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Aspects Of Modelling Chlorine Decay In Water Distribution Systems
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Book Synopsis Aspects of Modelling Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Systems by : UK Water Industry Research Limited
Download or read book Aspects of Modelling Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Systems written by UK Water Industry Research Limited and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization and Modeling of Chlorine Decay in Distribution Systems by : John J. Vasconcelos
Download or read book Characterization and Modeling of Chlorine Decay in Distribution Systems written by John J. Vasconcelos and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1996 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : National Research Council
Download or read book Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-22 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.
Book Synopsis Predictive Models for Water Quality in Distribution Systems by : J. Clement
Download or read book Predictive Models for Water Quality in Distribution Systems written by J. Clement and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2005-04-30 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are two groups of specialists involved in the development and application of water quality models, each of which have a different perspective on the use of models: Academics and scientists - chemistry specialists and microbiologists who develop the models. Practitioners - modelers and distribution engineers who use them to solve problems. There are limitations and constraints in the characterization of the underlying processes and the practical application of models to distribution networks, which require further research. The objectives of the research were to characterize the current state of predictive distribution system water quality models and to identify critical research needs for their improvement. The project reviewed both the development and application of models. The report is intended to both steer future research and to act as a general reference on water quality modeling. The report combines a literature review with the practical experience of the project team. The content of a draft report was discussed at an international workshop attended by academics, engineers, scientists, and hydraulic modelers with the objective of agreeing on specific research needs necessary to improve predictive modeling for water quality in distribution systems. The conclusions of the report are derived from the workshop and form the basis of 11 specific research briefs that have been submitted to AwwaRF for consideration of funding. Researchers often focus on modeling the individual processes that control water quality rather than fully modeling water quality throughout distribution systems. For these "process models" to be applied to real distribution networks, they need to be extended to take in account the physical characteristics of the system?the special and temporal variations in flow, velocity and water age, and the effects of mixing water that has traveled along different flow paths.
Book Synopsis Modeling Chlorine Decay in Dead Ends of Water Distribution Systems Under Generalized Intermittent Flow Conditions by : Andreas Richter
Download or read book Modeling Chlorine Decay in Dead Ends of Water Distribution Systems Under Generalized Intermittent Flow Conditions written by Andreas Richter and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dead-end zones of water distribution network pose special challenges for chlorine distribution modeling: Long residence times and varying flow rates can lead to significantly reduced chlorine levels or varying concentration profiles. Currently, no chlorine transport model is able to address these problems correctly. In this work, a generalized unsteady state chlorine transport model was developed, accounting for transport by diffusion and convection and for chlorine reaction in the bulk water or at the wall. The resulting partial differential equation was solved numerically using an Alternating Difference Implicit(ADI) scheme. Furthermore, experiments were conducted at a pilot scale dead-end distribution system. The results were analyzed to detail the bulk reaction mechanism and to obtain model parameters. Additionally, example model calculations of theoretical and experimental unsteady flow profiles are shown and analyzed. The model was found to generally represent the behavior in dead-end zones of water distribution networks very well. The quality of the model results was found to be influenced by the confidence in the model parameters.
Book Synopsis Management of Regrowth and Modeling Chlorine Residuals in the Madison Water Utility Distribution System by : Ryan Campbell
Download or read book Management of Regrowth and Modeling Chlorine Residuals in the Madison Water Utility Distribution System written by Ryan Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems by : American Water Works Association
Download or read book Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems written by American Water Works Association and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated from the 1989 version, this manual presents the basics of computerized programs and processes for control and maintenance of a water distribution system. Discussed are operational functions that should be included, how systems should be designed and organized and what operators should be aware of to integrate new data into current systems.
Book Synopsis Maintaining Distribution System Residuals Through Booster Chlorination by : James G. Uber
Download or read book Maintaining Distribution System Residuals Through Booster Chlorination written by James G. Uber and published by IWA Publishing (International Water Assoc). This book was released on 2004 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project was to discuss the potential advantages associated with booster disinfection, the kinetics of chlorine decay and trihalomethane (THM) formation under rechlorination conditions, and the use of network hydraulic and water quality models to locate booster disinfection stations and determine their dose characteristics. The following are highlights from the research: A laboratory procedure was proposed for analyzing chlorine decay under simulated booster conditions. An initial set of experiments evaluated disinfectant decay under booster conditions, and found it to be dependent on both the magnitude and time of the boost dose. THM formation under booster conditions showed no long-term reduction for any set of results, indicating THM formation is not solely dependent on disinfectant concentration. In booster chloramination, boosting with chlorine appeared to be very successful at producing and maintaining a low ammonia concentration by recombining with the ammonia formed from chloramine decay. A second-order model, including a reaction component that represents natural organic matter, was developed to describe chlorine decay and THM formation under booster conditions. A method was developed to determine good locations and schedules for multiple booster doses by a systematic evaluation of alternative designs using network models. By exploring the disinfection decay kinetics under rechlorination, and developing methods for booster chlorination systems design, the project results will assist utilities and consultants in making better use of booster disinfection as a residual maintenance approach. Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003
Book Synopsis Development of a Chlorine Decay and Trihalomethane Formation Modeling Protocol Using Initial Distribution System Evaluation Data by : James P. Cooper
Download or read book Development of a Chlorine Decay and Trihalomethane Formation Modeling Protocol Using Initial Distribution System Evaluation Data written by James P. Cooper and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently many water distribution systems (WDS) developed and calibrated extended period simulation model to assist in the Initial Distribution System Evaluation (IDSE). The IDSE is the first phase of the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The purpose of the IDSE was to identify locations within the WDS for Stage 2 D/DBP compliance monitoring. This research aided two northern Ohio distribution systems in completion of the IDSE requirements and further develops the models to predict chlorine residuals and trihalomethane (THM) concentrations.Existing models were utilized as a base and updated with data collected during extensive field studies. A Form 4: Modeling Study Plan, which provides justification that the models meet minimum calibration requirements was submitted and approved by the USEPA. The updated models were utilized to select Stage 2 D/DBP future monitoring locations. Drafts of Form 5: IDSE Report for a Modeling SSS were completed for each system.First-order reaction expressions were developed to estimate the effects of bulk reactions and reactions occurring along the surface of the distribution system pipes (wall) for free chlorine decay and THM formation. Most reaction expressions that utilize a global wall reaction rate coefficient in units of inverse time do not accurately represent the proportion of reactions occurring along the wall. As a chemical travels through a pipe, wall reactions within larger diameter pipes will have less of an effect on the overall reaction than when flowing through a smaller diameter pipe. This is because the ratio of the pipe surface to a unit volume of water is not constant throughout the distribution system. This is, however, constant given a specific flow path from the point of entry into the distribution system to any fixed point, such as a sampling location. In order to account for this wall reaction variability, a series of flow path diameter fractions are employed within the chlorine decay and THM formation expressions. A probabilistic approach using Bayesian statistics is then utilized to estimate the bulk and wall reaction coefficients. The flow path specific expressions better predicted actual data.
Book Synopsis Kinetics of Free Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Systems by :
Download or read book Kinetics of Free Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Smart and Innovative Trends in Next Generation Computing Technologies by : Pushpak Bhattacharyya
Download or read book Smart and Innovative Trends in Next Generation Computing Technologies written by Pushpak Bhattacharyya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-08 with total page 843 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two-volume set CCIS 827 and 828 constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies, NGCT 2017, held in Dehradun, India, in October 2017. The 135 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 948 submissions. There were organized in topical sections named: Smart and Innovative Trends in Communication Protocols and Standards; Smart and Innovative Trends in Computational Intelligence and Data Science; Smart and Innovative Trends in Image Processing and Machine Vision; Smart Innovative Trends in Natural Language Processing for Indian Languages; Smart Innovative Trends in Security and Privacy.
Book Synopsis Feedback Control Booster Chlorination Systems by : James G. Uber
Download or read book Feedback Control Booster Chlorination Systems written by James G. Uber and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report presents a foundation of feedback control algorithms and associated modeling tools. This foundation is necessary for the future development of utility-specific control schemes. The ultimate vision adopted in the report is one of a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) feedback control system, where booster chlorination stations are distributed at key points in the system and are fed information from distributed chlorine sensors located in critical areas. The report also presents the elements of a comprehensive design method for distributed chlorine controller design.Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003 This publication can be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below
Book Synopsis Advanced Water Distribution Modeling and Management by : Thomas M. Walski
Download or read book Advanced Water Distribution Modeling and Management written by Thomas M. Walski and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying CD-ROM includes: a 25-pipe academic version of WaterCAD with stand-alone interface; the WaterCAD files for individual problems; the WaterCAD user manual and an examination booklet for continuing education credits; Adobe Acrobat Reader software for viewing the manual and booklet.
Book Synopsis Modeling Chlorine Decay and Chlorination By-product Formation in Water Treatment and Distribution by : John N. McClellan
Download or read book Modeling Chlorine Decay and Chlorination By-product Formation in Water Treatment and Distribution written by John N. McClellan and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :030949382X Total Pages :291 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Management of Legionella in Water Systems by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Book Synopsis Water Software Systems by : B. Ulanicki
Download or read book Water Software Systems written by B. Ulanicki and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These conference proceedings reflect the current and future roles of modelling and optimization in the description and management of water industry systems. Balanced views of academic and industry experts from around the world are included in the two volumes of papers. Insights are provided into the experiences of leading researchers and practitioners in apply modelling and optimisation to the management of water quantity and quality.
Book Synopsis Modeling Vulnerability and Effectiveness of Chlorination in Drinking Water Distribution Systems by : Refet Sinem Atgin
Download or read book Modeling Vulnerability and Effectiveness of Chlorination in Drinking Water Distribution Systems written by Refet Sinem Atgin and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Residual chlorines are provided in water distribution systems to maintain the inactivation of pathogens intruded into network. The effectiveness of chlorine residuals on pathogen removal can be determined using system vulnerability assessment. The effectiveness of chlorination was determined separately and it was determined as higher than that of the distribution and dilution for two case networks studied. CT (Chlorine Residual Concentration x Contact Time) value which is used as an important criterion to assess the inactivation of pathogens, is complicated to be determined for distribution networks due to varying residence times and chlorine concentrations. The relation of CT value with the removal ratio of pathogens was used to estimate CT value for distribution networks. The results of case studies indicate that CT value determined for a distribution network does not only depend on concentration and contact time of chlorine residuals but also temperature, pH and intrusion location and duration.
