Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Specific Proposals

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498342442
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Specific Proposals by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Specific Proposals written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-12-19 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reserves have a central place in the policy tool kit of most economies, providing insurance against shocks. In conjunction with sound policies, they can help reduce the likelihood of balance of payment crises and preserve economic and financial stability. Reserves, however, can result from both precautionary and non-precautionary policy objectives and institutional settings. While they can bring several important benefits, reserve holdings can sometimes be costly. This paper brings together recent Fund work on reserve adequacy issues aiming to strengthen their discussion in bilateral surveillance. Despite the ongoing debate on reserve issues, there is little consensus about how to assess reserve holdings in different economies, even though this is an important aspect of a member’s external stability assessment. The work stream of which this paper is part aims to fill this gap by outlining a framework for discussing reserve adequacy issues in different economies. In this regard, the paper also forms part of the Fund’s response to the 2012 IEO evaluation of the Fund’s advice related to international reserves, which recommended, inter alia, that assessments of international reserves in bilateral surveillance reports should be more detailed and reflect country circumstances. To this end, the paper proposes that, where warranted, individual country Article IV reports include a fuller discussion of the authorities’ stated objectives (precautionary and non-precautionary) for holding reserves, an assessment of the reserve needs for precautionary purposes, and a discussion of the cost of reserves. The aim would be to ensure evenhandedness so that countries with similar circumstances are assessed in similar ways, while allowing the depth and emphasis of this discussion to vary depending on country conditions and needs

Guidance Note on the Assessment of Reserve Adequacy and Related Considerations

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498345646
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Guidance Note on the Assessment of Reserve Adequacy and Related Considerations by : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department

Download or read book Guidance Note on the Assessment of Reserve Adequacy and Related Considerations written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-03-06 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: operational guidance to staff on reserve adequacy discussions in the IMF’s bilateral and multilateral surveillance. It is based on the views presented in the policy paper Assessing Reserve Adequacy—Specific Proposals and the related Board discussion. The note addresses key issues related to Staff’s advice on the assessment of the adequacy of reserves and related items, including answering the following questions: What is the expected coverage of reserve issues at different stages of the bilateral surveillance process (Policy Note, mission, and Staff Report)? Which reserve adequacy tools best fit different economies based on their financial maturity, economic flexibility, and market access? What do possible reserve needs in mature markets relate to, and how can their adequacy be assessed? How can reserve adequacy discussions for emerging and deepening financial markets be tailored and applied to better evaluate reserve levels in: (i) commodity-intensive economies; (ii) countries with capital flow management measures (CFMs); and (iii) partially and fully dollarized economies? What reserve adequacy considerations hold for countries with limited access to capital markets? How can metrics for these economies be tailored to evaluate their reserve needs? How should potential drains on reserves be covered? What are the various measures of the cost of reserves for countries with and without market access?

Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Further Considerations

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 149834111X
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Further Considerations by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Further Considerations written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-11-14 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reserves remain a critical liquidity buffer for most countries. They are generally associated with lower crisis risks (crisis prevention) as well as space for authorities to respond to shocks (crisis mitigation). While other instruments, such as official credit lines and bilateral swap lines, are also external buffers, for most countries they principally act as a complement to their official reserves. For countries with sound fundamentals and a good policy framework, reserves provide policy makers with considerable space to respond to transitory shocks. However, this space diminishes as fundamentals deteriorate and the existence of adequate reserves does not, by itself, eliminate the risk of market pressures.

Implementation Plan in Response to Board-Endorsed Recommendations for the IEO Evaluation of International Reserves--IMF Concerns and Country Perspectives

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498342094
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Implementation Plan in Response to Board-Endorsed Recommendations for the IEO Evaluation of International Reserves--IMF Concerns and Country Perspectives by : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department

Download or read book Implementation Plan in Response to Board-Endorsed Recommendations for the IEO Evaluation of International Reserves--IMF Concerns and Country Perspectives written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-03-21 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper proposes Management’s response to the IEO’s Evaluation of International Reserves—IMF Concerns and Country Perspectives. The proposed implementation plan focuses on those recommendations that are not already being addressed by other recent Fund initiatives, and include: (i) a successor paper on reserve adequacy, which will review the work contained in the Fund’s 2011 Assessing Reserve Adequacy paper and develop additional and updated guidance where needed; (ii) the preparation of a staff guidance note for assessing adequacy; and (iii) additional engagement on reserve issues with members, the private sector, and academics.

Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Supplementary Information

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498339379
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Supplementary Information by : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Download or read book Assessing Reserve Adequacy - Supplementary Information written by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-02-14 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dramatic increase in reserves holdings over the past decade has resumed since the global financial crisis, even at an accelerated pace. While the crisis has heightened perceptions of the importance of holding adequate reserves, there is little consensus on what constitutes an adequate level from a precautionary perspective: traditional metrics are narrowly-based and often provide conflicting signals; while newer approaches tend to be hostage to stylized modeling assumptions and calibrations. As a result, assessments tend to rely on comparisons with peers, probably amplifying the upward trend as perceived needs rise in line with actual holdings. The metric proposed in the main paper is based on outflows—principally in relation the relevant stock of underlying foreign liabilities or domestic assets—during periods of exchange market pressure (EMP). Especially as it remains the primary reason countries accumulate reserves for insurance purposes, the metric is based on balance of payments drains experienced during EMP episodes—i.e., a measure of sufficient reserves periods of pressure and ahead of a full-blown crisis.

International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484350162
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity by : International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.

Download or read book International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity written by International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This update of the guidelines published in 2001 sets forth the underlying framework for the Reserves Data Template and provides operational advice for its use. The updated version also includes three new appendices aimed at assisting member countries in reporting the required data.

Seventh Periodic Monitoring Report on the Status of Implementation Plans in Response to Board-Endorsed IEO Recommendations

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498344232
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Seventh Periodic Monitoring Report on the Status of Implementation Plans in Response to Board-Endorsed IEO Recommendations by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Seventh Periodic Monitoring Report on the Status of Implementation Plans in Response to Board-Endorsed IEO Recommendations written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-04-09 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Seventh PMR includes: (i) a discussion of progress made over the last year on the actions corresponding to four Management Implementation Plans (MIPs) that were classified as still “in progress” in the previous PMR; and (ii) an assessment of the progress made in achieving the high-level objectives in three areas directly related to those MIPs. In addition, an update on substantive issues related to five older MIPs agreed since 2007 is provided at the end of the report. Three new evaluations have been completed by the IEO since March 2014. In July and August 2015, Management issued the MIPs in response to these evaluations. Given that only a short time has passed since their completion, progress in addressing the actions contemplated in those MIPs will be discussed in the next PMR.

Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030434575
Total Pages : 491 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities by : Jacob Bjorheim

Download or read book Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities written by Jacob Bjorheim and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-07 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, central banks have used all available instruments in their monetary policy tool-kit to avoid financial market disruptions and a collapse in real economic activities. These actions have expanded the size of their balance sheets and altered the composition of the asset-side. This edited book highlights how these assets are managed, providing an intellectual and practical contribution to an under-researched field of central bank responsibilities. It first reviews the sources and uses of domestic and international assets and how they complement—or possibly conflict with—the implementation of monetary policy goals. Next, the book examines the asset management mandate in a balance sheet context before turning to the investment decision-making process from strategic and tactical asset allocation to investment strategies, risk management, governance, reporting and control. Finally, it presents new developments in the field of managing assets at central banks. The individual chapters are written by central bankers, academics, and representatives from International Financial Institutions, each representing a particular aspect of the asset management practice. Practical and powerful insights from a hall of fame of investors, central bankers and scholars, are packed into this one volume. If you could have only one book on central bank asset management, this would be it. —Peter R. Fisher, Clinical Professor, Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Jacob Bjorheim draws on his long experience in sovereign asset management to pull together a rich collection of insights from a broad range of expertise. Asset management at central banks has evolved and expanded considerably over the past decade. This book is a timely source of information and guidance. —Guy Debelle, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of Australia Central bank balance sheets have grown at a tremendous pace over the last decade and a half. Drawing on contributions from scholars and experienced central bankers from around the world, this timely and insightful book sheds light on how central banks are, and should be, managing their growing balance sheets. —Kjell G. Nyborg, Chaired Professor of Finance, University of Zurich, Author of Collateral Frameworks: The Open Secret of Central Banks Central banks and monetary authorities are charged with, and being held accountable for, managing portfolios of foreign currency assets of unprecedented size. The essays in this admirable book, written by some of the worlds most highly experienced officials, cover the full range of why and how this is currently being done and how new developments are affecting old practices. Interesting conceptually and immensely useful practically. —William White, Senior Fellow at the C.D. Howe Institute, former Head of the Monetary and Economic Department with the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and chairman of the Economic and Development Review Committee at the OECD An excellent and timely review of modern international reserve management, which ought to be read by everyone working with, or simply interested in, international asset management and finance as well as monetary and economic policy. The spectrum of authors is broad and their combined insight is very valuable. —Tom A. Fearnley, Investment Director, Norwegian Ministry of Finance With “Asset Management at Central Banks and Monetary Authorities”, Jacob Bjorheim has achieved an editorial tour de force. The book assembles the insightful views of the leading experts in the field, both from an academic and practitioners’ perspective. It bridges the gap between the macroeconomics of central banks and the financial management of their reserves. A must read to understand how central banks are special in the group of institutional investors. —Eric Bouyé, Head of Asset Allocation and Quantitative Strategies, Treasury Department, The World Bank The balance sheet is a large and important toolbox for any central bank and specifically the foreign exchange reserves constitute one the more powerful of these tools. This book provides excellent insight in the various perspectives of managing reserves at a central bank. —Heidi Elmér, Director of Markets Department, Severiges Riksbank The world of international reserves has changed since the global financial crisis. In this volume, Jacob Bjorheim has assembled a stellar cast of experts to explain how and what that means for reserves management. With chapter authors like Andrew Ang, Jennifer Johnson-Calari, Robert McCauley, Ravi Menon, Simon Potter and Philip Turner, it is a book that every reserve manager must read. —Eli Remolona, Professor of Finance and Director of Central Banking, Asia School of Business in collaboration with MIT Sloan Jacob Bjorheim has succeeded in bringing together a first-class team of experts, and organising their contributions in an articulated journey from the central banks’ policy mandate to their asset management practices. An indispensable post-crisis update of the subject and a a required reading for anyone professionally involved with central bank’s asset management, or simply curious about a topic benefitting otherwise from limited research. —Louis de Montpellier, Former Global Head, Official Institutions Group, SSGA, and former Deputy Head, Banking Department, Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Basel At last, a book that shares with a wider audience, deep insight in a unique, challenging and ethical approach of asset management developed and implemented in the secretive world of central banks. If you wonder how to manage funds that stand ready for use at short notice in times of stress then this book is for you. Two features make it such a valuable read and a must-have reference: First, the very comprehensive list of themes covered from a rich diversity of angles. Second, the very impressive list of prominent institutions and authors that have contributed and shared their analysis and practical approaches of the issues presented. What is better than to get the information directly from first-hand practitioners, experts and managers themselves in their own words? —Jean-Pierre Matt, Former Head of Financial Analysis at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and founder of Quanteis This book holds the promise to become the go-to guide for anyone wishing to learn more about the management of official foreign exchange reserves. Central bankers in particular, but also those providing services to central banks, will find benefit from the broad scope in subject matter and varied perspectives being presented. I am yet to see a compendium on official reserve management with similar reach in subject matter. —Leon Myburgh, Former Head Financial Markets Department, South African Reserve Bank (SARB), Pretoria This is an immensely timely book at a time when central bank operations, and their balance sheets, remain “larger for longer”. Following the Financial Crisis 10 years ago, and with the Covid-19 Recession about to break, central bank balance sheets are at the forefront of the authorities’ response to economic issues as never before. Yet the management of their now large-scale assets remains a little known and little studied area. The authors of this book combine extensive technical and practical experience, and their observations will fill an important gap in the literature at a critical time. —Freyr Hermannsson, Former Head of Treasury, Central Bank of Iceland, Reykjavík

Chile: Proposal for an Arrangement Under the Short-Term Liquidity Line-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Chile

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Chile: Proposal for an Arrangement Under the Short-Term Liquidity Line-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Chile by : International Monetary

Download or read book Chile: Proposal for an Arrangement Under the Short-Term Liquidity Line-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Chile written by International Monetary and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2022-05-24 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chilean economy has rapidly recovered from the fallout of the Covid-19 pandemic, thanks to an impressive vaccination campaign and effective policy support. The authorities will continue leveraging on Chile’s very strong fundamentals and policy frameworks to safeguard the recovery, preserve macroeconomic stability, and boost inclusive and green growth.

Guidelines for Foreign Exchange Reserve Management

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 9781589062603
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis Guidelines for Foreign Exchange Reserve Management by : International Monetary Fund

Download or read book Guidelines for Foreign Exchange Reserve Management written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2004-08-16 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines are intended to assist countries in strengthening their policy frameworks for reserve management so that they can become more resilient to shocks that may originate from global financial markets or within the domestic financial system. The guidelines have been developed as part of a broader IMF work program to help strengthen international financial architecture, to promote policies and practices that contribute to stability and transparency in the financial sector, and to reduce external vulnerabilities of member countries.

Flexible Credit Line - Operational Guidance Note

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498309682
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Flexible Credit Line - Operational Guidance Note by : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department

Download or read book Flexible Credit Line - Operational Guidance Note written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This note provides general guidance on the use of the Flexible Credit Line (FCL). After an overview of the instrument, explaining its specific nature, the operational issues are grouped into three areas: • an outline of the process and specific steps that need to be followed if a member expresses interest in an arrangement; • guidance on determining qualification of a member; and • a how-to guide for determining appropriate access levels. The note is an aid to the implementation of the policy and its underlying principles. If there is any instance in which a provision of the guidance note or its implementation conflicts with Board policy, Board policy prevails. It will be revised as needed, for example following relevant policy reviews."

Precautionary and Liquidity Line - Operational Guidance Note

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498309437
Total Pages : 51 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Precautionary and Liquidity Line - Operational Guidance Note by : International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department

Download or read book Precautionary and Liquidity Line - Operational Guidance Note written by International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This note provides general guidance on the use of the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL). After an overview of the instrument, explaining its specific nature, the operational issues are grouped into five areas: • an outline of the process and specific steps that need to be followed if a member expresses interest in an arrangement; • guidance on access, phasing, and purchases; • guidance on determining qualification of a member and appropriate ex-post conditionality; and • a guide to the semi-annual review process. The note is an aid to the implementation of the policy and its underlying principles. If there is any instance in which a provision of the guidance note or its implementation conflicts with Board policy, Board policy prevails. It will be revised as needed, for example following relevant policy reviews."

India

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513527266
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis India by : International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept

Download or read book India written by International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-03-02 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper discusses outlook and risk related to the economic development of India. The Indian economy is on a recovery path, supported by a large terms of trade gain (about 21⁄2 percent of GDP) and reduced external vulnerabilities, though downside risks remain. Important economic and structural reforms have been initiated, but further reforms are needed to boost India’s growth potential. Notwithstanding the cyclical pickup, medium-term growth continues to be constrained by supply-side bottlenecks and weaknesses in the corporate and banking sectors. Past fund advice and the authorities’ macroeconomic policies have been broadly aligned, but progress on structural reforms has been partial.

Ecuador

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498303676
Total Pages : 69 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecuador by : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Download or read book Ecuador written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-03-20 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Selected Issues paper estimates Ecuador’s potential growth in the range of 1 3/4 to 3 percent. The lower estimate corresponds to an extrapolation of recent trends while the higher estimate could be achievable through the implementation of a reform agenda that addresses fiscal and competitiveness challenges of Ecuador. The paper also develops models to nowcast and forecast GDP to improve the accuracy of growth projections. The oil sector remains an important driver of economic activity; however, it is not as important as it once was. A simple growth accounting exercise is used to decompose Ecuador’s growth between production factors accumulation; capital and labor, and total factor productivity. The study shows that low total factor productivity is the reason behind Ecuador’s recent economic decline and has been a negative contributor to long-term growth. The paper also explores different vector autoregression models to identify the best one to forecast real GDP in Ecuador.

Dominica

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Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498377394
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Dominica by : International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Download or read book Dominica written by International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-07-20 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2016 Article IV Consultation highlights that the Dominican economy was hit hard by tropical storm Erika in 2015. Agricultural output and manufacturing declined sharply, as the storm affected crops and access to arable land, and prompted the closure of operations of the main industrial plant. Inflation has remained subdued, mainly as a result of falling fuel prices. Notwithstanding weak exports of agriculture and tourism, the 2015 current account deficit remained contained on the back of lower oil imports. Output growth is expected to remain subdued in 2016 at 1.3 percent as the economy slowly recovers from the storm and investment in reconstruction picks up.

Islamic Republic of Mauritania

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484390016
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Islamic Republic of Mauritania by : International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Download or read book Islamic Republic of Mauritania written by International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-12-13 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Program implementation has been satisfactory. Macroeconomic stability has been maintained, external debt has been stabilized, and several reforms have been launched to modernize economic institutions and the policy framework. Growth is expected to accelerate this year to 3½ percent, supported by FDI and public investment. While the outlook is positive owing to sustained growth in non-extractive sectors, the international environment is less favorable than during the first review. Higher oil import prices and lower commodity export prices weigh on the external and fiscal positions; the economy remains dependent on commodity exports; and debt vulnerabilities and poverty remain high. Downside risks related to global economic developments and regional security are elevated. On the upside, development of the offshore gas field could generate large revenues from 2022 despite short-term costs.

Estimating the Demand for Reserve Assets Across Diverse Groups

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Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484345142
Total Pages : 47 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimating the Demand for Reserve Assets Across Diverse Groups by : Ms.Rina Bhattacharya

Download or read book Estimating the Demand for Reserve Assets Across Diverse Groups written by Ms.Rina Bhattacharya and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper takes a fresh look at the determinants of reserves holding with the aim of highlighting similarities and differences in the motives for holding reserves among emerging markets (EMs), advanced economies (AEs), and low-income countries (LICs). We apply two panel estimation techniques: fixed effects (FE) and common correlated effects pooled mean group (CCEPMG). FE regression results suggest that precautionary savings motives, both current account- and capital account-related, are generally the most important determinants of reserves holding across country groups and that their importance has increased for AEs and LICs since the global financial crisis while receding for EMs. Mercantilist motives matter mostly for EMs. Intertemporal motives have been gaining importance everywhere over time. The CCEPMG results confirm the importance of precautionary motives and suggest that current account motives matter only for EMs and LICs and capital account motives matter for all groups while being more important for EMs in both the shortand long runs. The CCEPMG results also point to the importance of taking into account unobserved common factors that affect coefficient estimates and the dynamic process through which reserves adjust to changes. At about 0.6, the speed of adjustment to the long-run equilibrium implies that more than half of the gap between actual and desired reserve holdings is closed within a year.