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An Experimental Study Of The Characteristics Of High Speed Turbulent Flames In Premixed Gases
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Book Synopsis An Experimental Study of the Characteristics of High-speed Turbulent Flames in Premixed Gases by : Sydney Howard Reiter
Download or read book An Experimental Study of the Characteristics of High-speed Turbulent Flames in Premixed Gases written by Sydney Howard Reiter and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Turbulent Premixed Flames by : Nedunchezhian Swaminathan
Download or read book Turbulent Premixed Flames written by Nedunchezhian Swaminathan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-25 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A work on turbulent premixed combustion is important because of increased concern about the environmental impact of combustion and the search for new combustion concepts and technologies. An improved understanding of lean fuel turbulent premixed flames must play a central role in the fundamental science of these new concepts. Lean premixed flames have the potential to offer ultra-low emission levels, but they are notoriously susceptible to combustion oscillations. Thus, sophisticated control measures are inevitably required. The editors' intent is to set out the modeling aspects in the field of turbulent premixed combustion. Good progress has been made on this topic, and this cohesive volume contains contributions from international experts on various subtopics of the lean premixed flame problem.
Book Synopsis Turbulent Combustion by : Norbert Peters
Download or read book Turbulent Combustion written by Norbert Peters and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-08-15 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combustion of fossil fuels remains a key technology for the foreseeable future. It is therefore important that we understand the mechanisms of combustion and, in particular, the role of turbulence within this process. Combustion always takes place within a turbulent flow field for two reasons: turbulence increases the mixing process and enhances combustion, but at the same time combustion releases heat which generates flow instability through buoyancy, thus enhancing the transition to turbulence. The four chapters of this book present a thorough introduction to the field of turbulent combustion. After an overview of modeling approaches, the three remaining chapters consider the three distinct cases of premixed, non-premixed, and partially premixed combustion, respectively. This book will be of value to researchers and students of engineering and applied mathematics by demonstrating the current theories of turbulent combustion within a unified presentation of the field.
Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Turbulent Premixed Combustion in V-shaped Flames by : Sina Kheirkhah
Download or read book Experimental Study of Turbulent Premixed Combustion in V-shaped Flames written by Sina Kheirkhah and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Characteristics of turbulent premixed flames were investigated experimentally. The investigations were performed using Mie scattering, Particle Image Velocimetry, Rayleigh scattering, and broad-band luminosity imaging techniques. Methane-air flames associated with a relatively wide range of turbulence intensities, fuel-air equivalence ratios, and mean bulk flow velocities were investigated. For a relatively moderate value of turbulence intensity, a new concept is introduced and utilized to provide a detailed description associated with interaction of turbulent flow and flame front. The concept pertains to reactants velocity estimated at the vicinity of the flame front and is referred to as the edge velocity. Specifically, it is shown that fluctuations of the flame front position are induced by fluctuations of the edge velocity. For a relatively wide range of turbulence intensity, several characteristics of turbulent premixed flames, namely, front topology, brush thickness, surface density, and consumption speeds are investigated. For the first time, several flame front structures are identified and studied. It is shown that, due to formation of these front structures, the regime of turbulent premixed combustion transitions from the regime of counter-gradient diffusion to that of the gradient diffusion. In addition to these, a comprehensive study is performed to investigate influence of flame configuration on several flame front characteristics. It is obtained that, although changing the flame configuration influences several flame characteristics, the trends associated with the effects of governing parameters on the characteristics are nearly independent of the flame configuration.
Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Premixed Flames in a Taylor-Couette Combustor by : Vahid Vaezi
Download or read book Experimental Study of Premixed Flames in a Taylor-Couette Combustor written by Vahid Vaezi and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Experimental Study of Burner Stabilized Turbulent Flames in Premixed Reactants by : M. D. Fox
Download or read book An Experimental Study of Burner Stabilized Turbulent Flames in Premixed Reactants written by M. D. Fox and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current concepts of flame propagation in premixed, turbulent gas streams are examined. This leads to the conclusion that the link between theory and experiment is entirely inadequate and incapable of improvement by existing methods. A series of new methods is implemented in an attempt to short-circuit the unprofitable chain of hypothesis and experiment which has hampered the identification of dubious steps. Methods of introducing uniform turbulence at relatively slow flows and improvements in light sources allow analysis of the approach flow by photographing particles illuminated by an interrupted Tyndall beam. Three new optical deflection methods are used to give a measure of the randomness of flame-front orientation, of the time-mean structure of the flame and of the instantaneous shape of the corrugated front. It is found that this corrugated surface propagates at a velocity considerably in excess of the normal laminar burning velocity. Quantitative analysis of the frequency of "peaks" and "valleys" on the surface, together with comparative data from the apex of laminar flames, suggests an explanation in terms of the effects of curvature and, secondarily, of the influence of small scale turbulence.
Book Synopsis Dynamics of Interacting Turbulent Flames by : Ankit Tyagi
Download or read book Dynamics of Interacting Turbulent Flames written by Ankit Tyagi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates the physics of interactions between turbulent premixed flames. It is known that multiple flame configurations provide better stability characteristics compared to a large single-flame. However, the advantages of multiple flames are limited by flame proximity as flame-flame interactions tend to reduce the burning efficiency of the reactant gases. Previous studies have shown that interactions between multiple flames directly impact the flame structure and its propagation, resulting in reduced burning efficiency. Previous experimental studies of interacting flames addressed flame-flame interactions investigating their effects on combustor stability and efficiency from a global perspective. However, the local flame-flame interaction physics was not addressed comprehensively, in part because these studies were limited to specific flow and flame configurations. In particular, these studies focused on swirling flames in bluff-body configurations typical of modern combustor geometries. Furthermore, these studies lacked flowfield measurements and were limited to flame structure and heat release rate measurements due to the complex nature of the experimental configurations. Much of the work to date on understanding the local physics of interactions comes from direct numerical simulations (DNS), but these studies treated idealized configurations of limited practical utility.To bridge these two gaps, an experimental investigation of flame-flame interactions was performed using a dual-burner rig, composed of two flames, built to facilitate precise variations in flame spacing. This rig was designed to operate in different configurations. These facilitated the focus on local interaction physics. In particular, the rig was built to study interacting V-flames and Bunsen flames. Moreover, the design of the dual-burners permitted conducting studies of nonreacting flow interactions with flames to better understand local physics of the flame. Direct flame and flow measurements were performed to characterize the mutual interaction of flame and the local flowfield. In particular, flame structure and flow were characterized using synchronized OH-planar laser-induced fluorescence (OH-PLIF) and stereoscopic-particle image velocimetry (s-PIV). These measurements were performed at a sampling rate of 10 kHz to obtain converged statistics on flame-flame interactions. A novel image processing technique was implemented for robust detection and characterization of flame-flame interaction events from OH-PLIF images.Using this experimental approach, the following studies were conducted: i) effects of flame spacing on flame structure of interacting V-flames, ii) effects of multiple flames on frequency, topology, and orientation of local flame-flame interactions, iii) effects of high mean-shear flow on flame-flame interactions, and iv) effects of pocket formation on flame dynamics. In the first study, flame spacing variations in V-flames were found to directly impact flame attachment. For smaller flame spacings, recirculation of hot combustion products near the bluff-bodies facilitated a secondary flame branch attachment in the shear layers in the interaction regions. For larger flame spacing, the secondary attachment became intermittent, indicating that closer flame spacing resulted in better attachment and stability characteristics for these flames. In the second study, the presence of adjacent flames was found to directly impact the frequencies of flame-flame interaction events. Dual-flames showed lower reactant-side interactions rates and higher product-side interactions rates when compared with single-flames. For dual-flames, comparisons between interaction orientation and local strain rate orientation showed that compressive forces led to flame front merging or pinch-off. The third study, which focused on how mean shear affects the local flame dynamics, found that high-mean shear flows entrained the flame away from the center of the burner. This entrainment directly reduced interaction event frequencies along the flame branch closest to the high mean-shear flow, while interaction event frequency in the other branch increased. Finally, flame pocket formation was investigated and results showed that a majority of the reactant pockets burned-out, while a majority of the product pockets merged with the flame surface. These results suggested that pocket behavior in turbulent flames can change local flame dynamics and it is important to capture these effects to accurately predict flame behavior. Additionally, limitations of planar high-speed imaging techniques were explored and a statistical framework, using probabilistic models, was presented in the context of reactant pocket propagation. The outcome of this work provided improved uncertainty estimation for planar measurements in three-dimensional flows.This experimental investigation provided deeper insights into the local physics of flame-flame interactions, in practical configurations, using detailed flame and flow measurements. The presence of adjacent flames influenced the attachment characteristics and local flame structure that directly impacted the stability of these multiple flame configurations. Local compressive forces facilitated the occurrence of these events, highlighting the importance of changes to the flowfield due to adjacent flames. Pocket formation, which directly affected reactant gas burning efficiency, was found to occur frequently. Taken together, these results provided comprehensive insights into the effects of flame-flame interactions that enhance our understanding of the nature of interacting flames.
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Premixed Turbulent Combustion by : Andrei Lipatnikov
Download or read book Fundamentals of Premixed Turbulent Combustion written by Andrei Lipatnikov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-10-24 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lean burning of premixed gases is considered to be a promising combustion technology for future clean and highly efficient gas turbine combustors. Yet researchers face several challenges in dealing with premixed turbulent combustion, from its nonlinear multiscale nature and the impact of local phenomena to the multitude of competing models. Filling a gap in the literature, Fundamentals of Premixed Turbulent Combustion introduces the state of the art of premixed turbulent combustion in an accessible manner for newcomers and experienced researchers alike. To more deeply consider current research issues, the book focuses on the physical mechanisms and phenomenology of premixed flames, with a brief discussion of recent advances in partially premixed turbulent combustion. It begins with a summary of the relevant knowledge needed from disciplines such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, molecular transport processes, and fluid dynamics. The book then presents experimental data on the general appearance of premixed turbulent flames and details the physical mechanisms that could affect the flame behavior. It also examines the physical and numerical models for predicting the key features of premixed turbulent combustion. Emphasizing critical analysis, the book compares competing concepts and viewpoints with one another and with the available experimental data, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. In addition, it discusses recent advances and highlights unresolved issues. Written by a leading expert in the field, this book provides a valuable overview of the physics of premixed turbulent combustion. Combining simplicity and topicality, it helps researchers orient themselves in the contemporary literature and guides them in selecting the best research tools for their work.
Book Synopsis An Experimental Study of the Effect of a Pilot Flame on Combustion Instabilities by : Jihang Li
Download or read book An Experimental Study of the Effect of a Pilot Flame on Combustion Instabilities written by Jihang Li and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lean-premixed gas turbines, due to their superior emission performance, have been widely used in the industry. However, lean-premixed combustion is susceptible to combustion instability, which has become a major concern in the design and operation of lean-premixed gas turbines. Passive secondary flames, also known as pilot flames, are commonly used for control of combustion instability. However, the underlying mechanism whereby a pilot flame suppresses combustion instability is not fully understood. This limits the improvement of pilot systems.This dissertation presents an experimental study on the effect of a pilot flame on combustion instabilities in an atmospheric, laboratory-scale, single-nozzle, swirl-stabilized, lean-premixed combustor. The pilot flame is a central jet flame injected from the centerbody, which can operate in either the technically-premixed or the fully-premixed modes, depending on the types of pilot injectors. Piezoelectric sensors are utilized to measure the pressure fluctuation and the velocity fluctuation. High speed CH* chemiluminescence techniques are used to measure the dynamics of the flame. The instability characteristics of the technically-premixed unpiloted flame are measured at varying combustor length. Four distinct instability modes with different frequencies are observed. A one-dimensional simulation is conducted to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the instabilities. The effect of varying the percent pilot of a technically-premixed pilot flame on the technically-premixed combustion instabilities in different modes is studied. Instability maps to the percent pilot and the overall equivalence ratio are presented and discussed. The instability boundaries in each instability map, which separates the unstable regions from the stable regions, are discussed in detail by analyzing the high-speed images and Rayleigh index images. The results show that the pilot flame affects the main flame dynamics primarily through enhancing flame attachment and flame oscillation in the inner shear layer. The effect of independently varying the pilot air, pilot fuel and pilot mixture flow rates on the technically-premixed combustion instabilities are studied by utilizing a modified pilot injector. The results show that the effect of the pilot flame on the combustion instability is primarily determined by the equivalence ratio, but not the mixture flow rate of the pilot flame. The results support the statement that pilot flames influence the main flame dynamics by heat recirculation and demonstrate that the effect of the pilot flame is determined by its ability to change the time-averaged recirculation zone temperature. The structures of the pilot flame are presented and discussed.Fully-premixed flame transfer functions under the influence of a premixed pilot flame are investigated. The flame transfer functions show distinct behaviors at low frequencies and high frequencies. At low frequencies, the pilot flame has a weak effect on the FTF gain and phase, while at high frequencies, increasing the percent pilot reduces the FTF gain and shifts the FTF phase. High-speed chemiluminescence images show the pilot flame enhances the fluctuation near the base of the flame, which enhances the destructive interference within the inner shear layer, reduces the FTF gain and shifts the FTF phase at high frequencies. By separating the flame transfer function into different regions, it was found that a pilot flame only influences the inner shear layer, but not the near-wall region and the outer recirculation zone.
Book Synopsis Experimental and Numerical Study of Dynamics of Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames Propagating in Ducts by : Huahua Xiao
Download or read book Experimental and Numerical Study of Dynamics of Premixed Hydrogen-Air Flames Propagating in Ducts written by Huahua Xiao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis offers important new insights into and a deeper understanding of premixed flame instabilities and hydrogen safety. Further, it explains the underlying mechanisms that control the combustion processes in tubes. The author’s previous scientific accomplishments, which include a series of high-quality publications in the best journals in our field, Combustion and Flame and International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, are very impressive and have already made a significant contribution to combustion science.
Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Premixed Flames in Intense Isotropic Turbulence by :
Download or read book Experimental Study of Premixed Flames in Intense Isotropic Turbulence written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A methodology for investigating premixed turbulent flames propagating in intense isotropic turbulence has been developed. The burner uses a turbulence generator developed by Videto and Santavicca and the flame is stabilized by weak-swirl generated by air injectors. This set-up produces stable premixed turbulent flames under a wide range of mixture conditions and turbulence intensities. The experiments are designed to investigate systematically the changes in flame structures for conditions which can be classified as wrinkled laminar flames, corrugated flames and flames with distributed reaction zones. Laser Doppler anemometry and Rayleigh scattering techniques are used to determine the turbulence and scalar statistics. In the intense turbulence, the flames are found to produce very little changes in the mean and rams velocities. Their flame speed increase linearly with turbulence intensity as for wrinkled laminar flames. The Rayleigh scattering pdfs for flames within the distributed reaction zone regime are distinctly bimodal. The probabilities of the reacting states (i.e. contributions from within the reaction zone) is not higher than those of wrinkled laminar flame. These results show that there is no drastic changes in flame structures at Karlovitz number close to unity. This suggest that the Klimov-Williams criterion under-predicts the resilience of wrinkled flamelets to intense turbulence.
Book Synopsis Experimental Study of Turbulent Jet and Lifted Jet Flame Unsteadiness from a Non-linear Dynamics Perspective by : Sina Rafati
Download or read book Experimental Study of Turbulent Jet and Lifted Jet Flame Unsteadiness from a Non-linear Dynamics Perspective written by Sina Rafati and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research aims to investigate the nonlinear dynamics of the non-reacting jets and non-premixed lifted jet flames. The goal is to understand better how the flow system dynamics change over time and identify the path toward unwanted conditions such as flashback, extinction, or blowout to limit combustors' dynamical failure. The existence of these undesirable conditions is bound to the fluid's history, meaning that initiated perturbation may persist in the system for time scales comparable to large-scale flow timescales. Hence, the notion is to utilize jet and jet flames as a study test case to work out how the flow evolves dynamically with the hope of understanding how to limit occurrences of the chaotic unwanted condition. Initially, planar particle image velocimetry has been used for the development of the methodologies. I have used planar data to investigate the nonlinear dynamics of non-reacting turbulent jets, with a low-to-moderate Reynolds number using the single-trajectory framework and ensemble framework. I have used Lyapunov exponents to calculate the spectra of scaling indices of the attractor. Then, I used Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs), which are defined as manifolds that are locally Euclidean and invariant, to study the relationship between Lyapunov exponent changes with flow topological features. These LCSs behave as hypersurfaces with maximally repelling or attracting properties. These various methodologies were used to investigate flame-turbulence interaction in lifted jet flames. The Lagrangian framework is shown to be effective at revealing the kinematics associated with flame-turbulence interaction. The LCSs' time history represents how eddy structures interact with the flame and highlight their role in the dynamics of the lifted jet flames. Finally, I have investigated the flame and turbulence interaction using high-speed luminosity imaging and simultaneous three-dimensional particle image velocimetry. The three-dimensional Lagrangian structures provide us a more detailed flow-flame interaction. It is shown that the flow features associated with attracting LCSs can create a barrier attracting the flame that makes the flame move upstream. In contrast, the presence of repelling LCSs near stationary flames breaks the balance between the gas velocity and flame propagation speed, causing the flame to become non-stationary and move downstream. It was also found that the repelling LCSs induce negative curvature on the flame surface whereas pushing the flame toward the products. However, the attracting LCSs induce positive curvature on the flame surface and draws the flame toward the reactants
Book Synopsis Theories of Turbulent Combustion in High Speed Flows by : Paul A. Libby
Download or read book Theories of Turbulent Combustion in High Speed Flows written by Paul A. Libby and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Flow Turbulence Effects on Premixed Methane-air Flames by : Kenneth Owen Smith
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Flow Turbulence Effects on Premixed Methane-air Flames written by Kenneth Owen Smith and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental Investigation of Premixed Turbulent Hydrocarbon/Air Bunsen Flames by : Parsa Tamadonfar
Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Premixed Turbulent Hydrocarbon/Air Bunsen Flames written by Parsa Tamadonfar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the influence of turbulence, the front of a premixed turbulent flame is subjected to the motions of eddies that leads to an increase in the flame surface area, and the term flame wrinkling is commonly used to describe it. If it is assumed that the flame front would continue to burn locally unaffected by the stretch, then the total turbulent burning velocity is expected to increase proportionally to the increase in the flame surface area caused by wrinkling. When the turbulence intensity is high enough such that the stretch due to hydrodynamics and flame curvature would influence the local premixed laminar burning velocity, then the actual laminar burning velocity (that is, flamelet consumption velocity) should reflect the influence of stretch. To address this issue, obtaining the knowledge of instantaneous flame front structures, flame brush characteristics, and burning velocities of premixed turbulent flames is necessary. Two axisymmetric Bunsen-type burners were used to produce premixed turbulent flames, and three optical measurement techniques were utilized: Particle image velocimetry to measure the turbulence statistics; Rayleigh scattering method to measure the temperature fields of premixed turbulent flames, and Mie scattering method to visualize the flame front contours of premixed turbulent flames. Three hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, and propane) were used as the fuel in the experiments. The turbulence was generated using different perforated plates mounted upstream of the burner exit. A series of comprehensive parameters including the thermal flame front thickness, characteristic flame height, mean flame brush thickness, mean volume of the turbulent flame region, two-dimensional flame front curvature, local flame front angle, two-dimensional flame surface density, wrinkled flame surface area, turbulent burning velocity, mean flamelet consumption velocity, mean turbulent flame stretch factor, mean turbulent Markstein length and number, and mean fuel consumption rate were systematically evaluated from the experimental data. The normalized preheat zone and reaction zone thicknesses decreased with increasing non-dimensional turbulence intensity in ultra-lean premixed turbulent flames under a constant equivalence ratio of 0.6, whereas they increased with increasing equivalence ratios from 0.6 to 1.0 under a constant bulk flow velocity. The normalized preheat zone and reaction zone thicknesses showed no overall trend with increasing non-dimensional longitudinal integral length scale. The normalized preheat zone and reaction zone thicknesses decreased by increasing the Karlovitz number, suggesting that increasing the total stretch rate is the controlling mechanism in the reduction of flame front thickness for the experimental conditions studied in this thesis. In general, the leading edge and half-burning surface turbulent burning velocities were enhanced with increasing equivalence ratio from lean to stoichiometric mixtures, whereas they decreased with increasing equivalence ratio for rich mixtures. These velocities were enhanced with increasing total turbulence intensity. The leading edge and half-burning surface turbulent burning velocities for lean/stoichiometric mixtures were observed to be smaller than that for rich mixtures. The mean turbulent flame stretch factor displayed a dependence on the equivalence ratio and turbulence intensity. Results show that the mean turbulent flame stretch factors for lean/stoichiometric and rich mixtures were not equal when the unstrained premixed laminar burning velocity, non-dimensional bulk flow velocity, non-dimensional turbulence intensity, and non-dimensional longitudinal integral length scale were kept constant.
Book Synopsis An Experimental Study of Flamelet Surfaces in Turbulent Combustion by :
Download or read book An Experimental Study of Flamelet Surfaces in Turbulent Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The major objective of the research reported was to study the properties of constant scalar property surfaces in turbulent reacting flows. Two dimensional image measurements were made in premixed turbulent flames and in jets and jet flames. Point-in-space, time-series measurements were also made, and the data used to study the properties of surface crossing statistics in jets and premixed flames. In addition, the hypothesis that, for the purpose of estimating the mean surface area per unit volume, surfaces in turbulent flow can be represented by fractal surfaces was used to develop models for the mean chemical reaction rate in premixed flames and for the source term in the equation for intermittency in free jets. Also a new method for making conditional velocity measurements in premixed flames was developed and applied to obtain unique data for velocity in these flames and to study jumps, across flamelets, of certain velocity statistics. Major findings for the flows and conditions studied include: (1) for the premixed case flamelet surfaces are fractal as are constant mixture fraction surfaces in jets and constant temperature surfaces in jet flames; (2) in jets the surface fractal dimension is between 2.3 to 2.4; (3) level crossing sets from time-series data are not simple fractal sets; (4) the idea of fractal bursts is introduced to help interpret the crossing sets; and (5) unique fully-conditional velocity data give a measure of velocity jumps across flamelets in premixed combustion.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers by : Jan W. Gooch
Download or read book Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers written by Jan W. Gooch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-08 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference, in its second edition, contains more than 7,500 polymeric material terms, including the names of chemicals, processes, formulae, and analytical methods that are used frequently in the polymer and engineering fields. In view of the evolving partnership between physical and life sciences, this title includes an appendix of biochemical and microbiological terms (thus offering previously unpublished material, distinct from all competitors.) Each succinct entry offers a broadly accessible definition as well as cross-references to related terms. Where appropriate to enhance clarity further, the volume's definitions may also offer equations, chemical structures, and other figures. The new interactive software facilitates easy access to a large database of chemical structures (2D/3D-view), audio files for pronunciation, polymer science equations and many more.
