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Are Improved Water Supply And Sanitation Always Safe For Children
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Book Synopsis Are Improved Water Supply and Sanitation Always Safe for Children? by : Joseph J. Capuno
Download or read book Are Improved Water Supply and Sanitation Always Safe for Children? written by Joseph J. Capuno and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2010, the Philippines appeared to be on track to attain by 2015 its target for Millennium Development Goals 4 (Reduce child mortality), but less so for Goal 7 (Ensure environmental sustainability). In pursuit of the latter, the government expands its provision of water and services to more households. Applying propensity score matching technique on the data from the four rounds of a nationwide survey, such interventions are found to reduce the incidence of child diarrhea, a persistent top cause of child mortality, though not always. The impact of improved sources of drinking water is 1.3% to 2.6% in 1993 and 2.9% to 4.6% in 2003, but none is found in 1998 and 2008. The impact of improved sanitation is 1.2% to 2.1% in 1993 and 3.1% to 4.7% in 2008; but none is found in 1998 and 2003. In addition to health interventions, the regular monitoring of the quality of water and sanitation at the household level is suggested to achieve Goal 4. -- Water and sanitation ; child health ; MDGs ; Philippines
Book Synopsis Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene by : Weltbank
Download or read book Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene written by Weltbank and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Better hygiene and access to drinking water and sanitation will accelerate progress toward two millennium development goals (MDGs): 'reduce under-five child mortality rate by 2/3 between 1990 and 2015' and "by 2015 halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation". Meeting the latter goal will require infrastructure investments of about US$23 billion per year, to improve water services for 1.5 billion more people (292,000 people per day) and access to safe sanitation for 2.2 billion additional people (397,000 per day). Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are about more than health. Saved time, particularly for women and children, is a major benefit. Beneficiaries of water and sanitation projects in India reported these benefits: less tension/conflict in homes and communities; community unity, self-esteem, women's empowerment (less harassment) and improved school attendance (Water Aid 2001). Improved hygiene (hand washing) and sanitation (latrines) have more impact than drinking water quality on health outcomes, specifically reductions in diarrhea, parasitic infections, morbidity and mortality, and increases in child growth (Esrey et al 1991; Hutley et al 1997). Most endemic diarrhea is not water-borne, but transmitted from person to person by poor hygiene practices, so an increase in the quantity of water has a greater health impact than improved water quality because it makes it possible (or at least more feasible) for people to adopt safe hygiene behaviors (Esrey et al 1996).
Book Synopsis The Impact of Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation on Child Health by : Muhammed A. Usman
Download or read book The Impact of Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation on Child Health written by Muhammed A. Usman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the impact of drinking water quality and sanitation behavior on child health in rural districts of Ethiopia. Using primary household survey data and microbiological water test for Escherichia coli, we use various estimation methods to quantify the impacts of water quality and sanitation behavior on diarrhea incidence among children under five years old. Our results show that uncontaminated household storage water and safe child stool disposal decrease incidence of child diarrhea by 16% and 23% respectively. In contrast, neighborhood concentration of pit latrine increases incidence of child diarrhea by 12%. The latter result casts serious doubt on the assumed health and social benefits of moving from open to fixed-location defecation. Creating open defecation free communities in rural areas is not enough to achieve the desired health benefits of sanitation. To protect rural households from the risk of contracting communicable diseases, existing pit latrines should be upgraded to make them safer to use - fly-proofed and hygienic. There is a need for appropriate policy actions to improve household drinking water quality and to change people's behavior towards safe sanitation practices. Increasing access to clean water supply and providing means for safe excreta disposal will bring significant health and social gains. Moreover, promotion of hygiene education campaigns about household water treatment, safe water storage and handling, washing hands with soaps at critical times, and adequately removing child feces from the domestic environment can also help ensure that people preserve good health in their household and their community.
Book Synopsis State of the world’s drinking water by : World Health Organization
Download or read book State of the world’s drinking water written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Rural Development in Punjab by : Autar S. Dhesi
Download or read book Rural Development in Punjab written by Autar S. Dhesi and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2020-11-29 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, agricultural development in Punjab symbolised one of the most successful experiments in rural development. However, this success story seems to be going astray. The crux of the problem, this volume suggests, is that externally driven modernization to meet national food needs pushed Punjab into highly specialized production of wheat and rice, resulting in over-utilisation of natural resources with adverse environmental consequences that jeopardizing the long-term viability and sustainability of the agrarian economy. Stagnating productivity, reduced farm size, falling household incomes, depleting groundwater resources, are only a few of the problems that characterise Punjab’s agriculture today. The book establishes clearly that rural development implies more than transformation of traditional agriculture. Apart from ensuring efficient use of limited resources to sustain agricultural production, rural policy should encompass promotion of non-farm activities, investments in social and economic structure and civic amenities.
Book Synopsis Water, sanitation and child health: Evidence from subnational panel data in 59 countries by : Headey, Derek D.
Download or read book Water, sanitation and child health: Evidence from subnational panel data in 59 countries written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-08-24 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) investments are widely seen as essential for improving health in early childhood. However, the experimental literature on WASH interventions identifies inconsistent impacts on child health outcomes, with relatively robust impacts on diarrhea and other symptoms of infection, but weak and varying impacts on child nutrition. In contrast, observational research exploiting cross-sectional variation in water and sanitation access is much more sanguine, finding strong associations with diarrhea prevalence, mortality and stunting. In practice, both literatures suffer from significant methodological limitations. Experimental WASH evaluations are often subject to poor compliance, rural bias, and short duration of exposure, while cross-sectional observational evidence may be highly vulnerable to omitted variables bias. To overcome some of the limitations of both literatures, we construct a panel of 442 subnational regions in 59 countries with multiple Demographic Health Surveys. This large subnational panel is used to implement difference-in-difference regressions that allow us to examine whether longer term changes in water and sanitation at the subnational level predict improvements in child morbidity, mortality and nutrition. We find results that are partially consistent with both literatures. Improved water access is statistically insignificantly associated with most outcomes, although water piped into the dwelling predicts reductions in child stunting. Improvements in sanitation predict large reductions in diarrhea prevalence and child mortality, but are not associated with changes in stunting or wasting. We estimate that sanitation improvements can account for just under 10% of the decline in child mortality from 1990-2015.
Book Synopsis Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation Aid by : Emil N. Raleigh
Download or read book Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation Aid written by Emil N. Raleigh and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to a 2012 report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), roughly 780 million people around the world lack access to clean drinking water and an estimated 2.5 billion people (roughly 40% of the world's population) are without access to safe sanitation facilities. The United States has long supported efforts to improve global access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). In 2000, for example, the United States signed on the Millennium Development Goals, one of which includes a target to halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. This book focuses on the bilateral WASH programs authorized by the Water for the Poor Act. These programs are monitored and reported by the Department of State and implemented primarily by USAID and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).
Book Synopsis Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings by : John Adams
Download or read book Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings written by John Adams and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Diseases related to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene are a huge burden in developing countries. It is estimated that 88% of diarrhoeal disease is caused by unsafe water supply, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene (WHO, 2004c). Many schools serve communities that have a high prevalence of diseases related to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and where child malnutrition and other underlying health problems are common. Schools, particularly those in rural areas, often completely lack drinking-water and sanitation and handwashing facilities; alternatively, where such facilities do exist they are often inadequate in both quality and quantity. Schools with poor water, sanitation and hygiene conditions, and intense levels of person-to-person contact, are high-risk environments for children and staff, and exacerbate children's particular susceptibility to environmental health hazards. Children's ability to learn may be affected by inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in several ways. These include helminth infections (which affect hundreds of millions of school-age children), long-term exposure to chemical contaminants in water (e.g. lead and arsenic), diarrhoeal diseases and malaria infections, all of which force many schoolchildren to be absent from school. Poor environmental conditions in the classroom can also make both teaching and learning very difficult. Girls and boys are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in schools, and this may contribute to unequal learning opportunities. Sometimes, girls and female teachers are more affected than boys because the lack of sanitary facilities means that they cannot attend school during menstruation. The international policy environment increasingly reflects these issues. Providing adequate levels of water supply, sanitation and hygiene in schools is of direct relevance to the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals of achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and reducing child mortality. It is also supportive of other goals, especially those on major diseases and infant mortality." - p. iii
Book Synopsis Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems by : Joseph Cotruvo
Download or read book Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems written by Joseph Cotruvo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The continued lack of access to adequate amounts of safe drinking water is one of the primary causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and a serious situation which governments, international agencies and private organizations are striving to alleviate. Barriers to providing safe drinking water for rural areas and small communities that must be overcome include the financing and stability of small systems, their operation, and appropriate, cost-effective technologies to treat and deliver water to consumers. While we know how to technically produce safe drinking water, we are not always able to achieve sustainable safe water supplies for small systems in developed and developing countries. Everyone wants to move rapidly to reach the goal of universal safe drinking water, because safe water is the most fundamental essential element for personal and social health and welfare. Without safe water and a safe environment, sustained personal economic and cultural development is impossible. Often small rural systems are the last in the opportunity line. Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems describes feasible technologies, operating procedures, management, and financing opportunities to alleviate problems faced by small water systems in both developed and developing countries. In addition to widely used traditional technologies this reference presents emerging technologies and non-traditional approaches to water treatment, management, sources of energy, and the delivery of safe water.
Book Synopsis Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India by : Jyotsna Jalan
Download or read book Does Piped Water Reduce Diarrhea for Children in Rural India written by Jyotsna Jalan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's health improves on average as a result of policy interventions that expand access to piped water. However, the gains largely bypass children in poor and poorly educated families.
Book Synopsis Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in schools by : United Nations Children's Fund
Download or read book Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in schools written by United Nations Children's Fund and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Core Questions on Drinking-water and Sanitation for Household Surveys by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Core Questions on Drinking-water and Sanitation for Household Surveys written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2006-05-24 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safe water and adequate sanitation are basic to the health of every person on the planet yet many people throughout the world do not have access to these fundamental needs. An important step towards resolving this global crisis is to understand its magnitude: how many people lack access to drinking water and sanitation? To help answer this question household surveys and censuses are conducted every year throughout the world to assess drinking water sanitation and hygiene-related practices at the household level. Because of variations in survey tools attempts to compare the results of one survey with those of another have been fraught with diffi culties. Solving survey comparability problems is crucial if we are to establish accurate trends over time within a country and compare data between countries. For this reason the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation developed a set of harmonized survey questions that resolves the comparability problems of the past. Including the harmonized questions in national surveys and censuses will help countries gain more systematic information on the drinking water and sanitation needs of thei population. With popular use these harmonized questions will make data across international and national survey programmes more comparable which in turn will result in more accurate country regional and global estimates of unmet drinking water and sanitation needs. The core harmonized questions presented in this guide have been adopted by the Demographic and Health Surveys the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey and the World Health Survey. The purpose of this guide is to encourage even more widespread use of these harmonized questions because accurate information is a valuable tool that can be used to assess progress towards international and national goals and targets. It also allows decision-makers and stakeholders to make evidence-based choices and direct efforts to where they are needed as well as promotes increased investment in the sector.
Author :Committee on Small Water Supply Systems Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309522846 Total Pages :229 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (95 download)
Book Synopsis Safe Water From Every Tap by : Committee on Small Water Supply Systems
Download or read book Safe Water From Every Tap written by Committee on Small Water Supply Systems and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-01-13 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Small communities violate federal requirements for safe drinking water as much as three times more often than cities. Yet these communities often cannot afford to improve their water service. Safe Water From Every Tap reviews the risks of violating drinking water standards and discusses options for improving water service in small communities. Included are detailed reviews of a wide range of technologies appropriate for treating drinking water in small communities. The book also presents a variety of institutional options for improving the management efficiency and financial stability of water systems.
Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries by : Dean T. Jamison
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries written by Dean T. Jamison and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-04-02 with total page 1449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.
Book Synopsis Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality by : World Health Organization
Download or read book Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.
Download or read book Make it Safe written by Amanda M. Klasing and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The report, 'Make It Safe: Canada's Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis,' documents the impacts of serious and prolonged drinking water and sanitation problems for thousands of indigenous people--known as "First Nations"--living on reserves. It assesses why there are problems with safe water and sanitation on reserves, including a lack of binding water quality regulations, erratic and insufficient funding, faulty or sub-standard infrastructure, and degraded source waters. The federal government's own audits over two decades show a pattern of overpromising and underperforming on water and sanitation for reserves"--Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Drinking Water Quality and Child Health in South Asia by : Ayse Ercumen
Download or read book Drinking Water Quality and Child Health in South Asia written by Ayse Ercumen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ensuring access to safe drinking water is a key strategy for reducing waterborne illness. The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) differentiates between unimproved and improved sources to universally classify water access. This classification, however, is based on the type and location of the water source and does not take into account water quality; even sources classified as improved can have compromised water quality and pose a health risk from waterborne illness. One type of improved water source in urban settings is piped drinking water on premises. However, the presence of a piped connection gives little information about the quality, quantity and frequency of water delivery. Even in settings with centralized water treatment, piped water distribution systems are vulnerable to performance deficiencies that can cause (re)contamination of treated water and plausibly lead to increased risk of gastrointestinal illness (GII) in consumers. It is well established that large system disruptions in piped water networks can cause GII outbreaks. We hypothesized that routine network problems can also contribute to background levels of waterborne illness and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of distribution system deficiencies on endemic GII. We reviewed published studies that compare direct tap water consumption to consumption of tap water re-treated at the point of use (POU) and studies of specific system deficiencies such as breach of physical or hydraulic pipe integrity and lack of disinfectant residual. In settings with network malfunction, consumers of tap versus POU-treated water had increased GII (IDR = 1.34, 1.00-1.79). The subset of non-blinded studies showed a marked association between GII and tap versus POU-treated water consumption (IDR = 1.52, 1.05-2.20); there was no association in studies that blinded participants to their POU water treatment status (IDR = 0.98, 0.90-1.08). Among studies focusing on specific network deficiencies, increased GII was associated with temporary water outages (RR = 3.26, 1.48-7.19) as well as chronic outages in intermittently operated distribution systems (OR = 1.61, 1.26-2.07). These findings suggest that tap water consumption is associated with GII in malfunctioning distribution networks. System deficiencies such as water outages increase the risk of GII, presenting a potential health risk for consumers served by piped water networks. Additionally, intermittent delivery of piped water is a common form of water supply in low-income countries. Intermittent supply can lead to waterborne illness through contamination of water in pipelines or in household storage, use of unsafe water sources during intermittencies and limited water availability for hygiene. To assess the health impact of intermittent water delivery as a particular type of breach of hydraulic pipe integrity, we conducted a matched cohort study to assess the impact of switching from intermittent to continuous water supply in Hubli-Dharwad, India, on child diarrhea and mortality, and severe waterborne illness in tap water consumers. We used multivariate matching to match continuous supply areas to intermittent supply areas with comparable baseline characteristics in Hubli-Dharwad. We followed 3919 households with children under five over 15 months. In continuous supply areas, we observed 42% reduction in the percentage of households with at least one case of typhoid fever since the program was implemented (CIR = 0.58, 0.41-0.78) and potentially 49% reduction in the percentage of households with death of a child under the age of two (CIR = 0.51, 0.22-1.07). Consistently with these reductions, our findings also suggested reductions in seven-day prevalence of diarrhea (PR = 0.93, 0.83-1.04) blood or mucus in stool (PR = 0.78, 0.60-1.01) in children under five in continuous supply areas. These reductions were more pronounced in low-income households (diarrhea PR = 0.89, 0.76-1.04; blood/mucus PR = 0.63, 0.46-0.87). The effect of rainfall on the impact of continuous supply on child waterborne illness was inconclusive. Our findings indicate that switching from intermittent to continuous water supply reduced waterborne illness in Hubli-Dharwad. Another type of improved water source, commonly used in rural settings, is tubewells that draw groundwater from shallow aquifers. Shallow tubewells are the primary drinking water source for the majority of rural Bangladeshis. While groundwater is often considered microbiologically safe, fecal contamination has been detected in tubewell water, typically at low concentrations at the source and at higher levels at the point of use. The magnitude of the waterborne disease burden associated with consumption of tubewell water is not well understood. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess whether improving the microbial quality of tubewell drinking water by household water treatment and safe storage would reduce diarrhea in children
