Bioresource Utilization and Bioprocess

Download Bioresource Utilization and Bioprocess PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811516073
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioresource Utilization and Bioprocess by : Sadhan Kumar Ghosh

Download or read book Bioresource Utilization and Bioprocess written by Sadhan Kumar Ghosh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the utilization of bio-resources and their conversion pathways for a sustainable future. Tapping into bio-resources by means of thermochemical and biochemical processes has attracted researchers from all over the world; it is a broad area that has given birth to concepts like the biorefinery, as well as a new stream known as biotechnology. Its scope includes biochemical and microbiological engineering, biocatalysis and biotransformation, biosynthesis and metabolic engineering, bioprocess and biosystem engineering, bioenergy and biorefineries, cell culture and biomedical engineering, food, agricultural and marine biotechnology, bioseparation and biopurification engineering, bioremediation and environmental biotechnology, etc. The book discusses a host of new technologies now being used to tap these resources with innovative bioprocesses. All chapters are based on outstanding research papers selected for and presented at the IconSWM 2018 conference.

Bio-resource Utilization and Bioprocess

Download Bio-resource Utilization and Bioprocess PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789811516085
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bio-resource Utilization and Bioprocess by : Sadhan Kumar Ghosh

Download or read book Bio-resource Utilization and Bioprocess written by Sadhan Kumar Ghosh and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the utilization of bio-resources and their conversion pathways for a sustainable future. Tapping into bio-resources by means of thermochemical and biochemical processes has attracted researchers from all over the world; it is a broad area that has given birth to concepts like the biorefinery, as well as a new stream known as biotechnology. Its scope includes biochemical and microbiological engineering, biocatalysis and biotransformation, biosynthesis and metabolic engineering, bioprocess and biosystem engineering, bioenergy and biorefineries, cell culture and biomedical engineering, food, agricultural and marine biotechnology, bioseparation and biopurification engineering, bioremediation and environmental biotechnology, etc. The book discusses a host of new technologies now being used to tap these resources with innovative bioprocesses. All chapters are based on outstanding research papers selected for and presented at the IconSWM 2018 conference. .

Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology

Download Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811035733
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology by : Sabu Abdulhameed

Download or read book Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology written by Sabu Abdulhameed and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of articles on various aspects of bioresources and the processes employed for its judicious utilization. Biodiversity and conservation, food security, gene banks and repositories, laws governing biodiversity, bioprospecting, bioresources in traditional medicine and biodiversity mining are some of the important topics covered in the book. The unique contents of the book make it an important source of information for conservation scientists, academics, activists and to those who are actively involved in product oriented research from bioresources.

Bioresource Utilization and Management

Download Bioresource Utilization and Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Apple Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 9781771889339
Total Pages : 574 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (893 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioresource Utilization and Management by : H. N. Thatoi

Download or read book Bioresource Utilization and Management written by H. N. Thatoi and published by Apple Academic Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for exploration, conservation, and sustainable utilization of bioresources is undeniable for the survival and growth of mankind. This new book throws light on new and recent research on and development of effective strategies for sustainable utilization of bioresources using modern tools and techniques to help meet this challenge. This volume addresses the utilization of bioresources in therapeutics, in biofuel, in agriculture, and in environmental protection. Beginning with the diverse potential applications of bioresources in food, medicine, and cosmetics, the volume goes on to address the various different underutilized bioresources and their sustainable uses. It discusses important advances in biofuel and patents that highlight recent developments that address the energy crises and the continuously fluctuating cost of petroleum. It explores new renewable energy sources from bioresources and their sustainable utilization in the bioenergy and biofuel industry. Several chapters focus on the sustainable utilization of bioresources in the agricultural sector. The volume considers that developing countries have huge agricultural resources that could be employed for production of value-added byproducts for the sustainable development of a bio-based economy. The book discusses efficient use of underexploited natural bioresources, new chemical approaches for the generation of novel biochemicals, and the applications of genetics approaches for bioresource conservation and production of value-added products. Further, strategies for the production of biopesticides utilizing bioresources are also discussed.

Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources

Download Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080466710
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources by : Shang-Tian Yang

Download or read book Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources written by Shang-Tian Yang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-11 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources provides a timely review of new and unconventional techniques for manufacturing high-value products based on simple biological material. The book discusses the principles underpinning modern industrial biotechnology and describes a unique collection of novel bioprocesses for a sustainable future. This book begins in a very structured way. It first looks at the modern technologies that form the basis for creating a bio-based industry before describing the various organisms that are suitable for bioprocessing - from bacteria to algae - as well as their unique characteristics. This is followed by a discussion of novel, experimental bioprocesses, such as the production of medicinal chemicals, the production of chiral compounds and the design of biofuel cells. The book concludes with examples where biological, renewable resources become an important feedstock for large-scale industrial production. This book is suitable for researchers, practitioners, students, and consultants in the bioprocess and biotechnology fields, and for others who are interested in biotechnology, engineering, industrial microbiology and chemical engineering. ·Reviews the principles underpinning modern industrial biotechnology ·Provides a unique collection of novel bioprocesses for a sustainable future ·Gives examples of economical use of renewable resources as feedstocks ·Suitable for both non-experts and experts in the bioproduct industry

Bioprocessing of Biofuels

Download Bioprocessing of Biofuels PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000299244
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioprocessing of Biofuels by : Prakash Kumar Sarangi

Download or read book Bioprocessing of Biofuels written by Prakash Kumar Sarangi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-12-20 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The major issues relating to environmental sustainability such as a heavy dependency on fossil fuels, increased greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, global warming and climate change have prompted many efforts around the globe to seek alternative energy sources that have negligible environmental impacts and societal benefits. There is an immense interest in biofuels research throughout the world owing to its massive potential to address environmental concerns. Biofuels have the capacity to supplement current and future energy demands through being blended with fossil fuels or even replacing them completely as drop-in fuels in automobiles as well as for heating and the power industries. Waste biomass, primarily lignocellulosic biomass (e.g. agricultural crop residues, forestry biomass and energy crops) and microalgae can act as some inexpensive renewable bioresources for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. The prime focus of Bioprocessing of Biofuels is to shed light on this significant process, especially through microbial conversion technologies to recover and transform the inedible polysaccharides into hydrocarbon biofuels and bioenergy. The book offers introductory coverage of the most crucial topics as follows: A systematic overview of the state-of-the-art in the production and utilization of biofuels Categorical bioprospecting of bioresources for biofuel production Biomass pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification Bioconversion of waste biomass and algae to liquid and gaseous biofuels New developments in microbial fuel-cell technologies Bioprocessing of Biofuels unites topics related to the cutting-edge applications of bioresources and green technologies to reinvigorate biorefineries, positioning them within a competitive energy market. Written to be instantly applicable, this volume offers a reference book for undergraduate and graduate students, scientific investigators and research scholars around the globe working in the areas relating to energy and fuels.

Industrial Biotechnology

Download Industrial Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781315323381
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Industrial Biotechnology by : D. Thangadurai

Download or read book Industrial Biotechnology written by D. Thangadurai and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology

Download Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811042845
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology by : Shiburaj Sugathan

Download or read book Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology written by Shiburaj Sugathan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-26 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of detailed articles on various products and services that can be derived from bioresources through bioprocess. It offers in-depth discussions and case studies on commercially and therapeutically important enzymes, antimicrobials, anti-cancer molecules and anti-inflammatory substances. It also includes a separate section on emerging trends in bioactive substances research. This unique book is a valuable source of information for biotechnologists and bioprocess experts as well as academics and researchers who are actively involved in product and process development.

Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment

Download Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351867873
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment by : V. Sivasubramanian

Download or read book Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment written by V. Sivasubramanian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment examines numerous bioprocesses that are crucial to our day-to-day life, specifically the major issues surrounding the production of energy relating to biofuels and waste management. The nuance of this discussion is reflected by the text’s chapter breakdown, providing the reader with a fulsome investigation of the energy sector; the importance of third-generation fuels; and the application of micro- and macroalgae for the production of biofuels. The book also provides a detailed exploration of biocatalysts and their application to the food industry; bioplastics production; conversion of agrowaste into polysaccharides; as well as the importance of biotechnology in bio-processing. Numerous industries discharge massive amounts of effluents into our rivers, seas, and air systems. As such, two chapters are dedicated to the treatment of various pollutants through biological operation with hopes of achieving a cleaner, greener, environment. This book represents the most comprehensive study of bioprocessing—and its various applications to the environment—available on the market today. It was furthermore written with various researchers in mind, ranging from undergraduate and graduate students looking to enhance their knowledge of the topics presented to scholars and engineers interested in the bioprocessing field, as well as members of industry and policy-makers. Provides a comprehensive overview of bioprocesses that apply to day-to-day living. Is learner-centered, providing detailed diagrams for easy understanding. Explores the importance of biocatalysts and their applications to the food industry, as well as bioplastics production. Examines the unique capabilities of bioprocess engineering and its ability to treat various pollutants. .

Bioprocess Engineering

Download Bioprocess Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444595228
Total Pages : 1001 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioprocess Engineering by : Shijie Liu

Download or read book Bioprocess Engineering written by Shijie Liu and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-11-21 with total page 1001 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioprocess Engineering involves the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, and polymers and paper from biological materials. It also deals with studying various biotechnological processes. "Bioprocess Kinetics and Systems Engineering" first of its kind contains systematic and comprehensive content on bioprocess kinetics, bioprocess systems, sustainability and reaction engineering. Dr. Shijie Liu reviews the relevant fundamentals of chemical kinetics-including batch and continuous reactors, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, reaction engineering, and bioprocess systems engineering- introducing key principles that enable bioprocess engineers to engage in the analysis, optimization, design and consistent control over biological and chemical transformations. The quantitative treatment of bioprocesses is the central theme of this book, while more advanced techniques and applications are covered with some depth. Many theoretical derivations and simplifications are used to demonstrate how empirical kinetic models are applicable to complicated bioprocess systems. - Contains extensive illustrative drawings which make the understanding of the subject easy - Contains worked examples of the various process parameters, their significance and their specific practical use - Provides the theory of bioprocess kinetics from simple concepts to complex metabolic pathways - Incorporates sustainability concepts into the various bioprocesses

Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts

Download Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118845331
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts by : Virendra S. Bisaria

Download or read book Bioprocessing of Renewable Resources to Commodity Bioproducts written by Virendra S. Bisaria and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-07 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the vision of a successful biorefinery—the lignocelluloic biomass needs to be efficiently converted to its constituent monomers, comprising mainly of sugars such as glucose, xylose, mannose and arabinose. Accordingly, the first part of the book deals with aspects crucial for the pretreatment and hydrolysis of biomass to give sugars in high yield, as well as the general aspects of bioprocessing technologies which will enable the development of biorefineries through inputs of metabolic engineering, fermentation, downstream processing and formulation. The second part of the book gives the current status and future directions of the biological processes for production of ethanol (a biofuel as well as an important commodity raw material), solvents (butanol, isobutanol, butanediols, propanediols), organic acids (lactic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid and adipic acid), and amino acid (glutamic acid). The commercial production of some of these commodity bioproducts in the near future will have a far reaching effect in realizing our goal of sustainable conversion of these renewable resources and realizing the concept of biorefinery. Suitable for researchers, practitioners, graduate students and consultants in biochemical/ bioprocess engineering, industrial microbiology, bioprocess technology, metabolic engineering, environmental science and energy, the book offers: Exemplifies the application of metabolic engineering approaches for development of microbial cell factories Provides a unique perspective to the industry about the scientific problems and their possible solutions in making a bioprocess work for commercial production of commodity bioproducts Discusses the processing of renewable resources, such as plant biomass, for mass production of commodity chemicals and liquid fuels to meet our ever- increasing demands Encourages sustainable green technologies for the utilization of renewable resources Offers timely solutions to help address the energy problem as non-renewable fossil oil will soon be unavailable

Advances in Bioprocess Technology

Download Advances in Bioprocess Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319179152
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Bioprocess Technology by : Pogaku Ravindra

Download or read book Advances in Bioprocess Technology written by Pogaku Ravindra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-08-13 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an extensive overview of the latest research in environmentally benign integrated bioprocess technology. The cutting edge bioprocess technologies highlighted in the book include bioenergy from lignocellulose materials, biomass gasification, ethanol, butanol, biodiesel from agro waste, enzymatic bioprocess technology, food fermentation with starter cultures, and intellectual property rights for bioprocesses. This book further addresses niche technologies in bioprocesses that broadens readers’ understanding of downstream processing for bio products and membrane technology for bioprocesses. The latest developments in biomass and bioenergy technology are reviewed exhaustively, including IPR rights, nanotechnology for bioenergy products, biomass gasification, and biomass combustion. This is an ideal book for scientists, engineers, students, as well as members of industry and policy-makers. This book also: Addresses cutting-edge technologies in bioprocesses Broadens readers’ understanding of metabolic engineering, downstream processing for bioproducts, and membrane technology for bioprocesses Reviews exhaustively the latest developments in biomass and bioenergy technology, including nanotechnology for bioenergy products, biomass gasification, biomass combustion, and more

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Download Bioresources and Bioprocessing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781641161541
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioresources and Bioprocessing by : Angela Santos

Download or read book Bioresources and Bioprocessing written by Angela Santos and published by . This book was released on 2019-06-07 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bioresource engineering deals with modifying biological and agricultural feedstock to create usable products. It covers all aspects of biomass, bioremediation, biological waste treatment, bioenergy, etc. Various biochemical conversion technologies such as aerobic methods, anaerobic digestion, enzymatic method and composting are also within the scope of this field. The products developed from bioresource engineering include fibers, fuels, fertilizers, polymers, etc. Research in bioresource engineering explores animal manure management, wastewater irrigation and storm water management, besides others. The process that uses living cells and their components to develop products is called a bioprocess. The fundamental theories that are central to biological processes are the transport of energy and mass. Bioprocessing can be classified as cell bioprocessing, upstream bioprocessing and downstream bioprocessing. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of bioresource engineering and bioprocessing. It strives to provide a fair idea about these disciplines and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within these fields. Researchers and students in these fields will be assisted by this book.

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Download Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444643109
Total Pages : 538 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering by : Rupam Kataki

Download or read book Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering written by Rupam Kataki and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-07-08 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Sustainable Bioresources for the Emerging Bioeconomy outlines recent advances in bioenergy, biorefinery and the bioeconomy, an essential element for a 21st century bio-based society. The book provides information on biomass and various conversion technologies with different parameters that affect the conversion process. Sections cover different bioproducts, biorefinery systems, energy and greenhouse gas emission balances of bioenergy and biorefinery, and environmental and economic footprints of bioeconomy. Finally, different strategies adopted by developed and developing countries for the promotion and implementation of a bioeconomy concept for a bio-based society are systematically covered. The book provides comprehensive information starting from early progress to the latest trends on bioenergy, biorefinery and bioeconomy with special reference to the developed and the developing countries and the linkage between bioeconomy and climate change mitigation in simple scientific language to appeal to a wider audience. Includes the fundamentals and concepts of biomass and bioenergy Outlines recent technology development for biomass conversion Provides concept for different bioproducts Covers global strategies and policies on the development of bioeconomies

Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment

Download Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000378020
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment by : M. Jerold

Download or read book Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment written by M. Jerold and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-17 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Bioprocessing for a Clean and Green Environment: Concepts and Applications highlights the importance of waste to health in which waste is safely converted to value-added products via bioprocess technologies. Providing fundamental concepts and applications, this book also offers readers the methodology behind the operation of a variety of biological processes used in developing valuable products from waste. Features: Discusses synthesis and use of environmentally friendly biobased materials, such as biopolymer films and biobased plasticizers Highlights nanotechnology applications in the treatment of pollution and emphasizes the synthesis of biogenic nanomaterials for environmental remediation Describes the use of biosurfactants and emerging algal technologies, such as applications of microalgae in nutraceuticals and biofuel production Details delignification for lignocellulosic biomass This interdisciplinary book offers researchers and practitioners in chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and related fields a broad perspective on fundamentals, technologies, and environmental applications of sustainable bioprocessing.

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Download Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 044464086X
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering by : Sudhir P. Singh

Download or read book Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering written by Sudhir P. Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-11-20 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Synthetic Biology, Cell Engineering and Bioprocessing Technologies covers the current perspectives and outlook of synthetic biology in the agriculture, food and health sectors. This book begins with the basics about synthetic biology and cell engineering, and then explores this in more detail, focusing on topics like applications of synthetic biology, industrial bioprocesses, and future perspectives. Information on cell engineering is also presented, and manipulation in endogenous metabolic network is studied alongside advanced topics such as fine tuning of metabolic pathways, de novo biosynthetic pathway design, enzyme engineering targeted to improved kinetics and stability, and potential applications of the novel biological systems in bioprocess technology to achieve the production of value-added compounds with specific biological activities. - Assists in developing a conceptual understanding of synthetic biology and cellular and metabolic engineering. - Includes comprehensive information on new developments and advancements. - Lists applications of synthetic biology in agriculture, food, and health

Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production

Download Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811570701
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production by : Neha Srivastava

Download or read book Bioprocessing for Biofuel Production written by Neha Srivastava and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Converting biomass to biofuels involves hydrolyzing cellulose to sugars using cost-intensive commercial enzymes – an expensive step that makes large-scale production economically non-viable. As such, there is a need for low-cost bioprocessing. This book critically evaluates the available bioprocessing technologies for various biofuels, and presents the latest research in the field. It also highlights the recent developments, current challenges and viable alternative approaches to reduce the overall cost of producing biofuels.