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Azimuthal Distributions In Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions
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Book Synopsis Azimuthal Distributions in Intermediate Energy Heavy-ion Collisions by : William Kenneth Wilson
Download or read book Azimuthal Distributions in Intermediate Energy Heavy-ion Collisions written by William Kenneth Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Heavy Ion Collisions At Intermediate Energy: Theoretical Models by : Dasgupta Subal
Download or read book Heavy Ion Collisions At Intermediate Energy: Theoretical Models written by Dasgupta Subal and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ions are atoms or molecules stripped of their electrons, so they can be accelerated by electric fields. They can be made to hit each other with low energy, intermediate energy, high energy, or very high energy; each energy range seeks to investigate different aspects of hadronic physics. Intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions explore the nuclei far from stability valley, the incompressibility of nuclear matter, the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear environment, the symmetry energy far from the normal density, and other phenomena. This has been an active field of research for last four decades.This is a book for entrants in the field. It is suitable as a companion book in a graduate course. For practitioners in the field it will be useful as a reference.
Book Synopsis Collective Flow in Intermediate Energy Heavy-ion Collisions by : Robert Pak
Download or read book Collective Flow in Intermediate Energy Heavy-ion Collisions written by Robert Pak and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Heavy Ion Physics At Low, Intermediate And Relativistic Energies Using 4pi Detectors - Proceedings Of The International Research Workshop by : M Petrovici
Download or read book Heavy Ion Physics At Low, Intermediate And Relativistic Energies Using 4pi Detectors - Proceedings Of The International Research Workshop written by M Petrovici and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1997-10-13 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings volume gives a consistent overview of various theoretical and experimental programs which study the dynamics of nucleus-nucleus collisions from low to ultra-relativistic energies. The contributions concentrate on the following topics: cold fragmentation of nuclear matter, pre-equilibrium and thermalization, thermal and chemical equilibration, fragmentation and correlations in intermediate energy collisions, dynamical properties of hot and dense nuclear matter in medium effects, resonance and strange nuclear matter, and signals of the deconfined state.High quality data obtained using experimental devices close to 4π geometries and recent theoretical developments are presented. They illustrate the significant progress made during the last few years in understanding the properties of nuclear matter in extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.This book serves as a graduate textbook and as a reference work on recent developments in this area.
Book Synopsis Azimuthal Anisotropy Distributions in High-energy Collisions by :
Download or read book Azimuthal Anisotropy Distributions in High-energy Collisions written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elliptic flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions results from the hydrodynamic response to the spatial anisotropy of the initial density profile. Along-standing problem in the interpretation of flow data is that uncertainties in the initial anisotropy are mingled with uncertainties in the response. We argue that the non-Gaussianity of flow fluctuations in small systems with large fluctuations can be used to disentangle the initial state from the response. We apply this method to recent measurements of anisotropic flow in Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions at the LHC, assuming linear response to the initial anisotropy. The response coefficient is found to decrease as the system becomes smaller and is consistent with a low value of the ratio of viscosity over entropy of [eta]/s 0.19. Deviations from linear response are studied. While they significantly change the value of the response coefficient they do not change the rate of decrease with centrality. Thus, we argue that the estimate of [eta]/s is robust against non-linear effects.
Book Synopsis Multi-fragmentation and Disappearance of Flow in Intermediate Energy Heavy-ion Collisions by : Tong Qing Li
Download or read book Multi-fragmentation and Disappearance of Flow in Intermediate Energy Heavy-ion Collisions written by Tong Qing Li and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Azimuthal Anisotropy of Charged Particles with Transverse Momentum Up to 100 GeV in PbPb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ by :
Download or read book Azimuthal Anisotropy of Charged Particles with Transverse Momentum Up to 100 GeV in PbPb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fourier coefficients v[2] and v[3] characterizing the anisotropy of the azimuthal distribution of charged particles produced in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV are measured with data collected by the CMS experiment. The measurements cover a broad transverse momentum range, pt= 1-100 GeV. The analysis focuses on pt> 10 GeV range, where anisotropic azimuthal distributions should reflect the path-length dependence of parton energy loss in the created medium. Results are presented in several bins of PbPb collision centrality, spanning the 60x% most central events. The v[2] coefficient is measured with the scalar product and the multiparticle cumulant methods, which have different sensitivities to the initial-state fluctuations. The values of both methods remain positive up to pt ~ 70 GeV, in all examined centrality classes. The v[3] coefficient, only measured with the scalar product method, tends to zero for pt>~ 20 GeV. Comparisons between theoretical calculations and data provide new constraints on the path-length dependence of parton energy loss in heavy ion collisions and highlight the importance of the initial-state fluctuations.
Book Synopsis Azimuthal correlations between intermediate mass fragments in heavy-ion collisions by : Raimond Johannes Maria Snellings
Download or read book Azimuthal correlations between intermediate mass fragments in heavy-ion collisions written by Raimond Johannes Maria Snellings and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of Alternative Methods for Determining the Coefficients of the Azimuthal Distributions of Particles Produced in Heavy-ion Collisions by : Troels Krogsbøll
Download or read book Development of Alternative Methods for Determining the Coefficients of the Azimuthal Distributions of Particles Produced in Heavy-ion Collisions written by Troels Krogsbøll and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Heavy Ion Collisions At Intermediate Energy by : Subal Das Gupta
Download or read book Heavy Ion Collisions At Intermediate Energy written by Subal Das Gupta and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ions are atoms or molecules stripped of their electrons, so they can be accelerated by electric fields. They can be made to hit each other with low energy, intermediate energy, high energy, or very high energy; each energy range seeks to investigate different aspects of hadronic physics. Intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions explore the nuclei far from stability valley, the incompressibility of nuclear matter, the liquid-gas phase transition in nuclear environment, the symmetry energy far from the normal density, and other phenomena. This has been an active field of research for last four decades. This is a book for entrants in the field. It is suitable as a companion book in a graduate course. For practitioners in the field it will be useful as a reference."--
Book Synopsis Multifragmentation in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions by :
Download or read book Multifragmentation in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The system 200 MeV/nucleon Au + Au was studied, giving full azimuthal coverage for intermediate mass fragments in the forward hemisphere in the center of mass system while measuring all the light particles in each event. The complete measurement of light particles (p, d, t, 3He, 4He) allows determination of the charge multiplicity of participant baryons, which increases as the impact parameter between the projectile and target nuclei gets smaller. This quantity was used to sort the events into groups according to impact parameter. It is found that peripheral collisions give rise to fragments with rapidities very close to the beam rapidity. It is also observed that the transition between the peripheral and central collisions is very smooth, with a gradual shift in the rapidities of the observed fragments away from the projectile rapidity. The total intermediate mass fragment multiplicity is found to increase with increasing participant baryon charge multiplicity. 7 refs., 2 figs. (LEW).
Book Synopsis First Moment of Azimuthal Anisotropy in Au+Au Collisions from the Beam Energy Scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider by : Prashanth Shanmuganathan
Download or read book First Moment of Azimuthal Anisotropy in Au+Au Collisions from the Beam Energy Scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider written by Prashanth Shanmuganathan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excited nuclear matter at high temperature and density results in the creation of a new state of matter called Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP). It is believed that the Universe was in the QGP state a few millionths of a second after the Big Bang. A QGP can be experimentally created for a very brief time by colliding heavy nuclei, such as gold, at ultra-relativistic energies. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory consists of two circular rings, 3.8 km in circumference, which can accelerate heavy nuclei in two counter-rotating beams to nearly the speed of light (up to 100 GeV per beam). STAR (Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC) is one of two large detectors at the RHIC facility, and was constructed and is operated by a large international collaboration made up of more than 500 scientists from 56 institutions in 12 countries. STAR has been taking data from heavy ion collisions since the year 2000. An important component of the physics effort of the STAR collaboration is the Beam Energy Scan (BES), designed to study the properties of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) phase diagram in the regions where a first-order phase transition and a critical point may exist. Phase-I of the BES program took data in 2010, 2011 and 2014, using Au+Au collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. It is by now considered a well-established fact that the QGP phase exists. However, all evidence so far indicates that there is a smooth crossover when normal hadronic matter becomes QGP and vice versa in collisions at the top energy of RHIC (and likewise at the Large Hadron Collider at the CERN laboratory in Switzerland). At these very high energies, the net density of baryons like nucleons is quite low, since there are almost equal abundances of baryons and antibaryons. It is known that net-baryon compression increases as the beam energy is lowered below a few tens of GeV. Of course, if the beam energy is too low, then the QGP phase cannot be produced at all, so it has been proposed that there is an optimum beam energy, so far unknown, where phenomena like a first-order phase transition and a critical point might be observed. On the other hand, there also exists the possibility that a smooth crossover to QGP occurs throughout the applicable region of the QCD phase diagram. Experiments are needed to resolve these questions. In this dissertation, I focus on one of the main goals of the BES program, which is to search for a possible first-order phase transition from hadronic matter to QGP and back again, using measurements of azimuthal anisotropy. The momentum-space azimuthal anisotropy of the final-state particles from collisions can be expressed in Fourier harmonics. The first harmonic coefficient is called directed flow, and reflects the strength of the collective sideward motion, relative to the beam direction, of the particles. Models tell us that directed flow is imparted during the very early stage of a collision and is not much altered during subsequent stages of the collision. Thus directed flow can provide information about the early stages when the QGP phase exists for a short time. A subset of hydrodynamic and nuclear transport model calculations with the assumption of a first-order phase transition show a prominent dip in the directed flow versus beam energy. I present directed flow and its slope with respect to rapidity, for identified particle types, namely lambda, anti-lambda and kaons as a function of beam energy for central, intermediate and peripheral collisions. The production threshold of neutral strange particles requires them to be created earlier, and these particles have relatively long mean free path. Thus these particles may probe the QGP at earlier times. In addition, new Lambda measurements can provide more insight about baryon number transported to the midrapidity region by stopping process of the nuclear collision. It is noteworthy that net-baryon density (equivalent to baryon chemical potential) depends not only on beam energy but also on collision centrality. The centrality dependence of directed flow and its slope are also studied for all BES energies for nine identified particle types, lambda, anti-lambda, neutral kaons, charged kaons, protons, anti-protons, and charged pions. These detailed results for many particle species, where both centrality and beam energy are varied over a wide range, strongly constrain models. The measurements summarized above pave the way for a new round of model refinements and subsequent comparisons with data. If the latter does not lead to a clear conclusion, the BES Phase-II program will take data in 2019 and 2020 with an upgraded STAR detector with wider acceptance, greatly improved statistics, and will extend measurements to new energy points.
Book Synopsis Heavy Ion Collisions - Proceedings Of The Second In2p3-riken Symposium by : B Heusch
Download or read book Heavy Ion Collisions - Proceedings Of The Second In2p3-riken Symposium written by B Heusch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1990-07-27 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transition from In-plane to Out-of-plane Azimuthal Enhancement InAu+Au Collisions by :
Download or read book Transition from In-plane to Out-of-plane Azimuthal Enhancement InAu+Au Collisions written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The incident energy at which the azimuthal distributions in semi-central heavy ion collisions change from in-plane to out-of-plane enhancement--E{sub tran} is studied as a function of mass of emitted particles, their transverse momentum and centrality for Au+Au collisions. The analysis is performed in a reference frame rotated with the sidewards flow angle (?{sub flow}) relative to the beam axis. A systematic decrease of E{sub tran} as function of mass of the reaction products, their transverse momentum and collision centrality is evidenced. The predictions of a microscopic transport model (IQMD) are compared with the experimental results.
Book Synopsis Multifragment Source Lifetime in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions by :
Download or read book Multifragment Source Lifetime in Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collisions written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions by : Ramona Vogt
Download or read book Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions written by Ramona Vogt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-06-04 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in high energy heavy-ion physics. It is relevant for students who will work on topics being explored at RHIC and the LHC. In the first part, the basic principles of these studies are covered including kinematics, cross sections (including the quark model and parton distribution functions), the geometry of nuclear collisions, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics and relevant aspects of lattice gauge theory at finite temperature. The second part covers some more specific probes of heavy-ion collisions at these energies: high mass thermal dileptons, quarkonium and hadronization. The second part also serves as extended examples of concepts learned in the previous part. Both parts contain examples in the text as well as exercises at the end of each chapter. - Designed for students and newcomers to the field- Focuses on hard probes and QCD- Covers all aspects of high energy heavy-ion physics- Includes worked example problems and exercises
Book Synopsis Dynamical Aspects of Intermediate-energy Heavy-ion Collisions by : James Francis Dempsey
Download or read book Dynamical Aspects of Intermediate-energy Heavy-ion Collisions written by James Francis Dempsey and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: