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Boron Loaded Plastic Scintillating Fibers For Neutron Detection In A High Gamma Ray Background For Nondestructive Assay Nda Applications
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Book Synopsis Boron-loaded Plastic Scintillating Fibers for Neutron Detection in a High Gamma Ray Background for Nondestructive Assay (NDA) Applications by : Ronald F. Grazioso
Download or read book Boron-loaded Plastic Scintillating Fibers for Neutron Detection in a High Gamma Ray Background for Nondestructive Assay (NDA) Applications written by Ronald F. Grazioso and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Feasibility of Using Boron-loaded Plastic Fibers for Neutron Detection by :
Download or read book The Feasibility of Using Boron-loaded Plastic Fibers for Neutron Detection written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results from simulations and laboratory experiments with boron-loaded plastic scintillating fibers as a nondestructive assay tool are presented. Single and multiclad fibers in three diameters of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mm were examined for their application in neutron coincident counting. For this application, the simulation results show that various configurations of boro-loaded plastic scintillating fibers have a die-away time ([tau]) of 12 [micro]s with an efficiency ([var-epsilon]) of 50%. For a comparable efficiency, [sup 3]He proportional tubes have a typical die-away time of 50 [micro]s. The shortened die-away time can reduce the relative error for measurement of similar samples by up to 50%. Plastic scintillating fibers also offer flexible configurations with the potential to discriminate between signals from gamma-ray and neutron events. To date, the emphasis of the investigation has been the detection capability of plastic scintillating fibers for neutrons and gamma rays and evaluation of their ability to discriminate between the two events. Quantitative calculations and experiments have also been conducted to determine the light output, evaluate the noise, quantify light attenuation, and determine neutron detection efficiency. Current experimental data support the analytical results that boron-loaded plastic fibers can detect thermal neutrons with performance metrics that are comparable or better than those of [sup 3]He proportional tubes.
Book Synopsis Applications of Boron Loaded Scintillating Fibers as NDA Tools for Nuclear Safeguards by :
Download or read book Applications of Boron Loaded Scintillating Fibers as NDA Tools for Nuclear Safeguards written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear safeguards and nonproliferation rely on nondestructive analytical tools for prompt and noninvasive detection, verification, and quantitative analysis of nuclear materials in demanding environments. A new tool based on the detection of correlated neutrons in narrow time windows is being investigated to fill the niche created by the current limitations of the existing methods based on polyethylene moderated 3He gas proportional tubes. Commercially produced Boron-loaded (1°B) plastic scintillating fibers are one such technology under consideration. The fibers can be configured in a system to have high efficiency, short neutron die-away, pulse height sensitivity, and mechanical flexibility. Various configurations of the fibers with high density polyethylene have been considered which calculationally result in high efficiency detectors with short die-away times. A discussion of the design considerations and calculations of the detector efficiency, die-away time, and simulated pulse height spectra along with preliminary test results are presented.
Book Synopsis Use of Neutron-capture Plastic Fibers for Nondestructive Assay by :
Download or read book Use of Neutron-capture Plastic Fibers for Nondestructive Assay written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neutron-capture plastic fibers can be used as a nondestructive assay tool. The detectors consist of an active region assembled from ribbons of boron-(1°B) loaded optical fibers. The mixture of the moderator and thermal neutron absorber in the fiber yields a detector with high efficiency ({var_epsilon}) and a short die-away time ([tau]). The deposited energy of the resultant charged particles is converted to light that is collected by photomultiplier tubes mounted at both ends of the fiber. Thermal neutron coincidence counters (TNCC) made of these fibers can serve to verify fissile materials generated from the nuclear fuel cycle. This type of detector may extend the range of materials now accessible to assay by 3He detectors. Experiments with single fibers of diameters 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mm test their ability to distinguish between the signals generated from neutron interactions and those from gamma rays. These results are compared with those obtained from simulation analyses for the same purpose. Light output and attenuation, neutron detection efficiency, and the signal-to-noise ratios of these fibers have also been investigated. The experimental results for light attenuation and neutron detection efficiency are consistent with the values obtained from simulation studies. A comparison of the performance of various configurations of the plastic scintillating fibers with that of other neutron-capture devices such as 3He detectors is also discussed.
Book Synopsis Lithium Loaded Glass Fiber Neutron Detector Tests by :
Download or read book Lithium Loaded Glass Fiber Neutron Detector Tests written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radiation portal monitors used for interdiction of illicit materials at borders include highly sensitive neutron detection systems. The main reason for having neutron detection capability is to detect fission neutrons from plutonium. The currently deployed radiation portal monitors (RPMs) from Ludlum and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) use neutron detectors based upon 3He-filled gas proportional counters, which are the most common large neutron detector. There is a declining supply of 3He in the world and, thus, methods to reduce the use of this gas in RPMs with minimal changes to the current system designs and sensitivity to cargo-borne neutrons are being investigated. Four technologies have been identified as being currently commercially available, potential alternative neutron detectors to replace the use of 3He in RPMs. Reported here are the results of tests of the lithium-loaded glass fibers option. This testing measured the neutron detection efficiency and gamma ray rejection capabilities of a small system manufactured by Nucsafe (Oak Ridge, TN).
Book Synopsis Final Report on Actinide Glass Scintillators for Fast Neutron Detection by :
Download or read book Final Report on Actinide Glass Scintillators for Fast Neutron Detection written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Safeguards Techniques and Equipment by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Safeguards Techniques and Equipment written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1990s saw significant developments in the global non-proliferation landscape, resulting in a new period of safeguards development. The current publication, which is the second revision and update of IAEA/NVS/1, is intended to give a full and balanced description of the safeguards techniques and equipment used for nuclear material accountancy, containment and surveillance measures, environmental sampling, and data security. New features include a section on new and novel technologies. As new verification measures continue to be developed, the material in this book will be reviewed periodically and updated versions issued.
Book Synopsis Neutron-sensing Scintillating Glass Optical Fiber Detectors by :
Download or read book Neutron-sensing Scintillating Glass Optical Fiber Detectors written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) has developed and tested the highest-transmission neutron-sensing glass fibers reported in the open literature to date. By developing glass compositions specifically for fiber drawing and by using superior oxidationstate controls and rapid quenching, PNL produces, fiber with useful lengths in excess of 200 cm. These long fibers can be used in detectors. Test results on the fibers used as a form-fitting detector around a small storage container containing neutron and gamma ray sources are reported. Excellent neutron-gamma ray discrimination has been achieved. These neutron-sensing glass optical fibers provide for new methods for monitoring the inventory of, preventing the diversion of, and detecting the unauthorized transport of sensitive nuclear materials. As such, it represents a significant potential element in countering the threat of nuclear terrorism.
Book Synopsis Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Development of an Instrument for Non-destructive Identification of Unexploded Ordnance Using Tagged Neutrons - a Proof of Concept Study by :
Download or read book Development of an Instrument for Non-destructive Identification of Unexploded Ordnance Using Tagged Neutrons - a Proof of Concept Study written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Range clearance operations at munitions testing grounds must discriminate Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) from clutter items and distinguish UXO filled with High Explosives (HE) from those with inert fillers. Non-destructive technologies are thus necessary for the cost-effective disposal of UXO during remediation of such sites. The only technique showing promise so far for the non-destructive elemental characterization of UXO fillers utilizes neutron interactions with the material to detect carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) which have unique ratios in HE. However, several unresolved issues hinder the wide application of this potentially very suitable technique. The most important one is that neutrons interact with all surrounding matter in addition to the interrogated material, leading to a very high gamma-ray background in the detector. Systems requiring bulky shielding and having poor signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for measuring elements are unsuitable for field deployment. The inadequacies of conventional neutron interrogation methods are overcome by using the tagged-neutron approach, and the availability of compact sealed neutron generators exploiting this technique offers field deployment of non-intrusive measurement systems for detecting threat materials, like explosives and drugs. By accelerating deuterium ions into a tritium target, the subsequent fusion reaction generates nearly back-to-back emissions of neutrons and alpha particles of energy 14.1 and 3.5 MeV respectively. A position-sensitive detector recognizes the associated alpha particle, thus furnishing the direction of the neutron. The tagged neutrons interact with the nuclei of the interrogated object, producing element-specific prompt gamma-rays that the gamma detectors recognize. Measuring the delay between the detections of the alpha particle and the gamma-ray determines where the reaction occurred along the axis of the neutron beam (14.1 MeV neutrons travel at 5 cm/nanosecond, while gamma rays cover 30 cm/nanosecond). The main advantage of the technique is its ability to simultaneously provide 2D and 3D imaging of objects and their elemental composition. This work reports on the efficacy of using 14 MeV neutrons tagged by the associated particle neutron time-of-flight technique (APnTOF) to extract neutron induced characteristic gamma-rays from an object-of-interest with high SNR and without interference from nearby clutter.
Book Synopsis Simulating Properties of Scintillating Integrated Fibers as Conformal Radiation Detectors by : Jefferson Braxton Sesler
Download or read book Simulating Properties of Scintillating Integrated Fibers as Conformal Radiation Detectors written by Jefferson Braxton Sesler and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancements in fabricating multifunctional fibers with embedded integrated circuits have the potential to create fibers with novel capabilities, including radiation detection when combined with elements of scintillating fiber detectors. By sensing and processing scintillation light within the fiber itself, integrated fibers could be woven into a fabric to make a rugged, conformal radiation detector. Such a fabric could be wearable or easily deployable in the field, and useful in searches for radiation sources or in performing neutron coincidence counting for plutonium. Before prototyping these fibers, it is necessary to show that a fabric detector will be able to detect a radiation at a safe distance in a short time, and it is helpful to optimize the fiber design to distinguish gamma rays from neutrons. This work presents two series of Monte Carlo simulations evaluating these capabilities. Calculating a fabric's detection of a radiation source over background radiation entailed measuring the room background in our lab and developing a method to model it in the Monte Carlo simulation. We used this to predict the limits of a fabric's sensitivity, showing that a wearable conformal detector performs comparably or better to existing portable commercial detectors. The second series of simulations examined whether the triggering of multiple fibers by gamma rays, but not by neutron radiation, could be used to distinguish the particles. We present the simulated readout of a variety of fabric and fiber geometries exposed to gamma rays and neutrons, and show that fabrics composed of thin fibers, ideally around 0.15mm to 0.2mm wide, can distinguish a large proportion of gamma ray events, but will need further characterization work to separate the remaining gammas from neutron events.
Book Synopsis The New Nuclear Forensics by : Vitaly Fedchenko
Download or read book The New Nuclear Forensics written by Vitaly Fedchenko and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear material changes its form and properties as it moves through the nuclear fuel cycle, from one facility to another. Each step of the fuel cycle or each use of the material will inevitably leave its mark. The science of determining the history of a sample of nuclear material through the study of these characteristics is known as nuclear forensics. While nuclear forensic analysis has normally been associated with investigations and prosecutions in the contextof trafficking of nuclear materials or nuclear terrorism, it had wider applications in in national security contexts, such as nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament, and arms control. The New Nuclear Forensics is the first book to give a definitive guide to this broader definition of nuclear forensic analysis. This book describes the various methods used in nuclear forensics, giving first a broad introduction to the process followed by details of relevant measurement techniques and procedures. In each case, the advantages and limitations are outlined. To put these methods in context, the book also recounts the history of the discipline anddescribes the diverse contemporary applications of nuclear forensics.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry by : Attila Vértes
Download or read book Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry written by Attila Vértes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-10 with total page 3693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised and extended 6 volume handbook set is the most comprehensive and voluminous reference work of its kind in the field of nuclear chemistry. The Handbook set covers all of the chemical aspects of nuclear science starting from the physical basics and including such diverse areas as the chemistry of transactinides and exotic atoms as well as radioactive waste management and radiopharmaceutical chemistry relevant to nuclear medicine. The nuclear methods of the investigation of chemical structure also receive ample space and attention. The international team of authors consists of scores of world-renowned experts - nuclear chemists, radiopharmaceutical chemists and physicists - from Europe, USA, and Asia. The Handbook set is an invaluable reference for nuclear scientists, biologists, chemists, physicists, physicians practicing nuclear medicine, graduate students and teachers - virtually all who are involved in the chemical and radiopharmaceutical aspects of nuclear science. The Handbook set also provides further reading via the rich selection of references.
Book Synopsis Plastic Scintillators by : Matthieu Hamel
Download or read book Plastic Scintillators written by Matthieu Hamel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-10 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the physics and chemistry of plastic scintillators (fluorescent polymers) that are able to emit light when exposed to ionizing radiation, discussing their chemical modification in the early 1950s and 1960s, as well as the renewed upsurge in interest in the 21st century. The book presents contributions from various researchers on broad aspects of plastic scintillators, from physics, chemistry, materials science and applications, covering topics such as the chemical nature of the polymer and/or the fluorophores, modification of the photophysical properties (decay time, emission wavelength) and loading of additives to make the material more sensitive to, e.g., fast neutrons, thermal neutrons or gamma rays. It also describes the benefits of recent technological advances for plastic scintillators, such as nanomaterials and quantum dots, which allow features that were previously not achievable with regular organic molecules or organometallics.
Book Synopsis Identification of High Confidence Nuclear Forensics Signatures by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Identification of High Confidence Nuclear Forensics Signatures written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results of a Coordinated Research Project and related research on the identification of high confidence nuclear forensic isotopic...provides information on signatures that can help identify the origin and history of nuclear and other radioactive material encountered out of regulatory control.
Book Synopsis Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook by : Shayne Cox Gad
Download or read book Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook written by Shayne Cox Gad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-21 with total page 1384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook features contributions from a team of expert authors representing the many disciplines within science, engineering, and technology that are involved in pharmaceutical manufacturing. They provide the information and tools you need to design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot a pharmaceutical manufacturing system. The editor, with more than thirty years' experience working with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, carefully reviewed all the chapters to ensure that each one is thorough, accurate, and clear.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Drug Metabolism, Third Edition by : Paul G. Pearson
Download or read book Handbook of Drug Metabolism, Third Edition written by Paul G. Pearson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-26 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of a bestseller, this book presents the latest innovative research methods that help break new ground by applying patterns, reuse, and design science to research. The book relies on familiar patterns to provide the solid fundamentals of various research philosophies and techniques as touchstones that demonstrate how to innovate research methods. Filled with practical examples of applying patterns to IT research with an emphasis on reusing research activities to save time and money, this book describes design science research in relation to other information systems research paradigms such as positivist and interpretivist research.
