Binding and Diffusion of a Silicon Adatom on Silicon (001) Surface

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis Binding and Diffusion of a Silicon Adatom on Silicon (001) Surface by : Jun Wang

Download or read book Binding and Diffusion of a Silicon Adatom on Silicon (001) Surface written by Jun Wang and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Binding and Diffusion of a Silicon Adatom on Silicon (001) Surface: An Atomic Scale Simulation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Binding and Diffusion of a Silicon Adatom on Silicon (001) Surface: An Atomic Scale Simulation by : Jun Wang

Download or read book Binding and Diffusion of a Silicon Adatom on Silicon (001) Surface: An Atomic Scale Simulation written by Jun Wang and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The properties of a silicon adatom on Si(001) surface and around three single-layer steps, namely type A (S$rmsb A$), bonded type B (S$rmsb B$) and nonbonded type B (S$rmsb{Bspprime}$), on Si(001) have been studied, using a modified empirical and first-principle methods. The results presented in this thesis, providing the atomistic scale details of the adatom-surface interactions, represent an improved understanding to the growth of a technologically important material and surface, Si(001). These results indicate that single-layer steps on Si(001) do not serve as good sinks for the lone adatoms. The presence of the step on the surface may affect the growth behavior of the surface by changing the nucleation rate of the surface dimers and diffusivity of the adatoms. It is shown that there is a moderate additional energy barrier (0.2 $pm$ 0.1 eV) to cross the S$rmsb A$ step. The dimer-top lattice site on the lower terrace adjacent to the step edge is stabilized (by 0.15 $pm$ 0.1 eV) with respect to the flat surface result although the most stable binding sites near the step are unaffected. This behavior can be understood based on the disruption of dimer tilt near the step. The results suggest that adatoms are more likely to stop on lattice sites at the S$rmsb A$ step edge than on lattice sites on the open surface. This may affect the relative dimer formation rate near the step with respect to the behavior on the flat surface even in the absence of a clear change in binding energy. The effect of the S$rmsb A$ step terrace edge on adatom behavior is very short ranged and weak. This is consistent with the relatively small strain field and lack of change in dangling bond density associated with the step edge. The growth of the S$rmsb A$ step is proposed to be limited by nucleation of new dimer rows along the step edge. The results suggest that the S$rmsb{Bspprime}$ step should accumulate adatoms rapidly both from above and below. The energy barrier to cross the S$rmsb{Bspprime}$ step is $sim$0.2 eV greater than for diffusion on the flat surface. The binding sites along the S$rmsb{Bspprime}$ step edge are similar to those on the flat surface but are paired and connected by a low-energy diffusion pathway that may facilitate formation of dimers along the step edge. The S$rmsb B$ step attracts adatoms ${sim}0.5pm0.2$ eV more strongly than any other site on the surface. However, these sites are relatively inaccessible due to surrounding high energy barriers. Based on the results, the upper side of the S$rmsb B$ step should be repulsive to adatoms. The diffusion barrier for adatoms approaching the step rises and the binding sites become less favorable there. Hence, growth of the S$rmsb B$ step is probably much slower than the S$rmsb{Bspprime}$ step, which explains its observed predominance on Si(001) surfaces. It is proposed that growths of both B type steps are flux limited and hence are highly temperature dependent.

C, H, N and O in Si and Characterization and Simulation of Materials and Processes

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Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 044459633X
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis C, H, N and O in Si and Characterization and Simulation of Materials and Processes by : A. Borghesi

Download or read book C, H, N and O in Si and Characterization and Simulation of Materials and Processes written by A. Borghesi and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing over 200 papers, this volume contains the proceedings of two symposia in the E-MRS series. Part I presents a state of the art review of the topic - Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen in Silicon and in Other Elemental Semiconductors. There was strong representation from the industrial laboratories, illustrating that the topic is highly relevant for the semiconductor industry. The second part of the volume deals with a topic which is undergoing a process of convergence with two concerns that are more particularly application oriented. Firstly, the advanced instrumentation which, through the use of atomic force and tunnel microscopies, high resolution electron microscopy and other high precision analysis instruments, now allows for direct access to atomic mechanisms. Secondly, the technological development which in all areas of applications, particularly in the field of microelectronics and microsystems, requires as a result of the miniaturisation race, a precise mastery of the microscopic mechanisms.

Diffusion in Silicon - A Seven-Year Retrospective

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Publisher : Trans Tech Publications Ltd
ISBN 13 : 3038130311
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Diffusion in Silicon - A Seven-Year Retrospective by : David J. Fisher

Download or read book Diffusion in Silicon - A Seven-Year Retrospective written by David J. Fisher and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2005-07-15 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of abstracts of experimental and theoretical papers on the subject of diffusion in silicon is intended to complement earlier volumes (DDF153-155) which covered the previous decade’s work on the same topic. The abstracts are grouped according to the diffusing species in question. The latter comprise Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, C, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Er, F, Fe, Ge, H, He, Hf, In, Ir, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, N, Na, Nb, Ni, O, P, Pb, Pt, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, SiH3, Sn, Ti, V, Yb and Zn with regard to bulk diffusion, Ag, Au, Ba, Cl, Cu, Er, F, Ga, Ge, In, O, Pb, Sb, Si, SiH3, Sn and Y with regard to surface diffusion, H with regard to grain-boundary diffusion, and self-diffusion in liquid Si.

Frontiers in Surface Science and Interface Science

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Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780444510419
Total Pages : 1076 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers in Surface Science and Interface Science by : C.B. Duke

Download or read book Frontiers in Surface Science and Interface Science written by C.B. Duke and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2002-05-21 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Any notion that surface science is all about semiconductors and coatings is laid to rest by this encyclopedic publication: Bioengineered interfaces in medicine, interstellar dust, DNA computation, conducting polymers, the surfaces of atomic nuclei - all are brought up to date. Frontiers in Surface and Interface Science - a milestone publication deserving a wide readership. It combines a sweeping expert survey of research today with an educated look into the future. It is a future that embraces surface phenomena on scales from the subatomic to the galactic, as well as traditional topics like semiconductor design, catalysis, and surface processing, modeling and characterization. And, great efforts have been made to express sophisticated ideas in an attractive and accessible way. Nanotechnology, surfaces for DNA computation, polymer-based electronics, soft surfaces, interstellar surface chemistry - all feature in this comprehensive collection.

Atomically Flat Areas on Silicon (001) and (111)

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Atomically Flat Areas on Silicon (001) and (111) by : Doohan Lee

Download or read book Atomically Flat Areas on Silicon (001) and (111) written by Doohan Lee and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Studies of Diffusion, Homoepitaxial Growth, and Hydrocarbon Adsorption on Silicon(001) with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atom Tracking

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies of Diffusion, Homoepitaxial Growth, and Hydrocarbon Adsorption on Silicon(001) with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atom Tracking by : Brian Paul Borovsky

Download or read book Studies of Diffusion, Homoepitaxial Growth, and Hydrocarbon Adsorption on Silicon(001) with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atom Tracking written by Brian Paul Borovsky and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Characterization of Surface Diffusion and Adatom Hopping of Single Crystal Silicon Surfaces Using "density-functional" Inspired Molecular Dynamics Simulation

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Surface Diffusion and Adatom Hopping of Single Crystal Silicon Surfaces Using "density-functional" Inspired Molecular Dynamics Simulation by : Sweta Goel

Download or read book Characterization of Surface Diffusion and Adatom Hopping of Single Crystal Silicon Surfaces Using "density-functional" Inspired Molecular Dynamics Simulation written by Sweta Goel and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Diffusion in Silicon

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Diffusion in Silicon by : D. J. Fisher

Download or read book Diffusion in Silicon written by D. J. Fisher and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of abstracts of experimental and theoretical papers on the subject of diffusion in silicon is intended to complement earlier volumes (DDF153-155) which covered the previous decade's work on the same topic.

Growth Mechanisms and Novel Properties of Silicon Nanostructures from Quantum-Mechanical Calculations

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642409059
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (424 download)

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Book Synopsis Growth Mechanisms and Novel Properties of Silicon Nanostructures from Quantum-Mechanical Calculations by : Rui-Qin Zhang

Download or read book Growth Mechanisms and Novel Properties of Silicon Nanostructures from Quantum-Mechanical Calculations written by Rui-Qin Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-22 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, Prof. Zhang reviews the systematic theoretical studies in his group on the growth mechanisms and properties of silicon quantum dots, nanotubes and nanowires, including: mechanisms of oxide-assisted growth of silicon nanowires, energetic stability of pristine silicon nanowires and nanotubes, thermal stability of hydrogen terminated silicon nanostructures, size-dependent oxidation of hydrogen terminated silicon nanostructures, excited-state relaxation of hydrogen terminated silicon nanodots, and direct-indirect energy band transitions of silicon nanowires and sheets by surface engineering and straining. He also discusses the potential applications of these findings. This book will mainly benefit those members of the scientific and research community working in nanoscience, surface science, nanomaterials and related fields.

Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444597336
Total Pages : 1009 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

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Book Synopsis Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials by : J. Kihara

Download or read book Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials written by J. Kihara and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 1009 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together the experience of specialists in the entire field of applications of Materials Science. The volume contains 196 of the excellent papers presented at the conference. This multidisciplinary meeting was held to bring together workers in a wide range of materials science and engineering activities who employ common analytical and experimental methods in their day to day work. The results of the meeting are of worldwide interest, and will help to stimulate future research and analysis in this area.

Silicon Quantum Integrated Circuits

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540220503
Total Pages : 790 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (25 download)

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Book Synopsis Silicon Quantum Integrated Circuits by : E. Kasper

Download or read book Silicon Quantum Integrated Circuits written by E. Kasper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-01-19 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantum size effects are becoming increasingly important in microelectronics, as the dimensions of the structures shrink laterally towards 100 nm and vertically towards 10 nm. Advanced device concepts will exploit these effects for integrated circuits with novel or improved properties. Keeping in mind the trend towards systems on chip, this book deals with silicon-based quantum devices and focuses on room-temperature operation. The basic physical principles, materials, technological aspects, and fundamental device operation are discussed in an interdisciplinary manner. It is shown that silicon-germanium (SiGe) heterostructure devices will play a key role in realizing silicon-based quantum electronics.

High Temperature Structure Formation and Surface Diffusion of Silver on Silicon Surfaces

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Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736942710
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis High Temperature Structure Formation and Surface Diffusion of Silver on Silicon Surfaces by : Dirk Wall

Download or read book High Temperature Structure Formation and Surface Diffusion of Silver on Silicon Surfaces written by Dirk Wall and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2012-11-21 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kurzbeschreibung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Oberflächendiffusion und Strukturbildung an Oberflächen, speziell im Fall Silber auf Silizium. Unterschiedliche Methoden werden kombiniert um Si(001) und Si(111) Oberflächen als auch dazwischen liegende Orientierungen zu untersuchen. niedrigenergetische Elektronenmikroskopie (LEEM) und photoemissions Elektronenmikroskopie (PEEM) wurden verwendet um die Wachstumsdynamik und den Einfluss von Oberflächendiffusion auf die Strukturbildung an Oberflächen unter Ultrahochvakuum (UHV) Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Es wurden ein- und multi-kristalline Ag Inseln und selbstorganisierte Ag Drähte auf unterschiedlichen Si Oberflächen untersucht. Hierfür wurde Ag bei hohen Temperaturen auf Oberflächen aufgebracht, wobei die meisten Untersuchungen in-situ erfolgten. Die Struktur der Ag Inseln und Drähte und deren Orientierung zum Substrat wurde hauptsächlich mit niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung an kleinen Bereichen (µ-LEED), hochauflösender niederenergetischer Elektronenbeugung (SPA-LEED) und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) untersucht. Für die SEM Untersuchungen wurden die präparierten Proben aus dem UHV entnommen um sie in ein SEM zu transferieren und eine statistisch bessere Aussagekraft zu erreichen. Ag(001) und Ag(111) Inseln wurden bei Temperaturen von bis zu 700°C gewachsen. Mit steigender Wachstumstemperatur verändert sich die überwiegende Form der Inseln von hexagonal zu dreieckig. Die relative Drehung zum Substrat wurde Untersucht und mit einem modifizierten gitter-koinzidenz Modell (CSL) verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt eine ausgesprochen gute Übereinstimmung der experimentellen Daten mit der Theorie, bei der praktisch alle Drehwinkel erklärt werden. Oberflächendiffusionsfelder wurden beim thermischen Zerfall und während der Desorption von Silberinseln untersucht. Um die Inseln bilden sich ein oder mehrere konzentrische rekonstruktionsbedingte Zonen. Ein einfaches kontinuum Diffusionsmodell zur Erklärung des Zerfallsmechanismus wird vorgestellt. Das Modell beinhaltet ein bereits zuvor präsentiertes Modell als einen Spezialfall und wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit J. Krug und I. Lohmar an der Universität zu Köln entwickelt. Unterschiedlichste Diffusionsparameter können mit diesem Modell bestimmt werden und stimmen sehr gut mit Literaturvergleichswerten überein. Der Zerfall der Inseln auf vizinalen Oberflächen kann nicht mehr mit diesem Modell erklärt werden, da eine Anisotropie auftritt, die die Rotationssymmetrie aufhebt. SPA-LEED Resultate zur Multistufenbildung und Facettierung sowie numerische Simulationen werden hinzugezogen und können mit Hilfe eines in der Literatur bekannten Modells praktisch alle experimentellen Daten erklären und so ein fast all-umfassendes Verständnis der Ursachen der Anisotropie erzeugen. Die Ergebnisse werden auch auf Ergebnisse zu Indium auf vizinalem Silizium angewendet und können auch hier die Überraschende Isotropie erklären. Außer den Inseln bilden sich auf Si(001) auch noch Drähte. Das Wachstum dieser Drähte wurde untersucht um eine Diskussion in der Literatur über die Ursache der Drahtbildung aufzuklären. Einkristalline Drähte wurden auf sehr genau orientiertem Si(001) und auf vizinalen Flächen präpariert. Alle Drähte orientieren sich entlang einer der beiden Hauptsymmetrierichtungen der Oberfläche. Ihr Wachstum ist thermisch aktiviert und erstaunlicherweise unabhängig von der Fehlneigung. Dennoch richten sich die Drähte mit zunehmender Fehlneigung und damit Stufendichte parallel zu den Stufenkanten aus. Die Resultate können jedoch die Diskussion ob Diffusionsanisotropie oder Verspannung die Ursache für das Drahtwachstum sind nicht aufklären, da diese zu stark ineinander überkoppeln. Dennoch kommen wir zu dem Entschluss, dass die Drahtausrichtung durch die zunehmende Diffusionsanisotropie verursacht wird. Description The present work deals with surface diffusion and structure formation, mainly for the case of Silver on Silicon surfaces. Various techniques are combined to investigate flat and vicinal surfaces oriented in the Si(001) and Si(111) directions as well as intermediate orientations. Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) were used to study the growth dynamics and diffusion involved in structure formation in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The investigated structure formation deals with single- and multi-crystalline Ag islands and self-organized Ag wires on various Si surfaces. Ag was deposited at elevated temperatures, while the investigations were mainly carried out in-situ. The structure of the grown Ag islands and wires was investigated with either small area low energy electron diffraction (µ-LEED), spot profile analyzing-low energy electron diffraction (SPA-LEED), or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM investigations were the only investigations, where the sample was extracted from the UHV and were carried out to improve the statistical significance of the data. Ag(001) and Ag(111) islands were grown at elevated temperatures of up to 700°C. With increasing growth temperature, the shape of the islands transformed from hexagonally shaped to triangular. The relative rotation to the substrate was investigated and compared to a modified coincidence site lattice approach (CSL) which agreed very well with the experimental results. Practically all of the significant rotation angles could be explained by the CSL model. Surface diffusion fields were investigated during the decay of islands in the process of desorption. These islands are surrounded by one or several concentric adsorbate induced reconstruction zones. A simple continuum diffusion model is presented, explaining the decay mechanism. The model contains a previously presented model as a special case and was developed in collaboration with J. Krug and I. Lohmar at the University of Cologne. Several diffusion parameters are extracted from the model and are in excellent agreement with values in literature. The decay of Ag islands on vicinal Si substrates no longer yields concentric circular zones, but the zones become anisotropic, and the model can no longer be applied due to the no lack of rotational symmetry. A model from the literature is used to explain the data in combination with SPA-LEED results on multi-step formation and faceting and numerical simulations. Only a combination of all these techniques is capable of a thorough and all-embracing explanation of surface diffusion. The results are compared to the system of Indium on vicinal Si(001) surfaces. Here, in contrast to Ag on vicinal Si(001), no anisotropy is found and the drawn picture can also explain the surprising diffusion isotropy. Among the islands that were used for the diffusion investigations, on Si(001), wires form. The growth of these single crystalline wires was investigated and an attempt has been taken to clear an ongoing discussion about the cause of the wire formation. The single crystalline wires were grown on flat and vicinal Si(001) surfaces. All wires align to one of the two principal directions of the substrate. Their growth is thermally activated and surprisingly independent of the substrate vicinality. The wires align with the step edges as the sample vicinality and with it the step density is increased. The results cannot lead to a clear decision on which of the discussed phenomena diffusion anisotropy or strain are the cause for self-organized wire formation on vicinal Si(001) surfaces. We can, however, come to the conclusion, that the wire alignment is much more closely linked to the diffusion anisotropy than the formation itself. We therefore state, that the diffusion anisotropy is a possible cause for the wire alignment, restricting the wire growth to one of the possible two directions with increasing diffusion anisotropy.

CVD XV

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Publisher : The Electrochemical Society
ISBN 13 : 9781566772785
Total Pages : 826 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis CVD XV by : Mark Donald Allendorf

Download or read book CVD XV written by Mark Donald Allendorf and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2000 with total page 826 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Germanium Silicon: Physics and Materials

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080864546
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Germanium Silicon: Physics and Materials by :

Download or read book Germanium Silicon: Physics and Materials written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1998-11-09 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its inception in 1966, the series of numbered volumes known as Semiconductors and Semimetals has distinguished itself through the careful selection of well-known authors, editors, and contributors. The "Willardson and Beer" Series, as it is widely known, has succeeded in publishing numerous landmark volumes and chapters. Not only did many of these volumes make an impact at the time of their publication, but they continue to be well-cited years after their original release. Recently, Professor Eicke R. Weber of the University of California at Berkeley joined as a co-editor of the series. Professor Weber, a well-known expert in the field of semiconductor materials, will further contribute to continuing the series' tradition of publishing timely, highly relevant, and long-impacting volumes. Some of the recent volumes, such as Hydrogen in Semiconductors, Imperfections in III/V Materials, Epitaxial Microstructures, High-Speed Heterostructure Devices, Oxygen in Silicon, and others promise that this tradition will be maintained and even expanded.Reflecting the truly interdisciplinary nature of the field that the series covers, the volumes in Semiconductors and Semimetals have been and will continue to be of great interest to physicists, chemists, materials scientists, and device engineers in modern industry.

Silicon-Molecular Beam Epitaxy

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351085069
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Silicon-Molecular Beam Epitaxy by : E. Kasper

Download or read book Silicon-Molecular Beam Epitaxy written by E. Kasper and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This subject is divided into two volumes. Volume I is on homoepitaxy with the necessary systems, techniques, and models for growth and dopant incorporation. Three chapters on homoepitaxy are followed by two chapters describing the different ways in which MBE may be applied to create insulator/Si stackings which may be used for three-dimensional circuits. The two remaining chapters in Volume I are devoted to device applications. The first three chapters of Volume II treat all aspects of heteroepitaxy with the exception of the epitaxial insulator/Si structures already treated in volume I.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483292878
Total Pages : 481 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis Scanning Tunneling Microscopy by : Joseph A. Stroscio

Download or read book Scanning Tunneling Microscopy written by Joseph A. Stroscio and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and its extensions have become revolutionary tools in the fields of physics, materials science, chemistry, and biology. These new microscopies have evolved from their beginnings asresearch aids to their current use as commercial tools in the laboratory and on the factory floor. New wonders continue to unfold as STM delivers atomic scale imaging and electrical characterization of the newly emerging nanometer world. This volume in the METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS Series describes the basics of scanning tunneling microscopy, provides a fundamental theoretical understanding of the technique and a thorough description of the instrumentation, and examines numerous examples and applications. Written by the pioneers of the field, this volume is an essential handbook for researchers and users of STM, as well as a valuable resource for libraries.