Biodefense Research Methodology And Animal Models Second Edition

Author : Narayan Changder
Publisher : CHANGDER OUTLINE
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Download or read book RESEARCH METHODOLOGY written by Narayan Changder and published by CHANGDER OUTLINE. This book was released on 2022-12-21 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Embark on a scholarly journey into the art and science of research with our specialized guide, "Research Methodology." This comprehensive book serves as a beacon for researchers, guiding them through the intricacies of planning, conducting, and analyzing research effectively. Enriched with practical applications, methodological insights, and extensive Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ) practice, this guide is designed to empower researchers across disciplines in mastering the craft of rigorous and impactful research. Key Features: Holistic Research Approach: Explore a comprehensive range of research methodologies, from quantitative and qualitative methods to mixed methods. "Research Methodology" provides a well-rounded understanding, ensuring researchers are equipped to choose the most suitable approach for their study. Practical Applications: Translate theoretical knowledge into practical research applications. The guide offers real-world examples, case studies, and step-by-step guidance, facilitating the application of research methodologies in diverse academic and professional contexts. Ethical Considerations: Navigate the ethical complexities of research with confidence. "Research Methodology" addresses ethical considerations, promoting responsible and morally sound research practices. MCQ Practice Questions: Reinforce your understanding with a diverse array of Multiple-Choice Question practice. Each question is strategically designed to challenge your knowledge, critical thinking skills, and prepare you thoroughly for research-related examinations and assessments. Keyword Integration: Seamlessly incorporate key terms and concepts throughout your learning journey. "Research Methodology" strategically places important keywords such as Quantitative Research, Qualitative Research, Mixed Methods, Ethical Considerations, MCQ Practice Questions, and more, aligning your understanding with the language used in research academia. Visual Learning Support: Enhance your comprehension with visually stimulating illustrations, diagrams, and charts. Visual learners will find these aids invaluable in conceptualizing complex research methodologies. Who Will Benefit: Researchers Across Disciplines Graduate Students and Academics Professionals Engaged in Research Research Enthusiasts Prepare for excellence in your research endeavors with confidence. "Research Methodology" is not just a guide; it's your key to mastering the art and science of research, backed by extensive MCQ practice. Order now and embark on a journey of scholarly discovery and academic achievement. Elevate your research acumen. Master the methodologies that drive impactful research with the ultimate guide. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 What?s Research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Meaning of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Aim of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Importance of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 Research concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.6 Nature of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.7 Nature and Inquiry of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.8 Steps of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 1.9 Approaches in research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.10 Types of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.11 Research design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 1.12 Characteristics of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 1.13 Scientific Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 1.14 Philosophy of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 1.15 Interdisciplinary research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 1.16 Research and scientific methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2 Methods of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.1 Basic/Fundamental Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.2 Applied research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 2.3 Action research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.4 Classification research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 2.5 Comparative research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 2.6 Survey research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.7 Qualitative research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 2.8 Characteristics and Importance of Qualitative Research . . . . . . . . . . 127 2.9 Quantitative research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 2.10 Nature of Quantitative Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 2.11 Historical research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2.12 Descriptive research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2.13 Experimental research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 2.14 case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 2.15 Ethnography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2.16 Documentary and content analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.17 Narrative Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 2.18 Practical research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 3 Identification of Research Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 3.1 Selecting the Research problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 3.2 Necessity of defining the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 3.3 Choosing a Topic & Defining a Research Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 3.4 Goals and Criteria for identifying problems for research. . . . . . . . . . 200 3.5 Research problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 4 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.1 Need for Research design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 4.2 Features of a good design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 4.3 Different research designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 5 Development of research proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5.1 Parts of a Research Proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 5.2 Hypotheses & Research Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 5.3 Development of objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 5.4 Characteristics of objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 5.5 Development of hypotheses and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 6 Methods of data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 6.1 Concept of sampling and other concepts related to sampling . . . . . 231 6.2 Probability and non-probability samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 6.3 Tools of data collections, their types, attributes and uses . . . . . . . . 251 6.4 Redesigning research tools- questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 6.5 Redesigning research tools- observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 6.6 Redesigning research tools-interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 7 Methods of data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 7.1 Analysis of qualitative data based on various tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 7.2 Analysis of quantitative data and it presentation with tables, graphs etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 7.3 Statistical tools and techniques of data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 7.4 measures of central tendency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 7.5 Measures of dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 7.6 Decision making with hypothesis testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 7.7 parametric and non-parametric tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 7.8 Validity and delimitations of research findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 8 Statistical Techniques and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 8.1 Introduction of statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 8.2 SPSS and statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 8.3 Measure of Arithmetic mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 8.4 Measure of Standard deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 8.5 Measures of Center and Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 8.6 Measures of Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 8.7 Coe?icient of variation (Discrete serious and continuous serious) . 347 8.8 Correlation Coe?icient & Coe?icient of Determination . . . . . . . . . . 347 8.9 Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 8.10 Multiple Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 8.11 Sampling distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 8.12 Standard error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 8.13 Confidence Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 8.14 Concept of point and interval estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 8.15 Tests of Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 8.16 Degree of freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 8.17 t-Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 8.18 z-distrbution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 8.19 Chi Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 8.20 Analysis of variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 8.21 One way ANOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 9 Interpretation and Report Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 9.1 Significance of report writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 9.2 Scientific Report Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 9.3 Different steps in writing a report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 9.4 Layout of a Research report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 9.5 Literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 9.6 writing a research paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 10 Reporting and thesis writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 10.1 Determining Experimental and Sample Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 10.2 Primary and Secondary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 10.3 Null hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 10.4 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 10.5 Research papers for journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 10.6 Research, Plagiarism, and Thesaurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 10.7 Seminars and Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 10.8 Impact factor of a journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 10.9 Formatting of reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 10.10 APA Style of Referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 10.11 Thesis writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 10.12 Citation Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 10.13 Chicago Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 10.14 Mendeley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 11 Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 11.1 Ethical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 11.2 Commercialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 11.3 copy right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 11.4 Intellectual Property rights and patent law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 11.5 Citation and Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 This book is primarily designed for students preparing for various competitive examinations. It will also be helpful for those preparing for midterm exams in schools or universities. The aim of this book is twofold: first, to help the students preparing for competitive examinations, seeking admission to universities or schools, or prepare for job interviews. Second, it will also be helpful for those studying RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. This book contains more than 4183 questions from the core areas of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. The questions are grouped chapter-wise. There are total 11 chapters, 107 sections and 4183+ MCQ with answers. This reference book provides a single source for multiple choice questions and answers in RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It is intended for students as well as for developers and researchers in the field. This book is highly useful for faculties and students. One can use this book as a study guide, knowledge test questions bank, practice test kit, quiz book, trivia questions . . . etc. The strategy used in this book is the same as that which mothers and grandmothers have been using for ages to induce kids in the family to sip more soup (or some other nutritious drink). The children are told that some cherries (their favourite noodles or cherries ) are hidden somewhere in the bowl, and that serves as an incentive for drinking the soup. In joint families, by the time the children are old enough to know the trick played by their grandma, there is usually another group of kids ready to fall for it! They excite the kids, but the real nutrition lies not in the noodles but in the soup. The problems given in this book are like those noodles/cherries while solving all these problems are nutritious soup. Now it is your choice to drink the nutritious soups or not!!!.