurses, technicians, industry representatives) that need to understand this topic.​

Psychiatry and Heart Disease

Download Psychiatry and Heart Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118307968
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychiatry and Heart Disease by : Michelle Riba

Download or read book Psychiatry and Heart Disease written by Michelle Riba and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book will help psychiatrists to understand better the risks of cardiovascular illness and cardiologists to appreciate possible pathophysiological links with psychiatric conditions. It describes the common psychiatric conditions, their key features and how they may influence cardiovascular disease, outcomes, and quality of life. It also considers the cardiovascular complications that may arise as a result of mental illness. In an exciting, collaborative approach, psychiatrists and cardiologists combine their expertise throughout the book to provide guidance on the best way to manage such patients, considering the patient as a whole, not the individual conditions.

Clinical Psychology and Congenital Heart Disease

Download Clinical Psychology and Congenital Heart Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8847056993
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Psychology and Congenital Heart Disease by : Edward Callus

Download or read book Clinical Psychology and Congenital Heart Disease written by Edward Callus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-24 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes those psychological features specifically characteristic of patients with congenital heart disease, from birth to adulthood. The combination of case studies, descriptions of life experiences and psychological recommendations and collaboration with non-profit organizations in the field ensure that it will serve as an excellent day-to-day learning tool. Technological advances in cardiology and cardiac surgery have resulted in an increase in the number of adults with congenital heart disease, creating a new emergency. From when they are born, these patients and their relatives require extensive support for many reasons, including the uncertainty and restrictions in their lives, frequent hospitalizations and difficulties in the work and social spheres. Clinical Psychology and Congenital Heart Disease explains how psychology can contribute to healthcare treatment of patients with congenital heart disease and their families. Emphasis is placed on the need for a multidisciplinary approach to ensure the well-being of the patient and the clinician is provided with insights and instruments that will assist greatly in the provision of appropriate support.

Psychocardiology

Download Psychocardiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3662653222
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychocardiology by : Christoph Herrmann-Lingen

Download or read book Psychocardiology written by Christoph Herrmann-Lingen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-09 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Psychosomatic diagnostics and therapy are of increasing importance in the acute treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases. The connection between heart disease and the psyche as well as the psychosocial concomitant symptoms is well documented. Contents: • Basics of cardiology and psychosomatic medicine; • Doctor-patient relationship; • Ethical issues, gender effects, psychocardiology along the lifespan; • Psychosomatic problem areas and comorbidities in coronary heart disease: Personality factors, risk behaviours, depression, anxiety disorders; • Specific problems in other cardiovascular diseases and treatment settings; • Diagnostics; • Interdisciplinary cooperation, treatment and rehabilitation; • Training courses in psychocardiology. The book offers cardiologists, internists, general practitioners, psychotherapists and psychologists all practice-relevant basics to be able to treat their patients in the best possible way. It is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book may read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

Download Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642712347
Total Pages : 714 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease by : Thomas H. Schmidt

Download or read book Biological and Psychological Factors in Cardiovascular Disease written by Thomas H. Schmidt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 714 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An opening address should ask the right questions, which we expect to answer during the coming years. A good opening address should formu late hypotheses for falsification during the conference or in the near fu ture. Mter Dr. Groen's excellent lecture yesterday, I feel better about my task, because I feel I am not alone in asking the ten questions in my ab stract. It is an honor for me to give this short paper largely based on my expe riences during 15 years as medical director of a rehabilitation center in Ba varia, as a teacher at two medical schools in Munich and Innsbruck, and as an old-fashioned holistic cardiologist. However, it also is a difficult task for me because the subject of this conference concerning biobehavioral factors in coronary heart disease is controversial, not only in the medical society, but in my own mind as well. When I organized one of the first conferences on stress and coronary heart disease in West Germany in 1976, followed by conferences in 1979 and 1980, the semantic problems between physicians and psychologists were very significant. However, communication has improved in this area during the last decade. The most encouraging event in this field was a sym posium in May 1984 in Rotenburg/Fulda on the topic "Return to Work af ter Bypass Surgery", organized by a cardiac surgeon, Dr. Walter.

Cardiac Nursing

Download Cardiac Nursing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1416029346
Total Pages : 1440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Nursing by : Debra K. Moser

Download or read book Cardiac Nursing written by Debra K. Moser and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2007-08-08 with total page 1440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiac Nursing: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease is the only comprehensive text available for cardiac nurses. This brand-new reference emphasizes both evidence-based practice and hands-on care in a high-tech, high-touch approach that meets the high-stakes needs of cardiac and critical care nurses. What's more, the book makes the material easily accessible by using clear language, straightforward text, and plenty of illustrations, lists, and tables. This book is the third in a series of companion texts for Braunwald's Heart Disease and the first specifically for nurses. Authored by the widely published, well-known co-editors of The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing--two leaders in cardiac nursing. Endorsed by the authors of Braunwald's Heart Disease, including Eugene Braunwald, the physician considered by many to be the "father of modern cardiology." Evidence-based Practice boxes highlight research-supported advances in knowledge and care practices. Conundrum boxes helps readers hone their critical thinking skills by tackling tough questions for which there may be no easy answers. Technology boxes keeps readers up to date with the latest technological advances. Genetics boxes helps readers understand connections between genes and heart disease. Pharmacology tables present important drug-related information at a glance. A guide to cardiac abbreviations and acronyms gives nurses quick access to essential information.