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An Evaluation Of The Mechanisms Of Membrane Fouling And Shelf Life Benefits Of Low Temperature Microfiltration Of Skim Milk
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Book Synopsis An Evaluation of the Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling and Shelf Life Benefits of Low Temperature Microfiltration of Skim Milk by : Dan Wang
Download or read book An Evaluation of the Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling and Shelf Life Benefits of Low Temperature Microfiltration of Skim Milk written by Dan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Membrane Fouling in Cold Microfiltration of Skim Milk by : Teng Ju Tan
Download or read book Membrane Fouling in Cold Microfiltration of Skim Milk written by Teng Ju Tan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microfiltration (MF) can effectively remove microorganisms and somatic cells from milk, increasing the safety and shelf life of milk and dairy products. The main challenge in MF is membrane fouling, which leads to a significant decline in permeate flux over time. This work aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of membrane fouling in cold (6°C) MF of skim milk and optimize a CO2 backpulsing technique that can diminish membrane fouling by physically removing the foulant from the membrane surface. Using 3 injection ports, a CO2 injection frequency of 120 s and an injection duration of 1 s, a permeate flux of 30.02 ± 0.48 L/m2h was obtained after 3 h of MF at a cross-flow velocity of 3.8 m/s, as compared to 25.85 ± 0.99 L/m2h for the control. Additionally, a smaller drop in flux was observed for the optimized CO2 backpulsing process (15.57% after 3 h) as compared to the control (29.83% after 3 h). When MF was conducted at 6 m/s, the permeate flux after 3 h was 82.32 ± 4.42 L/m2h for MF with CO2 backpulsing, as compared to 71.39 ± 4.21 L/m2h for the control. MF with CO2 backpulsing also resulted in a higher transmission of total solids and protein than the control MF. A systematic investigation of the mechanisms of membrane fouling was conducted by identifying the proteins and minerals in four foulant streams: weakly attached external foulants (We), weakly attached internal foulants (Wi), strongly attached external foulants (Se), and strongly attached internal foulants (Si). The foulants were evaluated both after MF (without and with CO2 backpulsing) and after a brief contact between the membrane and milk (adsorption study). The concentration of minerals was very small in all foulant streams, below 2.5 ppm, and likely they do not contribute significantly to membrane fouling in cold MF. Proteomics analysis showed that all major milk proteins were present in all foulant streams. In adsorption trial, [alpha]lactalbumin level in We was higher than in milk, which indicates an affinity of this protein for the membrane material. The serum proteins [alpha]-lactalbumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were found in a higher proportion in the "weakly attached" fractions (We and Wi) from the instantaneous adsorption study as compared to the control MF (without CO2 backpulsing), which suggests that caseins were mainly introduced into the fouling layer when transmembrane pressure was applied. Casein concentration did not increase in the foulants from CO2 backpulsing MF, despite the localized decrease in pH caused by the contact with CO 2. More significantly, CO2 backpulsing reduced the total protein concentration in We, with 52.98 ± 4.87 [mu]g/mL for CO2 backpulsing MF as compared to 62.20 ± 10.13 [mu]g/mL for control MF. Overall, the data indicates that CO2 backpulsing resulted in less weakly attached external foulants and possibly less loosely deposited materials on the membrane surface as compared to control MF, which improved permeation through the membrane. The knowledge generated in this study could be used to identify solutions to further minimize membrane fouling and increase the efficiency of milk MF. The CO2 backpulsing technique could be an efficient and affordable solution to mitigate fouling, and is also applicable to other cold membrane filtration processes, such as the MF of juice or beer.
Book Synopsis Microbial Retention and Membrane Fouling During Low Temperature Microfiltration of Skim Milk Using Ceramic Membranes by : Julia de A. Fritsch
Download or read book Microbial Retention and Membrane Fouling During Low Temperature Microfiltration of Skim Milk Using Ceramic Membranes written by Julia de A. Fritsch and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Separation of Fat from Skim Milk by Microfiltration by : Ioannis M. Samakidis
Download or read book Separation of Fat from Skim Milk by Microfiltration written by Ioannis M. Samakidis and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Examination of Methods to Reduce Membrane Fouling During Dairy Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration by : Michael Corey Adams
Download or read book Examination of Methods to Reduce Membrane Fouling During Dairy Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Michael Corey Adams and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pressure-driven membrane filtration processes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) provide opportunities for the dairy industry to better utilize milk by separating its components based on size. However, widespread adoption of some of these processes has yet to be realized due to membrane fouling. Membrane fouling is the accumulation of soil, or foulant, on the surface or within the pores of a membrane. Fouling prolongs processing times, increases energy and cleaning costs, decreases separation efficiency, and, in severe cases, may lead to irreversible clogging of the membrane. Microfiltration can be used to remove serum proteins (SP) from skim milk. The process' SP removal efficiency directly influences the technology's financial feasibility. Our first objective was to quantify the capacity of 0.14 [MICRO SIGN]m ceramic Isoflux MF membranes to remove SP from skim milk. The Isoflux membranes' manufacturer claims that using these membranes will reduce localized membrane fouling at the inlet end of the membrane that results from using high cross-flow velocities (5 - 7 m/s) to mitigate overall membrane fouling. Contrary to theoretical cumulative SP removal percentages of 68%, 90%, and 97% after 1, 2, and 3 stages of 3X MF processing, respectively, the 3X Isoflux process removed only 39.5%, 58.4%, and 70.2% after 1, 2, and 3 stages, respectively. Several design aspects of the membrane are thought to have resulted in this inefficiency. Ultrafiltration can be used to concentrate SP and reduce the lactose content of cheese whey or MF permeate of skim milk to produce 80% whey protein concentrates (WPC80) or 80% serum protein concentrates (SPC80), respectively. The objectives of our second study were to determine if adding annatto color to milk or bleaching whey or MF permeate of skim milk with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or benzoyl peroxide (BPO) influenced UF flux, diafiltration flux, or membrane fouling during production of WPC80 or SPC80. Addition of annatto color to milk had no effect on flux or fouling. Bleaching with or without added color increased flux during processing. Bleaching with H2O2 produced higher flux than bleaching with BPO. While bleaching with BPO reduced membrane fouling during WPC80 production, it did not impact membrane fouling during SPC80 production. Bleaching with H2O2 led to the largest reduction in fouling for both production processes.
Book Synopsis Microfiltration in the Processing of Extended Shelf Life Skim Milk by : Mark W. Elwell
Download or read book Microfiltration in the Processing of Extended Shelf Life Skim Milk written by Mark W. Elwell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis On the Micro- and Ultrafiltration of Dairy Fluids - Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling and Elucidation of Deposit Layer Structures by : Tim Steinhauer
Download or read book On the Micro- and Ultrafiltration of Dairy Fluids - Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Fouling and Elucidation of Deposit Layer Structures written by Tim Steinhauer and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fractionation of Skim Milk by Microfiltration by : Veronica Mascarúa-Galindo
Download or read book Fractionation of Skim Milk by Microfiltration written by Veronica Mascarúa-Galindo and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Study of Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration of Milk by : Susan Clarke Gettys Larson
Download or read book The Study of Membrane Fouling During Ultrafiltration of Milk written by Susan Clarke Gettys Larson and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration by : Zeman
Download or read book Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration written by Zeman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-22 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrates knowledge on microfiltration and ultrification, membrane chemistry, and characterization methods with the engineering and economic aspects of device performance, device and module design, processes, and applications. The text provides a discussion of membrane fundamentals and an analytical framework for designing and developing new filtrations systems for a broad range of technologically important functions. It offers information on membrane liquid precursors, fractal and stochastic pore space analysis, novel and advanced module designs, and original process design calculations.
Book Synopsis Physico-chemical Properties of Skim Milk Retentates from Microfiltration by : Girish Solanki
Download or read book Physico-chemical Properties of Skim Milk Retentates from Microfiltration written by Girish Solanki and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Process of Optimization for Microbial Removal from Raw Skim Milk by Low Temperature Microfiltration by : Julia de Amorim Fritsch
Download or read book Process of Optimization for Microbial Removal from Raw Skim Milk by Low Temperature Microfiltration written by Julia de Amorim Fritsch and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Low Temperature Ultrafiltration of Skimmilk by : Dana Claire Johnson
Download or read book Low Temperature Ultrafiltration of Skimmilk written by Dana Claire Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ultrafiltration of Skim Milk at Refrigerated Temperatures and Preparation of a Soft Cheese from Retentate and Permeate by : Diane Jean Kapsimalis
Download or read book Ultrafiltration of Skim Milk at Refrigerated Temperatures and Preparation of a Soft Cheese from Retentate and Permeate written by Diane Jean Kapsimalis and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Temperature and Flow Rate on Microfiltration of Skim Milk by : Renu Chandrasekaran
Download or read book Effects of Temperature and Flow Rate on Microfiltration of Skim Milk written by Renu Chandrasekaran and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Serum Protein Removal from Skim Milk Using Polymeric Spiral-wound Microfiltration Membranes by : Steven Lawrence Beckman
Download or read book Serum Protein Removal from Skim Milk Using Polymeric Spiral-wound Microfiltration Membranes written by Steven Lawrence Beckman and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is interest in membrane fractionation of milk to create novel products with wideranging use in food and non-food applications. Various pressure-driven membrane processes are utilized by the dairy industry to create novel food ingredients, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO), in order of decreasing pore size. Microfiltration of skim milk to fractionate casein (CN) and serum proteins (SP) is the newest application of filtration to dairy fluids. Removing SP from skim milk using MF creates a micellar CN concentrate (MCC) that has unique functional properties and can be used as a new ingredient in with unique functional properties food product development. Two primary MF membrane materials and configurations are currently used for SP removal from skim milk, tubular ceramic and polymeric spiral-wound (SW) membranes with pore sizes ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 [mu]m. As with most membrane processes on complex fluids, fouling and flux decline are monitored by the processor to ensure optimal system efficiency. Ceramic membranes, which have been studied more than SW membranes, achieve theoretical SP removal and achieve high flux (e.g., 54 kg/m2 per h). Polymeric SW MF membrane use for SP removal has b een studied less than ceramic membranes, but they are lower cost and can contain more membrane surface area per unit floor space than ceramic membranes, making them an attractive alternative that warrants further study. The first objective of our research was to determine the process necessary to create a 95% SP reduced MCC using a 0.3 [mu]m polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric SW MF at 50°C and compare the efficiency of the SW process to theoretical values and to a 0.1 [mu]m ceramic uniform transmembrane pressure (UTP) MF membrane process. A three-stage, 3.00x concentration factor, MF diafiltration (i.e., dilute with filtered water) process was employed and SP removal at each stage was quantified. Permeate flux was low and increased, 14.4, 22.1, 32.6 kg/m2 per h, from stage 1 to 3, respectively. Skim SP removal for stage 1 to 3 w ere 38.6, 20.8, and 10.9%, respectively, and were cumulatively lower than theoretical, 70.3 vs. 97.0%. It was estimated an additional 5 stages (i.e., a total of 8) would be necessary to achieve 95% removal of SP with polymeric SW membranes. Research to improve SP removal from skim milk using PVDF SW MF membranes would allow more efficient and cost effective production of MCC. Casein in skim milk is the primary foulant of PVDF SW MF membranes. Previously, we observed that flux was higher when the concentration of CN in feed material was low er (i.e., low CF). The second objective of our research was to determine the impact of CF, 3.00, 2.25 and 1.50x on the removal of SP from skim milk during PVDF SW MF at 50°C using a 0.3 [mu]m pore size membrane. Flux increased, 12.8, 15.3, and 19.0 kg/m2 per h, with decreasing CF. However, SP removal also decreased, 35.6, 24.3, and 10.6%, as CF decreased from 3.00 to 2.25, and 1.50x, respectively, which was unexpected. The rate of SP removal per unit membrane surface area was relatively constant, 0.036, 0.039, and 0.039 kg/m2 per h, among CF. These results led us to believe that the rate at which the concentration of solute near the membrane surface changes during startup is a significant factor in the deposition of foulant on the membrane surface and the foulant changes SP rejection. At low CF, the rate of concentration change and foulant layer formation is slower, which could cause more pore plugging by casein micelles and restrict passage of SP but not solvent (i.e., water) than at high CF. Controlling the startup procedure and foulant deposition onto the membrane could lead to more efficient removal of SP from skim milk using polymeric SW MF membranes.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Altering Temperature and PH of Skim Milk During Microfiltration on Casein Concentrates by : Jacquelyne R. Koch
Download or read book The Effects of Altering Temperature and PH of Skim Milk During Microfiltration on Casein Concentrates written by Jacquelyne R. Koch and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
