Animation – Process, Cognition and Actuality

Download Animation – Process, Cognition and Actuality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1501308157
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Animation – Process, Cognition and Actuality by : Dan Torre

Download or read book Animation – Process, Cognition and Actuality written by Dan Torre and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-08-24 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Animation - Process, Cognition and Actuality presents a uniquely philosophical and multi-disciplinary approach to the scholarly study of animation, by using the principles of process philosophy and Deleuzian film aesthetics to discuss animation practices, from early optical devices to contemporary urban design and installations. Some of the original theories presented are a process-philosophy based theory of animation; a cognitive theory of animation; a new theoretical approach to the animated documentary; an original investigative approach to animation; and unique considerations as to the convergence of animation and actuality. Numerous animated examples (from all eras and representing a wide range of techniques and approaches – including television shows and video games) are examined, such as Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009), Madame Tutli-Putli (2007), Gertie the Dinosaur (1914), The Peanuts Movie (2015), Grand Theft Auto V (2013) and Dr. Katz: Professional Therapist (1995–2000). Divided into three sections, each to build logically upon each other, Dan Torre first considers animation in terms of process and process philosophy, which allows the reader to contemplate animation in a number of unique ways. Torre then examines animation in more conceptual terms in comparing it to the processes of human cognition. This is followed by an exploration of some of the ways in which we might interpret or 'read' particular aspects of animation, such as animated performance, stop-motion, anthropomorphism, video games, and various hybrid forms of animation. He finishes by guiding the discussion of animation back to the more tangible and concrete as it considers animation within the context of the actual world. With a genuinely distinctive approach to the study of animation, Torre offers fresh philosophical and practical insights that prompt an engagement with the definitions and dynamics of the form, and its current literature.

Animation

Download Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Academic
ISBN 13 : 9781501308178
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Animation by : Dan Torre

Download or read book Animation written by Dan Torre and published by Bloomsbury Academic. This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Animation ? Process, Cognition and Actuality

Download Animation ? Process, Cognition and Actuality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1501308149
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Animation ? Process, Cognition and Actuality by : Dan Torre

Download or read book Animation ? Process, Cognition and Actuality written by Dan Torre and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-08-24 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applies the principles of process philosophy and Deleuzian film aesthetics to animation as a genre and medium.

Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics

Download Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190949775
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics by : Ryan Pierson

Download or read book Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics written by Ryan Pierson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-28 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can we describe movements in animated films? In Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics, Ryan Pierson introduces a powerful new method for the study of animation. By looking for figures--arrangements that seem to intuitively hold together--and forces--underlying units of attraction, repulsion, and direction--Pierson reveals startling new possibilities for animation criticism, history, and theory. Drawing on concepts from Gestalt psychology, Pierson offers a wide-ranging comparative study of four animation techniques--soft-edged forms, walk cycles, camera movement, and rotoscoping--as they appear in commercial, artisanal, and avant-garde works. In the process, through close readings of little-analyzed films, Pierson demonstrates that figures and forces make fertile resources for theoretical speculation, unearthing affinities between animation practice and such topics as the philosophy of mathematics, scientific and political revolution, and love. Beginning and ending with the imperative to look closely, Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics is a performance in seeing the world of motion anew.

The Animated and the Actual

Download The Animated and the Actual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (568 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Animated and the Actual by : Joanna Rose Bouldin

Download or read book The Animated and the Actual written by Joanna Rose Bouldin and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

AI for Games and Animation

Download AI for Games and Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439864012
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis AI for Games and Animation by : John David Funge

Download or read book AI for Games and Animation written by John David Funge and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-07-22 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Funge introduces a new approach to creating autonomous characters. Cognitive modeling provides computer-animated characters with logic, reasoning, and planning skills. Individual chapters in the book provide concrete examples of advanced character animation, automated cinematography, and a real-time computer game. Source code, animations, imag

Animation and Memory

Download Animation and Memory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030348881
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Animation and Memory by : Maarten van Gageldonk

Download or read book Animation and Memory written by Maarten van Gageldonk and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​This book examines the role of memory in animation, as well as the ways in which the medium of animation can function as a technology of remembering and forgetting. By doing so, it establishes a platform for the cross-fertilization between the burgeoning fields of animation studies and memory studies. By analyzing a wide range of different animation types, from stop motion to computer animation, and from cell animated cartoons to painted animation, this book explores the ways in which animation can function as a representational medium. The five parts of the book discuss the interrelation of animation and memory through the lens of materiality, corporeality, animation techniques, the city, and animated documentaries. These discussions raise a number of questions: how do animation films bring forth personal and collective pasts? What is the role of found footage, objects, and sound in the material and affective dimensions of animation? How does animation serve political ends? The essays in this volume offer answers to these questions through a wide variety of case studies and contexts. The book will appeal to both a broad academic and a more general readership with an interest in animation studies, memory studies, cultural studies, comparative visual arts, and media studies. Chapter “Introduction” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Learning with Animation

Download Learning with Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521851890
Total Pages : 403 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (218 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Learning with Animation by : Richard Lowe

Download or read book Learning with Animation written by Richard Lowe and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the effectiveness of electronic-based learning materials by a team of international experts.

Experimental and Expanded Animation

Download Experimental and Expanded Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319738739
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Experimental and Expanded Animation by : Vicky Smith

Download or read book Experimental and Expanded Animation written by Vicky Smith and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-21 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses developments and continuities in experimental animation that, since Robert Russet and Cecile Starr’s Experimental Animation: Origins of a New Art (1976), has proliferated in the context of expanded cinema, performance and live ‘making’ and is today exhibited in galleries, public sites and online. With reference to historical, critical, phenomenological and inter-disciplinary approaches, international researchers offer new and diverse methodologies for thinking through these myriad animation practices. This volume addresses fundamental questions of form, such as drawing and the line, but also broadens out to encompass topics such as the inter-medial, post-humanism, the real, fakeness and fabrication, causation, new forms of synthetic space, ecology, critical re-workings of cartoons, and process as narrative. This book will appeal to cross and inter-disciplinary researchers, animation practitioners, scholars, teachers and students from Fine Art, Film and Media Studies, Philosophy and Aesthetics.

Thinking with Animation

Download Thinking with Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1527573613
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (275 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thinking with Animation by : Joff P. N. Bradley

Download or read book Thinking with Animation written by Joff P. N. Bradley and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2021-08-09 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together scholars based predominantly in Asia to contribute provocative and experimental essays on the dynamic relationship between animation and philosophy. In an inventive and playful philosophical way, they address not only the mainstay of Japanese animation, but also Korean film, picture books and Mickey Mouse to understand what we might call film-philosophy in Asia. In thinking animation with concepts from the technicolour philosophies of Deleuze, Guattari, Stiegler, Benjamin, Kristeva and Heidegger, the book sees animation not as a representation of a philosophical idea per se, but conceptualizes it as a philosophical thinking-device. In the images themselves, what is at work is not just the thinking of a particular director or manga artist, but, rather, thinking as such, through and by the images themselves. The scholars in this collection are committed to thinking images themselves as thought-experiments and thinking machines.

Affect and Embodied Meaning in Animation

Download Affect and Embodied Meaning in Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351054449
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Affect and Embodied Meaning in Animation by : Sylvie Bissonnette

Download or read book Affect and Embodied Meaning in Animation written by Sylvie Bissonnette and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-11 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book combines insights from the humanities and modern neuroscience to explore the contribution of affect and embodiment on meaning-making in case studies from animation, video games, and virtual worlds. As we interact more and more with animated characters and avatars in everyday media consumption, it has become vital to investigate the ways that animated environments influence our perception of the liberal humanist subject. This book is the first to apply recent research on the application of the embodied mind thesis to our understanding of embodied engagement with nonhumans and cyborgs in animated media, analyzing works by Émile Cohl, Hayao Miyazaki, Tim Burton, Norman McLaren, the Quay Brothers, Pixar, and many others. Drawing on the breakthroughs of modern brain science to argue that animated media broadens the viewer’s perceptual reach, this title offers a welcome contribution to the growing literature at the intersection of cognitive studies and film studies, with a perspective on animation that is new and original. ‘Affect and Embodied Meaning in Animation’ will be essential reading for researchers of Animation Studies, Film and Media Theory, Posthumanism, Video Games, and Digital Culture, and will provide a key insight into animation for both undergraduate and graduate students. Because of the increasing importance of visual effect cinema and video games, the book will also be of keen interest within Film Studies and Media Studies, as well as to general readers interested in scholarship in animated media.

Australian Animation

Download Australian Animation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331995492X
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Australian Animation by : Dan Torre

Download or read book Australian Animation written by Dan Torre and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the most comprehensive history and analysis of Australian animation published to date. Spanning from the 1910s to the present day, it explores a wide-range both of independent animation, and of large-scale commercial productions. Presented within a uniquely international context, it details the frequent links between Australian animation and overseas productions. New perspectives and original information are offered on a variety of international subjects such as: Felix the Cat, the Australian Hanna-Barbera studios, and the Australian Walt Disney studios. Drawing on both extensive archival research and original interviews this book illuminates, for the first time, the breadth and richness of Australia’s animation history.

Animated Cartoons

Download Animated Cartoons PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781984201829
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Animated Cartoons by : E. Lutz

Download or read book Animated Cartoons written by E. Lutz and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-01-24 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THIS IS the Grand Daddy of all animation books. As the cover indicates.... This Is a re-creation of the original book. History indicates that this book inspired Walt Disney and other time animators. From the beginning of an article by E. G. Lutz for New Science and Invention in Pictures, Volume 8: "Making Life-Like Animated Cartoons. Process Described of Making Cartoon Figures that Move Like Living Beings. A NEW screen miracle has recently made its appearance. It is one that is distinctly different as it combines actual photographic views of reality with hand drawn animated figures. To elucidate by an episode of a recent film: The scene opens with the artist seated before his easel; he has just finisht sketching a whimsical little dwarf, a clown, or say, a comical pixie. Next, when the artist is called away from his easel this graphically rendered pen and ink pixie suddenly gives a slight tremor as if a vital force were agitating his body. Then he moves his head, shows a slight bewildering expression, bends a knee, moves his leg and wiggles his toes, and still further shows by his pleased countenance that he is surprised and delighted in being alive. Soon he tries his other limb and with a preliminary essaying of his joints walks off the paper to the cross piece of the easel along which he runs to jump to the arm of a nearby chair. Here, after first going thru a little comic pantomime as if he were about to lose his balance, he proceeds to clamber down the side of the chair to the floor. Mind you he is the work of the artists hand rendered in pen and ink and the background over which he moves is a photograph of reality, a somewhat mysterious procedure. We all of us know how the ordinary movie is made and the methods of creating animated cartoons no longer puzzle us. But how are the two combined? Continuing the recital of the pixie's adventures, we discover him, no higher than the wainscoting, running along the floor close to the wall. As he approaches a table he climbs up a leg, scrambles to the top and then getting into some sort of mischief 1s scare: and jumps to the back of a chair and then down to the floor again. His capers, as the story is prolonged, is only limited by the artist's powers of fantastic invention. One of the things in a film fantasy of this sort that is noticeably different from the ordinary animated cartoon is the quality of the action, or animation, of the figures. It will be observed that they proceed in movements somewhat naturalistic, -- photographic in fact, and yet the figures are drawn. That the aid of the camera was brought in to effect this is a safe conjecture as the movement is so life-like. This being so, the business of the remainder of this article will be in explanation of how it is accomplished. The story of a cartoon comedy is at first, of course, all planned in the manuscript, with the whole series of pantomimic action pretty in all considered in detail. We will in our explanation confine ourselves to one incident only of this action and try to describe its working out from the beginning to the termination of the work when the film is ready for screening....

The Animation Studies Reader

Download The Animation Studies Reader PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781501332647
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (326 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Animation Studies Reader by : Nichola Dobson

Download or read book The Animation Studies Reader written by Nichola Dobson and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Animation Studies Reader brings together both key writings within animation studies and new material in emerging areas of the field. The collection provides readers with seminal texts that ground animation studies within the contexts of theory and aesthetics, form and genre, and issues of representation. The first section collates key readings on animation theory, on how we might conceptualise animation, and on some of the fundamental qualities of animation. New material is also introduced in this section specifically addressing questions raised by the nature, style and materiality of animation. The second section outlines some of the main forms that animation takes, which includes discussions of genre. Although this section cannot be exhaustive, the material chosen is particularly useful as it provides samples of analysis that can illuminate some of the issues the first section of the book raises. The third section focuses on issues of representation and how the medium of animation might have an impact on how bodies, gender, sexuality, race and ethnicity are represented. These representations can only be read through an understanding of the questions that the first two sections of the book raise; we can only decode these representations if we take into account form and genre, and theoretical conceptualisations such as visual pleasure, spectacle, the uncanny, realism etc"--Bloomsbury Screen Studies.

Becoming-animated

Download Becoming-animated PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267238306
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (383 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Becoming-animated by : Sylvie Bissonnette

Download or read book Becoming-animated written by Sylvie Bissonnette and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dissertation investigates whether our interactions with animated bodies can extend our selves, both physically and cognitively, and thereby modify our conceptions of life and what being human entails. The mechanisms that elicit emotions, neural stimulations, and sensory excitations are examined, as they are particularly able to reveal the operations of exchange and re-calibration that take place at the interface between the spectators and the animated world. The dissertation focuses on the bodily effects of metamorphic bodies in animation because our senses are particularly attuned to the particularities of human appearance and movement; their hyperbolic distortions are therefore more likely to cause interference in our cognitive and physiological mappings. The dissertation examines the various processes by which spectators actively and dynamically contribute to the reshaping of the body's boundaries, a transformative process called "becoming-animated." Drawing on an enactive approach to the mind, the first three chapters of the dissertation define the structure of engagement in animation and argue that spectatorship is active and transformative. Chapter 4 shows that our embodied engagement with animated bodies enables extended cognitive wholes. By underlining these extended cognitive processes, cyberpunk animation hints at a posthuman form of spectatorship. Chapter 5, 6, and 7 explore the dynamic bodily assemblages that link spectators to the animation machine and thus reveal the highly metamorphic nature of the self. These chapters also demonstrate that empathetic responses elicit molecular transformations that can alter the spectators' interpretations of the narrative and their conceptions of the limits of the human. Chapter 8 argues that the symbiotic relationship of the player and the avatar in video games produces new systemic wholes that can re-map the body's boundaries. Chapter 9 claims that Second Life residents and their avatars reprogram each other's systemic boundaries through the physical and the logical interfaces of the synthetic world. This chapter also explores the ways in which the "programming" of a new self can extend the mind and the body schema in virtual reality-based therapies. As these last two chapters suggest, becoming-animated is also about evaluating the effects of various technological intersections on our body schema.

The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory

Download The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mega Foundation Press
ISBN 13 : 0971916225
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (719 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory by : Christopher Michael Langan

Download or read book The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory written by Christopher Michael Langan and published by Mega Foundation Press. This book was released on 2002-06-01 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paperback version of the 2002 paper published in the journal Progress in Information, Complexity, and Design (PCID). ABSTRACT Inasmuch as science is observational or perceptual in nature, the goal of providing a scientific model and mechanism for the evolution of complex systems ultimately requires a supporting theory of reality of which perception itself is the model (or theory-to-universe mapping). Where information is the abstract currency of perception, such a theory must incorporate the theory of information while extending the information concept to incorporate reflexive self-processing in order to achieve an intrinsic (self-contained) description of reality. This extension is associated with a limiting formulation of model theory identifying mental and physical reality, resulting in a reflexively self-generating, self-modeling theory of reality identical to its universe on the syntactic level. By the nature of its derivation, this theory, the Cognitive Theoretic Model of the Universe or CTMU, can be regarded as a supertautological reality-theoretic extension of logic. Uniting the theory of reality with an advanced form of computational language theory, the CTMU describes reality as a Self Configuring Self-Processing Language or SCSPL, a reflexive intrinsic language characterized not only by self-reference and recursive self-definition, but full self-configuration and self-execution (reflexive read-write functionality). SCSPL reality embodies a dual-aspect monism consisting of infocognition, self-transducing information residing in self-recognizing SCSPL elements called syntactic operators. The CTMU identifies itself with the structure of these operators and thus with the distributive syntax of its self-modeling SCSPL universe, including the reflexive grammar by which the universe refines itself from unbound telesis or UBT, a primordial realm of infocognitive potential free of informational constraint. Under the guidance of a limiting (intrinsic) form of anthropic principle called the Telic Principle, SCSPL evolves by telic recursion, jointly configuring syntax and state while maximizing a generalized self-selection parameter and adjusting on the fly to freely-changing internal conditions. SCSPL relates space, time and object by means of conspansive duality and conspansion, an SCSPL-grammatical process featuring an alternation between dual phases of existence associated with design and actualization and related to the familiar wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics. By distributing the design phase of reality over the actualization phase, conspansive spacetime also provides a distributed mechanism for Intelligent Design, adjoining to the restrictive principle of natural selection a basic means of generating information and complexity. Addressing physical evolution on not only the biological but cosmic level, the CTMU addresses the most evident deficiencies and paradoxes associated with conventional discrete and continuum models of reality, including temporal directionality and accelerating cosmic expansion, while preserving virtually all of the major benefits of current scientific and mathematical paradigms.

Documentary Film: A Very Short Introduction

Download Documentary Film: A Very Short Introduction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199720398
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Documentary Film: A Very Short Introduction by : Patricia Aufderheide

Download or read book Documentary Film: A Very Short Introduction written by Patricia Aufderheide and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-11-28 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documentary film can encompass anything from Robert Flaherty's pioneering ethnography Nanook of the North to Michael Moore's anti-Iraq War polemic Fahrenheit 9/11, from Dziga Vertov's artful Soviet propaganda piece Man with a Movie Camera to Luc Jacquet's heart-tugging wildlife epic March of the Penguins. In this concise, crisply written guide, Patricia Aufderheide takes readers along the diverse paths of documentary history and charts the lively, often fierce debates among filmmakers and scholars about the best ways to represent reality and to tell the truths worth telling. Beginning with an overview of the central issues of documentary filmmaking--its definitions and purposes, its forms and founders--Aufderheide focuses on several of its key subgenres, including public affairs films, government propaganda (particularly the works produced during World War II), historical documentaries, and nature films. Her thematic approach allows readers to enter the subject matter through the kinds of films that first attracted them to documentaries, and it permits her to make connections between eras, as well as revealing the ongoing nature of documentary's core controversies involving objectivity, advocacy, and bias. Interwoven throughout are discussions of the ethical and practical considerations that arise with every aspect of documentary production. A particularly useful feature of the book is an appended list of "100 great documentaries" that anyone with a serious interest in the genre should see. Drawing on the author's four decades of experience as a film scholar and critic, this book is the perfect introduction not just for teachers and students but also for all thoughtful filmgoers and for those who aspire to make documentaries themselves. About the Series: Combining authority with wit, accessibility, and style, Very Short Introductions offer an introduction to some of life's most interesting topics. Written by experts for the newcomer, they demonstrate the finest contemporary thinking about the central problems and issues in hundreds of key topics, from philosophy to Freud, quantum theory to Islam.