Archaeology Of The Ionian Sea

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Archaeology of the Ionian Sea

Author : Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789256747
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeology of the Ionian Sea by : Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood

Download or read book Archaeology of the Ionian Sea written by Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2021-12-22 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a thematic collection of papers dealing with the Stone Age and Bronze Age archaeology of the Ionian Sea, situated off the south western Balkan peninsula. It is based on an international conference held in Athens, Greece in January 2020. The eastern Ionian occupies a geographically complex area, which since the Pleistocene has undergone significant alterations due to tectonic activity and sea-level fluctuations. This dynamic environment, where islands, mainland, and sea intertwined to present different landscapes and seascapes to the human communities exploring the region at different times in the past, provides an ideal setting for their study from a diachronic perspective. This book deals thematically with the processes of circulation of people, materials, artefacts and ideas by examining patterns of settlement, burial and multi-layered interconnections between the different communities via land and sea. It investigates aspects of regional and interregional communication, isolation, collective memory and the creation of distinct identities within and between different cultural and social groups. It focuses on the islands of the Central Ionian Sea, offering new data from excavations and surveys on Zakynthos, Kefalonia, Ithaki and the smaller islands of the Inner Ionian Archipelago between Lefkada and Akarnania. The cultural interchange between the islands and the continental coasts is reflected in the volume with the addition of chapters dealing with contemporary sites in west Greece and southeast Italy. The Ionian, often regarded as 'at the fringes' of the Aegean, the Balkan and the central Mediterranean archaeological discourse, has lately offered new and exciting data that not only enrich but also alter our perceptions of mobility, settlement and interaction. The collection of papers in this book enhances theoretical discussions by offering a geographically and culturally comparative approach, ranging from the earliest Palaeolithic evidence of human presence in the region to the end of the Bronze Age.

The Ionian Islands

Author : Anthony Hirst
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443862789
Total Pages : 477 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ionian Islands by : Anthony Hirst

Download or read book The Ionian Islands written by Anthony Hirst and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-26 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ionian Islands stretch south from the Adriatic, where Corfu’s Pantokrator mountain overlooks Albania across narrow straits, along the western coast of mainland Greece through Paxi, Kephalonia, Ithaca, Lefkada and Zakynthos, to Kythira, midway between Athens and Crete. Three crucial sea-battles were fought here – Sybota (the first recorded), Actium and Lepanto – an indication of the Ionians’ role as an East-West crossroads, between Western Christendom and the Orthodox and Islamic East. Ruled by Venice in her Stato da Mar (sea-empire), the islands became an independent state, as the Septinsular Republic and then, under British Protection, as the United States of the Ionian Islands. Before the mainland Greeks had a State, the Ionian people were proud of having a university – from 1824 – in Corfu town, a World Heritage Site. The islands were united with the Kingdom of Greece in 1864 – the first addition to its territory. This book (with over thirty illustrations) explores the history, archaeology, languages, customs and culture of the Ionian Islands. Without venturing far from the islands, readers will learn much about this distinctive part of the Mediterranean and Greek world. The chapters range from the mythology of the Bronze Age (Homer’s Scheria, where Odysseus startled Nausicaa as she bathed) to today, concentrating particularly on the British Protectorate (1815–1864). One, illustrated by contemporary maps, deals with descriptions of the islands by a fourteenth-century Venetian writing in Latin. The roles of Jews, Souliot refugees, Greek revolutionaries, rebel peasants in Cephalonia, and workers in Corfu’s port suburb of Mandouki are examined in detail. There are contributions on religion and philosophy, as well as literature, music, painting, and the folk-art of carved walking-canes.

The Ionian Islands in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, 3000-800 BC

Author : Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 0853236542
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (532 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ionian Islands in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, 3000-800 BC by : Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood

Download or read book The Ionian Islands in the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, 3000-800 BC written by Christina Souyoudzoglou-Haywood and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is always interesting to read studies of insular or isolated groups or environments, and to speculate on why they do not tend to mirror changes in neighbouring areas. This book studies the archaeological evidence during the period 3000-800 BC, the settlements, cemeteries, artefacts and environment of each individual island. In a concluding chapter the islands are studied as a group looking at general sequences of historical and cultural development and the role of foreign, outside influences in accounting or contributing to these changes. A clear and well illustrated archaeological study.

A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean, 2 Volume Set

Author : Irene S. Lemos
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118770196
Total Pages : 1484 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean, 2 Volume Set by : Irene S. Lemos

Download or read book A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean, 2 Volume Set written by Irene S. Lemos and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-09 with total page 1484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Companion that examines together two pivotal periods of Greek archaeology and offers a rich analysis of early Greek culture A Companion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean offers an original and inclusive review of two key periods of Greek archaeology, which are typically treated separately—the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. It presents an in-depth exploration of the society and material culture of Greece and the Mediterranean, from the 14th to the early 7th centuries BC. The two-volume companion sets Aegean developments within their broader geographic and cultural context, and presents the wide-ranging interactions with the Mediterranean. The companion bridges the gap that typically exists between Prehistoric and Classical Archaeology and examines material culture and social practice across Greece and the Mediterranean. A number of specialists examine the environment and demography, and analyze a range of textual and archaeological evidence to shed light on socio-political and cultural developments. The companion also emphasizes regionalism in the archaeology of early Greece and examines the responses of different regions to major phenomena such as state formation, literacy, migration and colonization. Comprehensive in scope, this important companion: Outlines major developments in the two key phases of early Greece, the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age Includes studies of the geography, chronology and demography of early Greece Explores the development of early Greek state and society and examines economy, religion, art and material culture Sets Aegean developments within their Mediterranean context Written for students, and scholars interested in the material culture of the era, ACompanion to the Archaeology of Early Greece and the Mediterranean offers a comprehensive and authoritative guide that bridges the gap between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. 2020 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title Winner!

Trinacria, 'An Island Outside Time'

Author : Christopher Prescott
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1789255929
Total Pages : 666 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (892 download)

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Book Synopsis Trinacria, 'An Island Outside Time' by : Christopher Prescott

Download or read book Trinacria, 'An Island Outside Time' written by Christopher Prescott and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2021-05-12 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trinacria, the ancient name for Sicily extending back to Homeric Greek, has understandably been the focus of decades of archaeological research. Recognizing Sicily’s rich prehistory and pivotal role in the history of the Mediterranean, Sebastiano Tusa - professor, head of heritage agencies and councillor for Cultural Heritage for the Sicilian Region - promoted the exploration of the island’s heritage through international collaboration. His decades of fostering research initiatives not only produced rich archaeological results spanning the Palaeolithic to the modern era but brought scholars from a range of schools and disciplines to work together in Sicily. Through his efforts, uniquely productive methodological, theoretical and interpretative networks were created. Their impact extends far beyond Sicily and Italy. To highlight these networks and their results, the Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, the Swedish Institute in Rome, the Norwegian Institute in Rome, the British School at Rome and the Assessorato dei Beni Culturali of Sicily, with generous support from the Swedish Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, assembled this anthology of papers. The aim is to present a selection of the work of and results from contemporary, multi-national research projects in Sicily. The collaboration between the Sicilian and international partners, often in an interdisciplinary framework, has generated important results and perspectives. The articles in this volume present research projects from throughout the island. The core of the articles is concerned with the Archaic through to the Roman period, but diachronic studies also trace lines back to the Stone Age and up to the contemporary era. A range of methods and sources are explored, thus creating an up-to-date volume that is a referential gateway to contemporary Sicilian archaeology.

Butrint 4

Author : Inge Lyse Hansen
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1842174622
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Butrint 4 by : Inge Lyse Hansen

Download or read book Butrint 4 written by Inge Lyse Hansen and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2013-01-08 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This richly illustrated volume discusses the histories of the port city of Butrint, and its intimate connection to the wider conditions of the Adriatic. In so doing it is a reading, and re-reading, of the site that adds significantly to the study of Mediterranean urban history over the longue durée . Firstly, the book proposes a new paradigm for the development-history of Butrint - based on discussions of the latest archaeological, historical and landscape studies from approximately 20 new excavations and surveys, together covering a temporal arch from prehistory to the early modern period. Secondly, it examines how the perception of the city influenced the archaeological methodology of 20th-century studies of the site, where iteration and reversal were often being applied in equal measure. In this it asks important questions on the management of heritage sites and the contemporary role of archaeological practise. Inge Lyse Hansen is Adjunct Professor of Art History at John Cabot University and specialises in the visual and material culture of the Roman world. She has published on portraiture, funerary art and the use of role models and patronage and has edited several archaeological volumes. Richard Hodges is Scientific Director of the Butrint Foundation, a leading medieval archaeologist and the author of more than 20 books. Sarah Leppard has led or participated in more than 15 excavations in eight countries and has managed major excavations at Butrint.

IKUWA6. Shared Heritage: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for Underwater Archaeology

Author : Jennifer A. Rodrigues
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1784916439
Total Pages : 698 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (849 download)

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Book Synopsis IKUWA6. Shared Heritage: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for Underwater Archaeology by : Jennifer A. Rodrigues

Download or read book IKUWA6. Shared Heritage: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress for Underwater Archaeology written by Jennifer A. Rodrigues and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2020-09-03 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Celebrating the theme ‘Shared heritage’, this volume presents the peer-reviewed proceedings from IKUWA6 (the 6th International Congress for Underwater Archaeology, Fremantle 2016). Papers offer a stimulating diversity of themes and niche topics of value to maritime archaeology practitioners, researchers, students, museum professionals and more.

Journal of Greek Archaeology Volume 3 2018

Author :
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789690323
Total Pages : 532 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Journal of Greek Archaeology Volume 3 2018 by :

Download or read book Journal of Greek Archaeology Volume 3 2018 written by and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: True to its initial aims, the latest volume of the Journal of Greek Archaeology runs the whole chronological range of Greek Archaeology, while including every kind of material culture.

The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes

Author : Geoff Bailey
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030373673
Total Pages : 569 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes by : Geoff Bailey

Download or read book The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes written by Geoff Bailey and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-09 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access volume provides for the first time a comprehensive description and scientific evaluation of underwater archaeological finds referring to human occupation of the continental shelf around the coastlines of Europe and the Mediterranean when sea levels were lower than present. These are the largest body of underwater finds worldwide, amounting to over 2500 find spots, ranging from individual stone tools to underwater villages with unique conditions of preservation. The material reviewed here ranges in date from the Lower Palaeolithic period to the Bronze Age and covers 20 countries bordering all the major marine basins from the Atlantic coasts of Ireland and Norway to the Black Sea, and from the western Baltic to the eastern Mediterranean. The finds from each country are presented in their archaeological context, with information on the history of discovery, conditions of preservation and visibility, their relationship to regional changes in sea-level and coastal geomorphology, and the institutional arrangements for their investigation and protection. Editorial introductions summarise the findings from each of the major marine basins. There is also a final section with extensive discussion of the historical background and the legal and regulatory frameworks that inform the management of the underwater cultural heritage and collaboration between offshore industries, archaeologists and government agencies. The volume is based on the work of COST Action TD0902 SPLASHCOS, a multi-disciplinary and multi-national research network supported by the EU-funded COST organisation (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The primary readership is research and professional archaeologists, marine and Quaternary scientists, cultural-heritage managers, commercial and governmental organisations, policy makers, and all those with an interest in the sea floor of the continental shelf and the human impact of changes in climate, sea-level and coastal geomorphology.

Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf

Author : Geoffrey N. Bailey
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319531603
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf by : Geoffrey N. Bailey

Download or read book Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf written by Geoffrey N. Bailey and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-16 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on issues of method and interpretation in studies of submerged landscapes, concentrating on illustrations and case studies from around Europe with additional examples from other parts of the world. Such landscapes were once exposed as dry land during the low sea levels that prevailed during the glacial periods that occupied most of the past million years and provided extensive new territories for human exploitation. Their study today involves underwater investigation, using techniques and strategies which are clearly set out in these chapters. The underwater landscape provides a rich source of information about the archaeology of human settlement and long-term changes in environment, climate and sea-level. This book highlights how such information can be revealed and interpreted. The examples presented here and the focus on techniques make this book of worldwide relevance. Chapters describe examples of underwater archaeological investigation as well as collaboration with offshore industries and legal, management and training issues relating to underwater cultural heritage. Such studies point to the significance of this drowned landscape, and readers are invited to consider its human impact in terms of past settlement and population dispersal through palaeolandscape reconstruction and interpretation in relation to broader themes in human prehistory. This volume is based on work from COST Action SPLASHCOS, a four-year multi-disciplinary and multi-national research program supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) and has something to benefit all those with an interest in the sea floor of the continental shelf and the archaeological and social impact of sea-level change, including archaeologists, marine scientists, geographers, cultural-heritage managers, commercial and governmental organisations, policy makers and interested members of the public.

Archaic and Classical Harbours of the Greek World

Author : Chiara Maria Mauro
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 178969129X
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaic and Classical Harbours of the Greek World by : Chiara Maria Mauro

Download or read book Archaic and Classical Harbours of the Greek World written by Chiara Maria Mauro and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the archaeology and history of ancient harbours, with particular focus on the Greek world during the Archaic and Classical eras. It questions what locations were the most propitious for the installation of harbours; what kinds of harbour-works were built and for what purpose; and what harbour forms were documented.

Shrines in a Fluid Space: The Shaping of New Holy Sites in the Ionian Islands, the Peloponnese and Crete under Venetian Rule (14th-16th Centuries)

Download Shrines in a Fluid Space: The Shaping of New Holy Sites in the Ionian Islands, the Peloponnese and Crete under Venetian Rule (14th-16th Centuries) PDF Online Free

Author : Argyri Dermitzaki
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004499547
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Shrines in a Fluid Space: The Shaping of New Holy Sites in the Ionian Islands, the Peloponnese and Crete under Venetian Rule (14th-16th Centuries) by : Argyri Dermitzaki

Download or read book Shrines in a Fluid Space: The Shaping of New Holy Sites in the Ionian Islands, the Peloponnese and Crete under Venetian Rule (14th-16th Centuries) written by Argyri Dermitzaki and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-12-28 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. In Shrines in a Fluid Space: The Shaping of New Holy Sites in the Ionian Islands, the Peloponnese and Crete under Venetian Rule (14th-16th Centuries), Argyri Dermitzaki reconstructs the devotional experiences within the Greek realm of the Venetian Stato da Mar of Western European pilgrims sailing to Jerusalem. The author traces the evolution of the various forms of cultic sites and the perception of them as nodes of a wider network of the pilgrims’ ‘holy topography’. She scrutinises travelogues in conjunction with archaeological, visual and historical evidence and offers a study of the cultic phenomena and sites invested with exceptional meaning at the main ports of call of the pilgrims’ galleys in the Ionian Sea, the Peloponnese and Crete.

Xenocracy

Author : Sakis Gekas
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785332627
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Xenocracy by : Sakis Gekas

Download or read book Xenocracy written by Sakis Gekas and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of the many European territorial reconfigurations that followed the wars of the early nineteenth century, the Ionian State remains among the least understood. Xenocracy offers a much-needed account of the region during its half-century as a Protectorate of Great Britain – a period that embodied all of the contradictions of British colonialism. A middle class of merchants, lawyers and state officials embraced and promoted a liberal modernization project. Yet despite the improvements experienced by many Ionians, the deterioration of state finances led to divisions along class lines and presented a significant threat to social stability. Sakis Gekas shows that the impasse engendered de- pendency upon and ambivalence toward Western Europe, anticipating the ‘neocolonial’ condition with which the Greek nation struggles even today.

The Archaeology of Lucanian Cult Places

Author : Ilaria Battiloro
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317103114
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Lucanian Cult Places by : Ilaria Battiloro

Download or read book The Archaeology of Lucanian Cult Places written by Ilaria Battiloro and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-10 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the emergence and structuring of the Lucanian ethnos during the fourth century BC, a network of cult places, set apart from habitation spaces, was created at the crossroads of the most important communication routes of ancient Lucania. These sanctuaries became centers of social and political aggregation of the local communities: a space in which the community united for all the social manifestations that, in urban societies, were usually performed within the city space. With a detailed analysis of the archaeological record, this study traces the historical and archaeological narrative of Lucanian cult places from their creation to the Late Republican Age, which saw the incorporation of southern Italy into the Roman state. By placing the sanctuaries within their territorial, political, social, and cultural context, Battiloro offers insight into the diachronic development of sacred architecture and ritual customs in ancient Lucania. The author highlights the role of material evidence in constructing the significance of sanctuaries in the historical context in which they were used, and crucial new evidence from the most recent archaeological investigations is explored in order to define dynamics of contact and interaction between Lucanians and Romans on the eve of the Roman conquest.

ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II

Author : Donald L. Hardesty
Publisher : EOLSS Publications
ISBN 13 : 1848260032
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (482 download)

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Book Synopsis ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II by : Donald L. Hardesty

Download or read book ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II written by Donald L. Hardesty and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2010-06-15 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Archaeology is a component of Encyclopedia of Social Sciences and Humanities in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. Archaeology is a road for traveling into the past that is independent of and complementary to documents and memory. The archaeological record provides historical perspectives on variability and change in human life support systems with the potential for use in planning for future sustainable development. The Theme is organized into four different topics which represent the main scientific areas of the theme: - Foundations of Archaeology; - The Archaeology of Life Support Systems; - World Cultural Heritage; - Preserving Archaeological Sites and Monuments which are then expanded into multiple subtopics, each as a chapter. The first topic deals with historical, methodological, and theoretical foundations of archaeology. The second topic explores the archaeological record of human life support systems and includes chapters on foraging, food production such as farming and nomadic lifestyles, civilizations, water-management systems, and sustainability. World cultural heritage is the third topic. Finally, the fourth topic covers the preservation of cultural memorials such as archaeological sites, landscapes, and monuments. These two volumes are aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers, NGOs and GOs.

The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age

Author : Tamar Hodos
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108901174
Total Pages : 738 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age by : Tamar Hodos

Download or read book The Archaeology of the Mediterranean Iron Age written by Tamar Hodos and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-17 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mediterranean's Iron Age period was one of its most dynamic eras. Stimulated by the movement of individuals and groups on an unprecedented scale, the first half of the first millennium BCE witnesses the development of Mediterranean-wide practices, including related writing systems, common features of urbanism, and shared artistic styles and techniques, alongside the evolution of wide-scale trade. Together, these created an engaged, interlinked and interactive Mediterranean. We can recognise this as the Mediterranean's first truly globalising era. This volume introduces students and scholars to contemporary evidence and theories surrounding the Mediterranean from the eleventh century until the end of the seventh century BCE to enable an integrated understanding of the multicultural and socially complex nature of this incredibly vibrant period.

Field Archaeology from Around the World

Author : Martin Carver
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319098195
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Field Archaeology from Around the World by : Martin Carver

Download or read book Field Archaeology from Around the World written by Martin Carver and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-26 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field practice in archaeology varies greatly throughout the world, mainly because archaeological sites survive in very different ways in different counties. Many manuals see this as a problem - to be defeated by the imposition of standardised procedures. In this book we relish the variety of field practice, seeing it rather as the way the best archaeologists have responded creatively to the challenges of terrain, research objectives and the communities within which they work. While insisting on the highest levels of investigation, we celebrate the different designs, concepts, scientific detection methods and recording systems applied - so embracing standards, but not standardisation. The book is organised in four parts: Part 1 offers a summary of field procedures. Part 2 reviews the principal methods applied, above and below ground, and how the results are analysed. Part 3 illustrates the huge variety confronted by field workers with a series of exemplary commercial and academic projects enacted in downland, jungle, desert, permafrost, road schemes and towns. Approaches also differ according to the traditional methodologies that have evolved in particular countries. In Part 4 we give examples of some the strongest and oldest of those practised on four continents.