Axisymmetric Magnetic Mirror Fusion Fission Hybrid

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Axisymmetric Magnetic Mirror Fusion-Fission Hybrid

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (982 download)

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Download or read book Axisymmetric Magnetic Mirror Fusion-Fission Hybrid written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The achieved performance of the gas dynamic trap version of magnetic mirrors and today's technology we believe are sufficient with modest further efforts for a neutron source for material testing (Q=Pfusion/Pinput~0.1). The performance needed for commercial power production requires considerable further advances to achieve the necessary high Q”10. An early application of the mirror, requiring intermediate performance and intermediate values of Q~1 are the hybrid applications. The Axisymmetric Mirror has a number of attractive features as a driver for a fusion-fission hybrid system: geometrical simplicity, inherently steady-state operation, and the presence of the natural divertors in the form of end tanks. This level of physics performance has the virtue of low risk and only modest R & D needed and its simplicity promises economy advantages. Operation at Q~1 allows for relatively low electron temperatures, in the range of 4 keV, for the DT injection energy ~ 80 keV. A simple mirror with the plasma diameter of 1 m and mirror-to-mirror length of 35 m is discussed. Simple circular superconducting coils are based on today's technology. The positive ion neutral beams are similar to existing units but designed for steady state. A brief qualitative discussion of three groups of physics issues is presented: axial heat loss, MHD stability in the axisymmetric geometry, microstability of sloshing ions. Burning fission reactor wastes by fissioning actinides (transuranics: Pu, Np, Am, Cm, .. or just minor actinides: Np, Am, Cm ...) in the hybrid will multiply fusion's energy by a factor of ~10 or more and diminish the Q needed to less than 1 to overcome the cost of recirculating power for good economics. The economic value of destroying actinides by fissioning is rather low based on either the cost of long-term storage or even deep geologic disposal so most of the revenues of hybrids will come from electrical power. Hybrids that obtain revenues from sale of both electricity and production of fissile fuel with fissioning blankets might need Q~1 while suppressing fissioning might be the most economical application of fusion but will require Qe."

Magnetic Mirror Fusion-fission Early History and Applicability to Other Systems

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Download or read book Magnetic Mirror Fusion-fission Early History and Applicability to Other Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 1970s to mid 1980s the mirror program was stuck with a concept, the Standard Mirror that was Q (almost equal to) 1 where Q=P{sub fusion}/P{sub injection}. Heroic efforts were put into hybridizing thinking added energy and fuel sales would make a commercial product. At the same time the tokamak was thought to allow ignition and ultrahigh Q values of 20 or even higher. There was an effort to use neutral beams to drive the tokamak just like the mirror machines were driven in which case the Q value plunged to a few, however this was thought to be achievable decades earlier than the high Q versions. Meanwhile current drive and other features of the tokamak have seen the projected Q values come down to the range of 10. Meanwhile the mirror program got Q enhancement into high gear and various tandem mirrors projected Q values up towards 10 and with advanced features over 10 with axi-symmetric magnets (See R.F. Post papers), however the experimental program is all but non-existent. Meanwhile, the gas dynamic trap mirror system which is present day state-of-the-art can with low risk produce Q of (almost equal to)0.1 useful for a low risk, low cost neutron source for materials development useful for the development of materials for all fusion concepts (see Simonen white paper: 'A Physics-Based Strategy to Develop a Mirror Fusion-Fission Hybrid' and D.D. Ryutov, 'Axisymmetric MHD-stable mirror as a neutron source and a driver for a fusion-fission hybrid'). Many early hybrid designs with multi-disciplinary teams were carried out in great detail for the mirror system with its axi-symmetric blanket modules. It is recognized that most of these designs are adaptable to tokamak or inertial fusion geometry. When Q is low (1 to 2) economics gives a large economic penalty for high recirculating power. These early studies covered the three design types: Power production, fuel production and waste burning. All three had their place but power production fell away because every study showed fusion machines that were extensively studied by multidisciplinary teams came up with power costs much higher than for existing fission plants except in very large sizes (3 GWe). There was lots of work on waste burning - Ted Parrish - comes to mind. However, fuel production along with power production became nearly everyone's goals. First, fast-fission blankets were favored but later to enhance safety, fission-suppressed blankets came into vogue. Both fuel producing and waste burning hybrid studies were terminated with the advent of accidents, high interest rates, rising 'green like' movement and cheap natural gas for power production. For waste burning and fast-fission fuel producing designs, the blanket energy multiplication was about 10 and economics was OK relative to recirculating power for Q over 2. For fission-suppressed fuel producers, where the blanket multiplication is under 2, the Q needed was over 5. In the mirror program we came at this problem by trying to find a product for mirror fusion technology. We hoped we had a product and studied and promoted it. There was no market pull and when the mirror program collapsed in the US, so did both hybrid programs for mirrors and tokamaks and IFE by the mid 1980s. Today, the problem of what to do with wastes that were supposed to be accepted by the government appears to be a high value market pull. It remains to be shown if fusion neutrons can be generated at low enough cost so that economics will not be a showstopper. For burning only the minor actinides, the economics will be the most favorable. Burning the Pu as well will lower the number of fission reactors supported by each burner fusion machine and hurt economics of the system. The fuel-producing role of fusion to fuel fission reactors remains an important possible use of fusion especially in the early stages of fusion development. It is not clear that burning fission wastes in a fusion machine is more appropriate than burning these wastes in specially designed fission machines. Fusion can produce U-233 along with over 2.4%U-232 making the material largely nonproliferating and this material can in effect add neutrons to a fission reactor that would otherwise be short of reactivity to burn wastes. Similar ideas apply to Pu production. Unlike enrichment, producing U-233 does not burden the system with lots of U-238 with its source of more actinide wastes. The idea is fission plants are already designed and proven to fission at impressive power density and safety whereas fusion machines will have a harder time showing workability with thin walls separating the awkward geometry of the high curie inventory from the vacuum chamber that will get lots of radiation damage.

Survey of Mirror Machine Reactors

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Download or read book Survey of Mirror Machine Reactors written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Magnetic Mirror Fusion Program is one of the two main-line fusion efforts in the United States. Starting from the simple axisymmetric mirror concept in the 1950's, the program has successfully overcome gross flute-type instabilities (using minimum-B magnetic fields), and the most serious of the micro-instabilities which plagued it (the drift-cyclotron loss-cone mode). Dense plasmas approaching the temperature range of interest for fusion have been created (n/sub p/ = 1014/cc at 10 to 12 keV). At the same time, rather extensive conceptual design studies of possible mirror configurations have led to three principle designs of interest: the standard mirror fission-fusion hybrid, tandem mirror, and the field-reversed mirror. The lectures will discuss these three concepts in turn. There will be no discussion of diagnostics for the mirror machine in these lectures, but typical plasma parameters will be given for each type of machine, and the diagnostic requirements will be apparent. In a working fusion reactor, diagnostics will be required for operational control, and remarks will be made on this subject.

Mirror Fusion--fission Hybrids

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Mirror Fusion--fission Hybrids by :

Download or read book Mirror Fusion--fission Hybrids written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fusion-fission concept and the mirror fusion-fission hybrid program are outlined. Magnetic mirror fusion drivers and blankets for hybrid reactors are discussed. Results of system analyses are presented and a reference design is described.

The Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Download or read book The Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental results, theory and innovative ideas now point with increased confidence to the possibility of a Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) neutron source which would be on the path to an attractively simple Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror (ATM) power plant. Although magnetic mirror research was terminated in the US 20 years ago, experiments continued in Japan (Gamma 10) and Russia (GDT), with a very small US effort. This research has now yielded data, increased understanding, and generated ideas resulting in the new concepts described here. Early mirror research was carried out with circular axisymmetric magnets. These plasmas were MHD unstable due to the unfavorable magnetic curvature near the mid-plane. Then the minimum-B concept emerged in which the field line curvature was everywhere favorable and the plasma was situated in a MHD stable magnetic well (70% average beta in 2XII-B). The Ioffe-bar or baseball-coil became the standard for over 40 years. In the 1980's, driven by success with minimum-B stabilization and the control of ion cyclotron instabilities in PR6 and 2XII-B, mirrors were viewed as a potentially attractive concept with near-term advantages as a lower Q neutron source for applications such as a hybrid fission fuel factory or toxic waste burner. However there are down sides to the minimum-B geometry: coil construction is complex; restraining magnetic forces limit field strength and mirror ratios. Furthermore, the magnetic field lines have geodesic curvature which introduces resonant and neoclassical radial transport as observed in early tandem mirror experiments. So what now leads us to think that simple axisymmetric mirror plasmas can be stable? The Russian GDT experiment achieves on-axis 60% beta by peaking of the kinetic plasma pressure near the mirror throat (where the curvature is favorable) to counter-balance the average unfavorable mid-plane curvature. Then a modest augmentation of plasma pressure in the expander results in stability. The GDT experiments have confirmed the physics of effluent plasma stabilization predicted by theory. The plasma had a mean ion energy of 10 keV and a density of 5e19m-3. If successful, the axisymmetric tandem mirror extension of the GDT idea could lead to a Q (almost equal to) 10 power plant of modest size and would yield important applications at lower Q. In addition to the GDT method, there are four other ways to augment stability that have been demonstrated; including: plasma rotation (MCX), diverter coils (Tara), pondermotive (Phaedrus & Tara), and end wall funnel shape (Nizhni Novgorod). There are also 5 stabilization techniques predicted, but not yet demonstrated: expander kinetic pressure (KSTM-Post), Pulsed ECH Dynamic Stabilization (Post), wall stabilization (Berk), non-paraxial end mirrors (Ryutov), and cusp ends (Kesner). While these options should be examined further together with conceptual engineering designs. Physics issues that need further analysis include: electron confinement, MHD and trapped particle modes, analysis of micro stability, radial transport, evaluation and optimization of Q, and the plasma density needed to bridge to the expansion-region. While promising all should be examined through increased theory effort, university-scale experiments, and through increased international collaboration with the substantial facilities in Russia and Japan The conventional wisdom of magnetic mirrors was that they would never work as a fusion concept for a number of reasons. This conventional wisdom is most probably all wrong or not applicable, especially for applications such as low Q (DT Neutron Source) aimed at materials testing or for a Q (almost equal to) 3-5 fusion neutron source applied to destroying actinides in fission waste and breeding of fissile fuel.

The Status of Research Regarding Magnetic Mirrors as a Fusion Neutron Source Or Power Plant

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis The Status of Research Regarding Magnetic Mirrors as a Fusion Neutron Source Or Power Plant by :

Download or read book The Status of Research Regarding Magnetic Mirrors as a Fusion Neutron Source Or Power Plant written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental results, theory and innovative ideas now point with increased confidence to the possibility of a Gas Dynamic Trap (GDT) neutron source which would be on the path to an attractively simple Axisymmetric Tandem Mirror (ATM) power plant. Although magnetic mirror research was terminated in the US 20 years ago, experiments continued in Japan (Gamma 10) and Russia (GDT), with a very small US effort. This research has now yielded data, increased understanding, and generated ideas resulting in the new concepts described here. Early mirror research was carried out with circular axisymmetric magnets. These plasmas were MHD unstable due to the unfavorable magnetic curvature near the mid-plane. Then the minimum-B concept emerged in which the field line curvature was everywhere favorable and the plasma was situated in a MHD stable magnetic well (70% average beta in 2XII-B). The Ioffe-bar or baseball-coil became the standard for over 40 years. In the 1980's, driven by success with minimum-B stabilization and the control of ion cyclotron instabilities in PR6 and 2XII-B, mirrors were viewed as a potentially attractive concept with near-term advantages as a lower Q neutron source for applications such as a hybrid fission fuel factory or toxic waste burner. However there are down sides to the minimum-B geometry: coil construction is complex; restraining magnetic forces limit field strength and mirror ratios. Furthermore, the magnetic field lines have geodesic curvature which introduces resonant and neoclassical radial transport as observed in early tandem mirror experiments. So what now leads us to think that simple axisymmetric mirror plasmas can be stable? The Russian GDT experiment achieves on-axis 60% beta by peaking of the kinetic plasma pressure near the mirror throat (where the curvature is favorable) to counter-balance the average unfavorable mid-plane curvature. Then a modest augmentation of plasma pressure in the expander results in stability. The GDT experiments have confirmed the physics of effluent plasma stabilization predicted by theory. The plasma had a mean ion energy of 10 keV and a density of 5e19m-3. If successful, the axisymmetric tandem mirror extension of the GDT idea could lead to a Q (almost equal to) 10 power plant of modest size and would yield important applications at lower Q. In addition to the GDT method, there are four other ways to augment stability that have been demonstrated; including: plasma rotation (MCX), diverter coils (Tara), pondermotive (Phaedrus & Tara), and end wall funnel shape (Nizhni Novgorod). There are also 5 stabilization techniques predicted, but not yet demonstrated: expander kinetic pressure (KSTM-Post), Pulsed ECH Dynamic Stabilization (Post), wall stabilization (Berk), non-paraxial end mirrors (Ryutov), and cusp ends (Kesner). While these options should be examined further together with conceptual engineering designs. Physics issues that need further analysis include: electron confinement, MHD and trapped particle modes, analysis of micro stability, radial transport, evaluation and optimization of Q, and the plasma density needed to bridge to the expansion-region. While promising all should be examined through increased theory effort, university-scale experiments, and through increased international collaboration with the substantial facilities in Russia and Japan The conventional wisdom of magnetic mirrors was that they would never work as a fusion concept for a number of reasons. This conventional wisdom is most probably all wrong or not applicable, especially for applications such as low Q (DT Neutron Source) aimed at materials testing or for a Q (almost equal to) 3-5 fusion neutron source applied to destroying actinides in fission waste and breeding of fissile fuel.

Review of Mirror Fusion Reactor Designs

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of Mirror Fusion Reactor Designs by :

Download or read book Review of Mirror Fusion Reactor Designs written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three magnetic confinement concepts, based on the mirror principle, are described. These mirror concepts are summarized as follows: (1) fusion-fission hybrid reactor, (2) tandem mirror reactor, and (3) reversed field mirror reactor. (MOW).

Driven Magnetic Fusion Reactors

Author : B. Brunelli
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483140180
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis Driven Magnetic Fusion Reactors by : B. Brunelli

Download or read book Driven Magnetic Fusion Reactors written by B. Brunelli and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-11 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Driven Magnetic Fusion Reactors is a collection of papers from the Proceedings of the Course held in Erice-Trapani, Italy on September 18-26, 1978. This collection describes the reactor aspects, the devices, physics, and the common technologies of the ""mirrors"" and the ""two component Tokamaks"" approach. This book reviews the mirror approach, which is used in the magnetic fusion energy program in the U.S. This program focuses on the tandem mirror and field reversed mirror concepts. This book explains the physics of field reversed mirrors and the mirror fusion test facility. The mirror machine as capable of producing fusion reaction with many advantages compared to the mainline tokamak is also discussed. The text also describes other ways to construct a fusion reactor by using a small quantity of quadrupole minimum-B mirrors that are linked toroidally to form a closed-line containment system. This book then presents methods of operating a driven tokamak reactor using the beam heated tokamak BHT, the two-component TCT, and the hot ion tokamak. This collection also describes the roles of low-Q fusion devices, and that of the fission-fusion hybrid version. This text addresses the non-electrical applications of the fusion process that is being done in the U.S. Then this collection also discusses a global approach to the fuel cycles and the different energy strategies of the U.S., Europe, and Japan. This book addresses the many interests of nuclear physicists, nuclear engineers, scientists, students, and academicians in the field of advanced physics.

Proceedings of the Second Fusion-Fission Energy Systems Review Meeting, November 2 and 3, 1977, Washington, D.C.

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Second Fusion-Fission Energy Systems Review Meeting, November 2 and 3, 1977, Washington, D.C. by :

Download or read book Proceedings of the Second Fusion-Fission Energy Systems Review Meeting, November 2 and 3, 1977, Washington, D.C. written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nuclear Fusion

Author : C.M. Braams
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420033786
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (337 download)

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Book Synopsis Nuclear Fusion by : C.M. Braams

Download or read book Nuclear Fusion written by C.M. Braams and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-06-20 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fusion research started over half a century ago. Although the task remains unfinished, the end of the road could be in sight if society makes the right decisions. Nuclear Fusion: Half a Century of Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research is a careful, scholarly account of the course of fusion energy research over the past fifty years. The authors outline the different paths followed by fusion research from initial ignorance to present understanding. They explore why a particular scheme would not work and why it was more profitable to concentrate on the mainstream tokamak development. The book features descriptive sections, in-depth explanations of certain physical and technical issues, scientific terms, and an extensive glossary that explains relevant abbreviations and acronyms.

Tandem Mirror Fusion Fission Hybrid Studies

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Download or read book Tandem Mirror Fusion Fission Hybrid Studies written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Initial tandem mirror hybrid studies predict the ability to produce large amounts of fissile fuel (2 to 7 tons U233 per year from a 4000 MW plant) at a cost that adds less than 25% to the cost of power from a LWR.

Introduction to Fusion Energy

Author : J. Reece Roth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 726 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Introduction to Fusion Energy by : J. Reece Roth

Download or read book Introduction to Fusion Energy written by J. Reece Roth and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fusion Energy Update

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Fusion Energy Update by :

Download or read book Fusion Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Technology Requirements for Fusion--fission Reactors Based on Magnetic-mirror Confinement

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology Requirements for Fusion--fission Reactors Based on Magnetic-mirror Confinement by :

Download or read book Technology Requirements for Fusion--fission Reactors Based on Magnetic-mirror Confinement written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology requirements for mirror hybrid reactors are discussed. The required 120-keV neutral beams can use positive ions. The magnetic fields are 8 T or under and can use NbTi superconductors. The value of Q (where Q is the ratio of fusion power to injection power) should be in the range of 1 to 2 for economic reasons relating to the cost of recirculating power. The wall loading of 14-MeV neutrons should be in the range of 1 to 2 MW/m2 for economic reasons. Five-times higher wall loading will likely be needed if fusion reactors are to be economical. The magnetic mirror experiments 2XIIB, TMX, and MFTF are described.

Small Mirror Fusion Reactors

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Download or read book Small Mirror Fusion Reactors written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic requirements for the pilot plants are that they produce a net product and that they have a potential for commercial upgrade. We have investigated a small standard mirror fusion-fission hybrid, a two-component tandem mirror hybrid, and two versions of a field-reversed mirror fusion reactor--one a steady state, single cell reactor with a neutral beam-sustained plasma, the other a moving ring field-reversed mirror where the plasma passes through a reaction chamber with no energy addition.

Issues in Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology: 2011 Edition

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Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464966303
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

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Book Synopsis Issues in Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Issues in Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology. The editors have built Issues in Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Nuclear and Plasma Science and Technology: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Progress on the Conceptual Design of a Mirror Hybrid Fusion--fission Reactor

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Download or read book Progress on the Conceptual Design of a Mirror Hybrid Fusion--fission Reactor written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A conceptual design study was made of a fusion-fission reactor for the purpose of producing fissile material and electricity. The fusion component is a D-T plasma confined by a pair of magnetic mirror coils in a Yin-Yang configuration and is sustained by neutral beam injection. The neutrons from the fusion plasma drive the fission assembly which is composed of natural uranium carbide fuel rods clad with stainless steel and helium cooled. It was shown conceptually how the reactor might be built using essentially present-day technology and how the uranium-bearing blanket modules can be routinely changed to allow separation of the bred fissile fuel. (MOW).