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Atmospheric Structure In The Lower Thermosphere
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Book Synopsis Atmospheric Structure in the Lower Thermosphere by : K. S. W. Champion
Download or read book Atmospheric Structure in the Lower Thermosphere written by K. S. W. Champion and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review constitutes a revision and up-dating of the report, Atmospheric Structure and its Variations in the Lower Thermosphere (AD-417 201). It has been prepared for inclusion as an appendix in the proposed new edition of the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA). New density data presented and discussed include the results of four falling-sphere density measurements made at White Sands, New Mexico, and densities deduced from drag effects on Explorer XVII and other satellites. The satellite density data is compared with the predictions of several models of Jacchia and Harris and Priester. Temperature data include revised values deduced by Blamont from Doppler broadening of sodium and potassium resonance lines. The new values are in better agreement with theoretical models than the earlier results. Recent composition results include number densities of O2, N2 and O calculated from ultraviolet absorption measurements by Hinteregger, and values of mean molecular mass from Explorer XVII and the rocket measurements of Nier and Schaefer. (Author).
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Structure and Its Variations in the Lower Thermosphere by : K. S. W. Champion
Download or read book Atmospheric Structure and Its Variations in the Lower Thermosphere written by K. S. W. Champion and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a report prepared for the intermediate altitude region (the lower thermosphere, lying between about 100 and 200 km). This region dif fers considerably from the lowest one, in which the volume of data makes statistical methods of analysis appropriate. For the highest region, a considerable amount of satellite data is available and the behavior of the atmosphere is reasonably well understood. Some rocket data is available for the lower thermosphere, but most of the meas uring instruments are experimental and a major part of the data analysis consists in studying the physics of the various corrections or calibra tion factors required. At the upper end of the altitude regime some satellite data is available. New density data includes the results from flights of two types of falling spheres, results from the diffusion of chemical clouds, and data from drag effects on three satellites with perigee altitudes near 200 km. The satellite data indicates a de pendence of density on the value of the magnetic A sub p index. Otherwise, the data shows more variation with the method of measurement and data reduction than actual variation of the atmosphere. (Author).
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Structure in the Lower Thermosphere by : K. S. W. Champion
Download or read book Atmospheric Structure in the Lower Thermosphere written by K. S. W. Champion and published by . This book was released on 1965 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review constitutes a revision and up-dating of the report, Atmospheric Structure and its Variations in the Lower Thermosphere (AD-417 201). It has been prepared for inclusion as an appendix in the proposed new edition of the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA). New density data presented and discussed include the results of four falling-sphere density measurements made at White Sands, New Mexico, and densities deduced from drag effects on Explorer XVII and other satellites. The satellite density data is compared with the predictions of several models of Jacchia and Harris and Priester. Temperature data include revised values deduced by Blamont from Doppler broadening of sodium and potassium resonance lines. The new values are in better agreement with theoretical models than the earlier results. Recent composition results include number densities of O2, N2 and O calculated from ultraviolet absorption measurements by Hinteregger, and values of mean molecular mass from Explorer XVII and the rocket measurements of Nier and Schaefer. (Author)
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Structure and Its Variations in the Lower Thermosphere by : K. S. W. Champion
Download or read book Atmospheric Structure and Its Variations in the Lower Thermosphere written by K. S. W. Champion and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a report prepared for the intermediate altitude region (the lower thermosphere, lying between about 100 and 200 km). This region dif fers considerably from the lowest one, in which the volume of data makes statistical methods of analysis appropriate. For the highest region, a considerable amount of satellite data is available and the behavior of the atmosphere is reasonably well understood. Some rocket data is available for the lower thermosphere, but most of the meas uring instruments are experimental and a major part of the data analysis consists in studying the physics of the various corrections or calibra tion factors required. At the upper end of the altitude regime some satellite data is available. New density data includes the results from flights of two types of falling spheres, results from the diffusion of chemical clouds, and data from drag effects on three satellites with perigee altitudes near 200 km. The satellite data indicates a de pendence of density on the value of the magnetic A sub p index. Otherwise, the data shows more variation with the method of measurement and data reduction than actual variation of the atmosphere. (Author).
Download or read book Middle Atmosphere written by PLUMB and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PAGEOPH, stratosphere, these differences provide us with new evidence, interpretation of which can materially help to advance our understanding of stratospheric dynamics in general. It is now weil established that smaller-scale motions-in particular gravity waves and turbulence-are of fundamental importance in the general circulation of the mesosphere; they seem to be similarly, if less spectacularly, significant in the troposphere, and probably also in the stratosphere. Our understanding of these motions, their effects on the mean circulation and their mutual interactions is progressing rapidly, as is weil illustrated by the papers in this issue; there are reports of observational studies, especially with new instruments such as the Japanese MV radar, reviews of the state of theory, a laboratory study and an analysis of gravity waves and their effects in the high resolution "SKYHI" general circulation model. There are good reasons to suspect that gravity waves may be of crucial significance in making the stratospheric circulation the way it is (modeling experience being one suggestive piece of evidence for this). Direct observational proof has thus far been prevented by the difficulty of making observations of such scales of motion in this region; in one study reported here, falling sphere observations are used to obtain information on the structure and intensity of waves in the upper stratosphere.
Book Synopsis The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars by : Robert M. Haberle
Download or read book The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars written by Robert M. Haberle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-29 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humanity has long been fascinated by the planet Mars. Was its climate ever conducive to life? What is the atmosphere like today and why did it change so dramatically over time? Eleven spacecraft have successfully flown to Mars since the Viking mission of the 1970s and early 1980s. These orbiters, landers and rovers have generated vast amounts of data that now span a Martian decade (roughly eighteen years). This new volume brings together the many new ideas about the atmosphere and climate system that have emerged, including the complex interplay of the volatile and dust cycles, the atmosphere-surface interactions that connect them over time, and the diversity of the planet's environment and its complex history. Including tutorials and explanations of complicated ideas, students, researchers and non-specialists alike are able to use this resource to gain a thorough and up-to-date understanding of this most Earth-like of planetary neighbours.
Book Synopsis Modeling of Atmospheric Structure, 70-130 Km by : Gerald Vann Groves
Download or read book Modeling of Atmospheric Structure, 70-130 Km written by Gerald Vann Groves and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A formulation is presented for modeling neutral atmosphere structure in an intermediate height region (70-130 km) between given lower and upper models in temperature, pressure, density and constituent gas concentrations and to maintain continuity in the second derivative of temperature and the other properties with respect to height. The method employs temperature as the prime parameter requiring simultaneously a best fit to available temperature data at the intermediate heights and hydrostatic consistency between the nitrogen partial pressures at 70 and 130 km. The method is well suited to upper and lower models that have analytical representations and is developed as the upper model and for polynomially-generated height-latitude cross-sections in the lower region. Attention is given to comparisons between observed and model temperatures and it is found that mid-latitude data (primarily obtained using the incoherent scatter technique) are on average higher than the models due to the requirement to maintain hydrostatic consistency in nitrogen partial pressures between the 70 km and 130 km values of the given lower and upper models. This discrepancy which at present remains an unresolved problem is discussed in the text. Tables of temperature, pressure, and density are included in the report based on the best fit to available data and simultaneously satisfying the constraints of the upper and lower models. Keywords: Temperature; Mesosphere; Pressure; Lower thermosphere; Density; Model atmospheres. (JHD).
Book Synopsis The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere by : R. M. Johnson
Download or read book The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere written by R. M. Johnson and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1995-01-09 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 87. This volume provides a review of progress made in recent years in experimental and theoretical investigation of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere and coupling between these regions and the ionosphere. Detailed study of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere/ionosphere (MLTI) region has historically been difficult because of its relative inaccessibility to direct measurement techniques and the complex and highly coupled processes which occur there. Although we have still not successfully unraveled all these complex interactions, we have made significant recent progress toward a fuller understanding of the basic state of the MLTI and of the dominant wave and coupling processes. This monograph includes a set of tutorial papers, which review our current understanding of aspects of the MLTI. These tutorials are interspersed with a selection of papers describing research progress on various topics of current interest in this region. The book should therefore be useful both to the newcomer, as an introduction to this field of research, and to the more experienced researcher, providing an overview of research in progress as well as a convenient reference collection of papers describing our current understanding.
Book Synopsis Modeling of Atmospheric Structure, 70-130 Km by : Gerald Vann Groves
Download or read book Modeling of Atmospheric Structure, 70-130 Km written by Gerald Vann Groves and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A formulation is presented for modeling neutral atmosphere structure in an intermediate height region (70-130 km) between given lower and upper models in temperature, pressure, density and constituent gas concentrations and to maintain continuity in the second derivative of temperature and the other properties with respect to height. The method employs temperature as the prime parameter requiring simultaneously a best fit to available temperature data at the intermediate heights and hydrostatic consistency between the nitrogen partial pressures at 70 and 130 km. The method is well suited to upper and lower models that have analytical representations and is developed as the upper model and for polynomially-generated height-latitude cross-sections in the lower region. Attention is given to comparisons between observed and model temperatures and it is found that mid-latitude data (primarily obtained using the incoherent scatter technique) are on average higher than the models due to the requirement to maintain hydrostatic consistency in nitrogen partial pressures between the 70 km and 130 km values of the given lower and upper models. This discrepancy which at present remains an unresolved problem is discussed in the text. Tables of temperature, pressure, and density are included in the report based on the best fit to available data and simultaneously satisfying the constraints of the upper and lower models. Keywords: Temperature; Mesosphere; Pressure; Lower thermosphere; Density; Model atmospheres. (JHD)
Book Synopsis Species Densities in the Lower Thermosphere Compatible with the U.S. Standard Atmosphere by : Gene W. Adams
Download or read book Species Densities in the Lower Thermosphere Compatible with the U.S. Standard Atmosphere written by Gene W. Adams and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds by : David C. Catling
Download or read book Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds written by David C. Catling and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-13 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and authoritative text on the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres, for graduate-level students and researchers.
Book Synopsis Atmospheric Structure Variations: Modelling of Atmospheric Structure, 70-130 Km by : Gerald V. Groves
Download or read book Atmospheric Structure Variations: Modelling of Atmospheric Structure, 70-130 Km written by Gerald V. Groves and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theory and numerical analysis of data were applied to a number of leading problems of atmospheric structure in the upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere during the three years of theis project. Three investigations occupied the first 18 months and concerned: (1) Diurnal and semidiurnal tidal dissipation of momentum and energy in the upper atmosphere, (2) The modelling of O distribution from 85 km to the turbopause and (3) An empirical model for solar cycle changes in mesospheric structure. During the second part of the project, attention was concentrated on: (4) Atmospheric modelling of the intermediate region (70-130km) between given models for the lower (up to 70 km) region and the upper (above 130 km) region. A preliminary report of this work, to the extent that it might meet the needs of a new COSPAR reference atmosphere, was presented at the 1986 COSPAR meeting and a detailed report of the theory and analyses was subsequently completed.
Book Synopsis Stratosphere Troposphere Interactions by : K. Mohanakumar
Download or read book Stratosphere Troposphere Interactions written by K. Mohanakumar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-03 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stratospheric processes play a signi?cant role in regulating the weather and c- mate of the Earth system. Solar radiation, which is the primary source of energy for the tropospheric weather systems, is absorbed by ozone when it passes through the stratosphere, thereby modulating the solar-forcing energy reaching into the t- posphere. The concentrations of the radiatively sensitive greenhouse gases present in the lower atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone, control the radiation balance of the atmosphere by the two-way interaction between the stratosphere and troposphere. The stratosphere is the transition region which interacts with the weather s- tems in the lower atmosphere and the richly ionized upper atmosphere. Therefore, this part of the atmosphere provides a long list of challenging scienti?c problems of basic nature involving its thermal structure, energetics, composition, dynamics, chemistry, and modeling. The lower stratosphere is very much linked dynamically, radiatively,and chemically with the upper troposphere,even though the temperature characteristics of these regions are different. The stratosphere is a region of high stability, rich in ozone and poor in water - por and temperature increases with altitude. The lower stratospheric ozone absorbs the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and protects life on the Earth. On the other hand, the troposphere has high concentrations of water vapor, is low in ozone, and temperature decreases with altitude. The convective activity is more in the troposphere than in the stratosphere.
Book Synopsis Modeling of Atmospheric Chemistry by : Guy P. Brasseur
Download or read book Modeling of Atmospheric Chemistry written by Guy P. Brasseur and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-19 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical modeling of atmospheric composition is a formidable scientific and computational challenge. This comprehensive presentation of the modeling methods used in atmospheric chemistry focuses on both theory and practice, from the fundamental principles behind models, through to their applications in interpreting observations. An encyclopaedic coverage of methods used in atmospheric modeling, including their advantages and disadvantages, makes this a one-stop resource with a large scope. Particular emphasis is given to the mathematical formulation of chemical, radiative, and aerosol processes; advection and turbulent transport; emission and deposition processes; as well as major chapters on model evaluation and inverse modeling. The modeling of atmospheric chemistry is an intrinsically interdisciplinary endeavour, bringing together meteorology, radiative transfer, physical chemistry and biogeochemistry, making the book of value to a broad readership. Introductory chapters and a review of the relevant mathematics make this book instantly accessible to graduate students and researchers in the atmospheric sciences.
Book Synopsis Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere by : M. H. Rees
Download or read book Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere written by M. H. Rees and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1989-08-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multitude of processes that operate in the upper atmosphere are revealed by detailed physical and mathematical descriptions of the interactions of particles and radiation, temperatures, spectroscopy and dynamics.
Book Synopsis Dynamics and Structure of the Quiet Thermosphere by : K. S. W. Champion
Download or read book Dynamics and Structure of the Quiet Thermosphere written by K. S. W. Champion and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COSPAR International Reference Atmospheres (CIRA) 1972 provides both a Mean International Reference Atmosphere of the thermosphere and a parametric set of models for the region. The models are based on knowledge of the thermosphere as of mid 1971. The differences in the diurnal variations of atmospheric density scale height obtained from satellite drag studies and temperatures obtained from incoherent radar scatter observations are probably due to different diurnal variations of density and temperature and not due to systematic discrepancies in the measurements. The answer to this question should be provided by data obtained from recently launched satellites ESRO IV, AEROS, and AE-C. The second major area of interest involves the absolute number densities and variations with time of day, latitude, and season of the major and minor constituents of the thermosphere. Recent data obtained with mass spectrometers and optical instruments are reviewed in addition to the results of theoretical composition calculations, which include turbulence and other transport effects.
Book Synopsis Structure and Dynamics of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region by : S. Sridharan
Download or read book Structure and Dynamics of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Region written by S. Sridharan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
