Brain Mitochondria

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Brain Mitochondria

Author : Silvia Lores-Arnaiz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781536166507
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain Mitochondria by : Silvia Lores-Arnaiz

Download or read book Brain Mitochondria written by Silvia Lores-Arnaiz and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Brain mitochondria: Distribution and Function" offers an overview of significant findings regarding physiological, toxicological and pathological aspects of brain mitochondria properties and their relevant role in cellular bioenergetics. Essential physiological processes such as cell respiration and ATP synthesis, the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species generation and apoptotic cell signaling performed by mitochondria are described in the different chapters of this volume. In particular, the importance of specific calcium signaling at synaptic level and its relationship with mitochondrial bioenergetics are extensively described. Being that high energy demands are required at synaptic level for neurotransmission, mitochondrial distribution becomes relevant for essential neuronal processes. Differential bioenergetic characteristics of neuronal, astrocytic and glial mitochondria are discussed. Interestingly, new insights on the interaction between neurotensinergic and nitrergic systems are detailed, based on experimental evidences of the effect of neurotensin receptors blockade on nitric oxide production and mitochondrial function. The chapters describing metal neurotoxicity provide a comprehensive view of the effects of different metals on brain mitochondrial function and their consequences for human health. The impact of iron and copper overload on brain oxidative redox balance and mitochondrial function is fully detailed, focusing on the role of metal-induced neuronal damage on the incidence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, a complete revision of the mechanisms underlying heavy metal-mediated damage to brain mitochondria is presented. Neurotoxic effects of arsenic, thallium, lead, cadmium and mercury have been associated with cell bioenergetics impairment, exacerbated production of oxygen free radicals, and induction of intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Mitochondrial function can also be impaired by treatment with different drugs acting at CNS level. The understanding of the effects of pharmacological agents, abuse drugs, herbicides and insecticides at mitochondrial level can contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. In this context, the neuroprotective effect of different compounds targeting mitochondrial integrity and function is discussed. Furthermore, mitochondrial alterations, oxygen radicals generation and nitric oxide production are characterized in relation to CNS pathology and hypoxia conditions. Mitochondrial complex I inactivation, oxidative stress and impairment of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthesis are characteristic features of the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in Parkinson's disease and other CNS pathologies. In addition, exposure to hypoxic conditions can affect nitric oxide generation and mitochondrial physiology, with different responses depending on the brain area. As a whole, the understanding of the alterations in mitochondrial distribution and function in the brain associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration may contribute to the knowledge of the role of mitochondria in maintaining the balance between health and disease.

Mitochondria and Brain Disorders

Author : Stavros Baloyannis
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789855314
Total Pages : 125 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondria and Brain Disorders by : Stavros Baloyannis

Download or read book Mitochondria and Brain Disorders written by Stavros Baloyannis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-03-11 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mitochondrion is a unique and ubiquitous organelle that contains its own genome, encoding essential proteins that are major components of the respiratory chain and energy production system. Mitochondria play a dominant role in the life and function of eukaryotic cells including neurons and glia, as their survival and activity depend upon mitochondrial energy production and supply. Besides energy production, mitochondria also play a vital role in calcium homeostasis and may induce apoptosis by excitotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to common neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. An efficient treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction would open new horizons in the therapeutic perspectives of a substantial number of inflammatory and degenerative neurological disorders.

Mitochondrial Function

Author : William S. Allison
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (639 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Function by : William S. Allison

Download or read book Mitochondrial Function written by William S. Allison and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Author : Lawrence H. Lash
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483218619
Total Pages : 527 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Dysfunction by : Lawrence H. Lash

Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction written by Lawrence H. Lash and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods in Toxicology, Volume 2: Mitochondrial Dysfunction provides a source of methods, techniques, and experimental approaches for studying the role of abnormal mitochondrial function in cell injury. The book discusses the methods for the preparation and basic functional assessment of mitochondria from liver, kidney, muscle, and brain; the methods for assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo and in intact organs; and the structural aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are addressed. The text also describes chemical detoxification and metabolism as well as specific metabolic reactions that are especially important targets or indicators of damage. The methods for measurement of alterations in fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and for the analysis and manipulation of oxidative injury and antioxidant systems are also considered. The book further tackles additional methods on mitochondrial energetics and transport processes; approaches for assessing impaired function of mitochondria; and genetic and developmental aspects of mitochondrial disease and toxicology. The text also looks into mitochondrial DNA synthesis, covalent binding to mitochondrial DNA, DNA repair, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of developing individuals and cellular differentiation. Microbiologists, toxicologists, biochemists, and molecular pharmacologists will find the book invaluable.

Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction

Author : Anthony Schapira
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080489079
Total Pages : 581 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction by : Anthony Schapira

Download or read book Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction written by Anthony Schapira and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-01-10 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondria are critical to the survival of cells, therefore, it is not surprising that abnormalities in mitochondrial function may lead to human disease. This book concentrates on the biology and pathology of mitochondria, covering some ot the important basic science features of the biology of mitochondria. It then moves on to discuss the breadth of human diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's disease.* Provides comprehensive coverage of basic science and clinical features of mitochondrial dysfunction* Presents detailed analysis of "hot" topics in mitochondrial function and neurodegenerative diseases* Includes outstanding list of contributing authors

Brain Aging

Author : David R. Riddle
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420005523
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain Aging by : David R. Riddle

Download or read book Brain Aging written by David R. Riddle and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-19 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognition that aging is not the accumulation of disease, but rather comprises fundamental biological processes that are amenable to experimental study, is the basis for the recent growth of experimental biogerontology. As increasingly sophisticated studies provide greater understanding of what occurs in the aging brain and how these changes occur

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author : Andreas M. Grabrucker
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Andreas M. Grabrucker

Download or read book Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Andreas M. Grabrucker and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism spectrum disorders are developmental disorders. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders develop differently. These differences are usually present in social interaction, communication, and sensory processing, and become visible through a wide variety of behavioral responses that differ from individuals without autism spectrum disorders. Despite significant research efforts, the exact causes of autism spectrum disorders remain poorly understood; however, researchers have gained extensive insights into possible pathomechanisms, even at the molecular level of cells. Many diagnostic criteria have been developed, adapted, and improved. The eight chapters in this book highlight the current state-of-the-art in many areas of autism spectrum disorders. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders and the current knowledge of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Chapter 2 summarizes the diagnostic criteria and procedures and highlights present and upcoming therapeutic strategies. Chapter 3 reviews the adverse events and trauma in people with autism spectrum disorders. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on atypical sensory processing, and Chapter 6 discusses the genetic overlap of autism spectrum disorders with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and schizophrenia. Chapter 7 focuses on the contribution of abnormalities in mitochondria, and chapter 8 discusses gut-brain interactions and a potential role for microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. This book is aimed primarily at clinicians and scientists, but many areas will also be of interest to the layperson.

Mitochondrial Disorders in Neurology

Author : Anthony Henry Vernon Schapira
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Disorders in Neurology by : Anthony Henry Vernon Schapira

Download or read book Mitochondrial Disorders in Neurology written by Anthony Henry Vernon Schapira and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1994 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondrial Disorders in Neurology provides an overview of mitochondrial diseases. This book discusses the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction based on the relevant biochemistry and molecular genetics. The abnormal muscle and mitochondrial morphology in a variety of clinical presentations from isolated ophthalmoplegia to severe encephalopathy are also elaborated. This text likewise deliberates Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, neurodegenerative disorders, and respiratory chain defects. Other topics covered include mitochondrial DNA and the genetics of mitochondrial disease; cytochrome ox ...

Discovering the Brain

Author : National Academy of Sciences
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309045290
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Discovering the Brain by : National Academy of Sciences

Download or read book Discovering the Brain written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

Magnesium in the Central Nervous System

Author : Robert Vink
Publisher : University of Adelaide Press
ISBN 13 : 0987073052
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Magnesium in the Central Nervous System by : Robert Vink

Download or read book Magnesium in the Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.

New Insights into Anxiety Disorders

Author : Federico Durbano
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535110535
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis New Insights into Anxiety Disorders by : Federico Durbano

Download or read book New Insights into Anxiety Disorders written by Federico Durbano and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-03-20 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book collects the contributions of a number of clinical psychiatrists all over the world, interested in developing basic research about anxiety and in applying it in clinical contexts. It is divided into four sections, covering general issues about anxiety (ethological and developmental ones), basic research issues on specific aspects of anxiety (bioanatomical ones, correlation with personality structure and so on), and new clinical and therapeutical proposals and hypothesis. Each author summarized the clinical importance of his work, underlining the clinical pitfalls of this publication.

Molecular Links Between Mitochondrial Damage and Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders

Author : Yuzuru Imai
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889713911
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Links Between Mitochondrial Damage and Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders by : Yuzuru Imai

Download or read book Molecular Links Between Mitochondrial Damage and Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders written by Yuzuru Imai and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-09-28 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline

Author : Colin R Martin
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124079393
Total Pages : 1246 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline by : Colin R Martin

Download or read book Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline written by Colin R Martin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-12-30 with total page 1246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline offers researchers and clinicians a single authoritative source which outlines the complex interrelationships between cognitive decline, dementia and the way diet can be modified to improve outcomes. In a cross-disciplinary field like dementia research and practice, clinicians and researchers need a comprehensive resource which will quickly help them identify a range of nutritional components and how they affect cognitive decline and the development of dementia. While the focus is on clinical applications, the book also features landmark and innovative preclinical studies that have served as the foundation of rigorous trials. Chapters explore the evidence of how nutritional components, either in the diet or supplements, can either impede the development to, or progression from, the onset of dementia. Authors investigate how conditions and processes overlap between defined conditions and present studies which show that dietary components may be equally effective in a number of conditions characterized by declining cognition or dementia. This book represents essential reading for researchers and practicing clinicians in nutrition, dietetics, geriatrics, nursing, neurology, and psychology, as well as researchers, such as neuroscientists, molecular and cellular biochemists, interested in dementia. http://www.acnr.co.uk/2015/07/diet-and-nutrition-in-dementia-and-cognitive-decline/ - Explores the complex interrelationships between cognitive decline, dementia and the way diet can be modified to improve outcomes - Focuses on both clinical nutrition applications and the innovative preclinical studies that serve as the foundation for rigorous trials - Covers specific conditions and mechanisms in dementias, as well as general aspects, risk factors, lifestyle and guidelines for practitioners - Organizes chapter content in terms of the molecular, mechanistic, epidemiologic, and practical, so that correlations can be observed across conditions

Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Functional Medicine Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment: Get Rid of Fat, Fatigue, and Brain Fog

Author : Michael T. Chang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781733397315
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (973 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Functional Medicine Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment: Get Rid of Fat, Fatigue, and Brain Fog by : Michael T. Chang

Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Functional Medicine Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment: Get Rid of Fat, Fatigue, and Brain Fog written by Michael T. Chang and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-08 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are of sick and tired of being tired, overweight, brain fogged and depressed? You have tried everything and nothing makes a difference. The answer may lie deep inside your cells called the mitochondria, the energy factories that power the cell. By rebooting them in a proven treatment method, you can not only get rid of your symptoms but also prevent chronic degenerative diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's and even slow the aging process. Functional medicine can help you diagnose and treat mitochondrial dysfunction.Dr. Michael Chang, MD, CFMP, Board certified in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, draws from his experience at Healed and Whole Clinic using a validated treatment approach to this condition. He has also personally experienced mitochondrial fatigue stemming from biomechanical leg pain from which he has now recovered by applying the same treatments as outlined in this book.

Mitochondrial Physiology and Vegetal Molecules

Author : Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128215836
Total Pages : 808 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Physiology and Vegetal Molecules by : Marcos Roberto de Oliveira

Download or read book Mitochondrial Physiology and Vegetal Molecules written by Marcos Roberto de Oliveira and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-07-14 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mitochondrial Physiology and Vegetal Molecules: Therapeutic potential of natural compounds on mitochondrial health provides a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial physiology throughout the human life span, as well as the effect of molecules of vegetal origin on mitochondrial health. The editor has lined up a team of worldwide experts to cover the most exciting and high-impact advancements of research in this area. This book is structured into two parts that provide a balance of both foundational and applied content. Part I provides an overview of mitochondrial physiology including its structure, dynamics, biogenesis, membranes, DNA transcription, and translation in the mitochondria. Part I also covers other themes such as apoptosis. Part II then covers the effect of specific vegetable-derived molecules on mitochondrial health, including anthocyanins, caffeine, cannabinoids, carnosic and rosmarinic acids, citrus flavonoids, polyphenols, pterostilbene, resveratrol, and sulforaphane, among others. Mitochondrial Physiology and Vegetal Molecules: Therapeutic potential of natural compounds on mitochondrial health is a complete resource for researchers in this exciting field. Its comprehensive coverage makes it particularly interesting to bioscience researchers willing to understand the foundations of mitochondrial physiology throughout the human life span. Clinician researchers, MDs, nutritionists, pharmacologists, and sports scientists may be attracted to the detailed information on the health effects of vegetal origin molecules on the organelle. - Contains detailed information on plant products and their effect on mitochondria - Proposes therapies and reviews mechanisms of absorption at the cellular level - Discusses the limited bioavailability of plant molecules/compounds in the human organism - Includes coverage of specific conditions such as Sports and affective disorders, among others - Presents the protective effects of plant products in mitochondrial health through all stages of life

Mitochondria Diet

Author : Jeffrey Winzant
Publisher : No Fluff Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 47 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (661 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondria Diet by : Jeffrey Winzant

Download or read book Mitochondria Diet written by Jeffrey Winzant and published by No Fluff Publishing . This book was released on 2023-01-26 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Did you know that mitochondrial health is an essential key to longevity and overall well-being? Mitochondria are often overlooked in the body’s complex cellular structure. They may not get as much attention as the brain or heart, but they are integral to overall health just like any other organ, and your health can be affected by the inner workings of these tiny organelles. For example, when your cells don’t use energy properly from food because they cannot metabolize glucose (a type of sugar), your mitochondria cellular structures stop functioning efficiently, resulting in insulin resistance as well—both upstream triggers for health problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease and much more. Fortunately, there are many steps that you can take to manage these mitochondrial dysfunctions through nutrition. That’s why we have outlined a 3-week meal plan designed with your mitochondria in mind. First things first, it’s a good idea to understand what mitochondria are and why they are vital for optimal health. Stay tuned for a deep dive into what they do, why you should care about them, and how you can take better care of them through nutrition. In this guide, you’ll discover: ● What are mitochondria ● Diet tips to help improve your mitochondria function ● Symptoms you can tell your cellular structures are not working properly ● A seven-day weekly plan ● Sample recipes to follow

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Author : Charlotte Stagg
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124016979
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy by : Charlotte Stagg

Download or read book Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy written by Charlotte Stagg and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Tools for Neuroscience Research and Emerging Clinical Applications is the first comprehensive book for non-physicists that addresses the emerging and exciting technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Divided into three sections, this book provides coverage of the key areas of concern for researchers. The first, on how MRS is acquired, provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques, analysis, and pitfalls encountered in MRS; the second, on what can be seen by MRS, provides essential background physiology and biochemistry on the major metabolites studied; the final sections, on why MRS is used, constitutes a detailed guide to the major clinical and scientific uses of MRS, the current state of teh art, and recent innovations. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy will become the essential guide for people new to the technique and give those more familiar with MRS a new perspective. - Chapters written by world-leading experts in the field - Fully illustrated - Covers both proton and non-proton MRS - Includes the background to novel MRS imaging approaches