An Empirical Investigation Into The Value Of Credit Lines

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An Empirical Investigation Into the Value of Credit Lines

Author : Saleh A. Al-Ghamdi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis An Empirical Investigation Into the Value of Credit Lines by : Saleh A. Al-Ghamdi

Download or read book An Empirical Investigation Into the Value of Credit Lines written by Saleh A. Al-Ghamdi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Access to adequate liquidity to finance future investments is an essential element of financial management. The two main questions that this dissertation attempts to answer are (i) what is the net valuation effect of LoC? and (ii) if LoC create value, what are the sources of this value? To answer these questions, I constructed a sample of 85,232 firm-years spanning from 1993 to 2016, with credit line data obtained from Capital IQ and Bloomberg. I investigated the valuation effects of LoC with a methodology extensively used in the analysis of the valuation implications of cash. I used this methodology because cash and LoC are two alternatives to manage liquidity and estimated the changes in shareholders' value associated with changes in existing LoC undrawn balances and on new LoC agreements. The results from this analysis demonstrates a positive association between increases in LoC capacity and shareholder's value. These findings are also obtained in univariate and event study analyses. The results also suggest that LoC create more value for firms that are rich in cash, indicating the LoC and cash are complementary liquidity management tools. I then focused on the sources of the value created by credit lines. I examined whether information asymmetry plays a role in LoC valuation by analyzing the association between firm value and LoC for firms with high- and low-information asymmetric. I also studied whether LoCs reduce agency problems by comparing firm value and LoC capacity in both poorly and well-governed firms. Furthermore, I examined whether firms benefit from an increase in financial flexibility provided by access to credit lines. I found results consistent with LoC being more valuable for firms with higher levels of informational asymmetries. The analysis also suggests that LoCs with longer maturity create more value than those with shorter maturity. Surprisingly, I find limited support for the hypothesis that shareholders place a higher value on LoCs in increasing financial flexibility. Moreover, I found no support for the role of credit lines in reducing agency problems.

The Basel II Risk Parameters

Author : Bernd Engelmann
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642161146
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis The Basel II Risk Parameters by : Bernd Engelmann

Download or read book The Basel II Risk Parameters written by Bernd Engelmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-31 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The estimation and the validation of the Basel II risk parameters PD (default probability), LGD (loss given fault), and EAD (exposure at default) is an important problem in banking practice. These parameters are used on the one hand as inputs to credit portfolio models and in loan pricing frameworks, on the other to compute regulatory capital according to the new Basel rules. This book covers the state-of-the-art in designing and validating rating systems and default probability estimations. Furthermore, it presents techniques to estimate LGD and EAD and includes a chapter on stress testing of the Basel II risk parameters. The second edition is extended by three chapters explaining how the Basel II risk parameters can be used for building a framework for risk-adjusted pricing and risk management of loans.

Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Bigdata Blockchain and Economy Management (ICBBEM 2022)

Author : Daowen Qiu
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9464630302
Total Pages : 1730 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (646 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Bigdata Blockchain and Economy Management (ICBBEM 2022) by : Daowen Qiu

Download or read book Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Bigdata Blockchain and Economy Management (ICBBEM 2022) written by Daowen Qiu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-28 with total page 1730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. As a leading role in the global megatrend of scientific innovation, China has been creating a more and more open environment for scientific innovation, increasing the depth and breadth of academic cooperation, and building a community of innovation that benefits all. These endeavors have made new contribution to globalization and creating a community of shared future. With the rapid development of modern economic society, in the process of economic management, informatization has become the mainstream of economic development in the future. At the same time, with the emergence of advanced management technologies such as blockchain technology and big data technology, real market information can be quickly obtained in the process of economic management, which greatly reduces the operating costs of the market economy and effectively enhances the management level of operators, thus contributing to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the market economy. Under the new situation, the innovative application of economic management research is of great practical significance. 2022 International Conference on Bigdata, Blockchain and Economic Management (ICBBEM 2022) will be held on March 25–27, 2022 in Wuhan, China. ICBBEM 2022 will focus on the latest fields of Bigdata, Blockchain and Economic Management to provide an international platform for experts, professors, scholars and engineers from universities, scientific institutes, enterprises and government-affiliated institutions at home and abroad to share experiences, to expand professional fields, to exchange new ideas face to face, to present research results, and to discuss the key challenging issues and research directions facing the development of this field, with a view to promoting the development and application of theories and technologies in universities and enterprises.

Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Economic Management, Financial Innovation and Public Service (EMFIPS 2023)

Author : Peng Dou
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9464634413
Total Pages : 957 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (646 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Economic Management, Financial Innovation and Public Service (EMFIPS 2023) by : Peng Dou

Download or read book Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Economic Management, Financial Innovation and Public Service (EMFIPS 2023) written by Peng Dou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 957 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Handbook of Loan Syndications and Trading

Author : LSTA (Loan Syndications and Trading Assoc.)
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071468986
Total Pages : 1006 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (714 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Loan Syndications and Trading by : LSTA (Loan Syndications and Trading Assoc.)

Download or read book The Handbook of Loan Syndications and Trading written by LSTA (Loan Syndications and Trading Assoc.) and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2006-08-29 with total page 1006 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The First Guide to Understanding and Capitalizing on the $1 Trillion-Plus Loan Syndications and Trading Market! The Handbook of Loan Syndications and Trading is the first resource especially designed to equip institutional investors and professional money managers with expert analysis and insights on every key aspect of this rapidly growing financial market. Co-published by McGraw-Hill and the Loan Syndications and Trading Association (LSTA), The Handbook of Loan Syndications and Trading fully explains the evolution and history of the loan market…primary and secondary markets …analytics and performance…the credit agreement… pricing and all legal and regulatory issues. This comprehensive reference guide features: First-ever guidance on the booming loan syndications and trading market, covering every topic that investors and money managers need to know Over 40 contributions from the leading players in loan syndication, including Standard & Poor's, Bank of America, JP Morgan, Credit Suisse, along with top Buyside Institutions and Law Firms Valuable insights and observations from industry experts A comprehensive A-Z glossary of all loan syndications and trading terms Dozens of helpful tables, charts, and examples

Empirical Asset Pricing

Author : Wayne Ferson
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262039370
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Empirical Asset Pricing by : Wayne Ferson

Download or read book Empirical Asset Pricing written by Wayne Ferson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2019-03-12 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to the theory and methods of empirical asset pricing, integrating classical foundations with recent developments. This book offers a comprehensive advanced introduction to asset pricing, the study of models for the prices and returns of various securities. The focus is empirical, emphasizing how the models relate to the data. The book offers a uniquely integrated treatment, combining classical foundations with more recent developments in the literature and relating some of the material to applications in investment management. It covers the theory of empirical asset pricing, the main empirical methods, and a range of applied topics. The book introduces the theory of empirical asset pricing through three main paradigms: mean variance analysis, stochastic discount factors, and beta pricing models. It describes empirical methods, beginning with the generalized method of moments (GMM) and viewing other methods as special cases of GMM; offers a comprehensive review of fund performance evaluation; and presents selected applied topics, including a substantial chapter on predictability in asset markets that covers predicting the level of returns, volatility and higher moments, and predicting cross-sectional differences in returns. Other chapters cover production-based asset pricing, long-run risk models, the Campbell-Shiller approximation, the debate on covariance versus characteristics, and the relation of volatility to the cross-section of stock returns. An extensive reference section captures the current state of the field. The book is intended for use by graduate students in finance and economics; it can also serve as a reference for professionals.

Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Business, Accounting, Finance and Economics (BAFE 2022)

Author : Fanyu Chen
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 2494069998
Total Pages : 489 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Business, Accounting, Finance and Economics (BAFE 2022) by : Fanyu Chen

Download or read book Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Business, Accounting, Finance and Economics (BAFE 2022) written by Fanyu Chen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-10 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. The Faculty of Business and Finance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) is pleased to organize the 10th International Conference on Business, Accounting, Finance, and Economics (BAFE 2022) on 11th October 2022 in virtual mode via Microsoft Teams or Zoom platform. This conference aims to bring together researchers to present up-to-date works that contribute to new theoretical, methodological and empirical knowledge

Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Mathematical Statistics and Economic Analysis (MSEA 2022)

Author : Gaikar Vilas Bhau
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9464630426
Total Pages : 1514 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (646 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Mathematical Statistics and Economic Analysis (MSEA 2022) by : Gaikar Vilas Bhau

Download or read book Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Mathematical Statistics and Economic Analysis (MSEA 2022) written by Gaikar Vilas Bhau and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-22 with total page 1514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. 2022 International Conference on Mathematical Statistics and Economic Analysis(MSEA 2022) will be held in Dalian, China from May 27 to 29, 2022. Based on probability theory, mathematical statistics studies the statistical regularity of a large number of random phenomena, and infers and forecasts the whole. Economic development is very important to people's life and the country. Through data statistics and analysis, we can quickly understand the law of economic development. This conference combines mathematical statistics and economic analysis for the first time to explore the relationship between them, so as to provide a platform for experts and scholars in the field of mathematical statistics and economic analysis to exchange and discuss.

An Empirical Study of Residential Developer Bankruptcies in the United States 2007-2008

Author : Pei Yee Woo
Publisher : Stanford University
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis An Empirical Study of Residential Developer Bankruptcies in the United States 2007-2008 by : Pei Yee Woo

Download or read book An Empirical Study of Residential Developer Bankruptcies in the United States 2007-2008 written by Pei Yee Woo and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2010 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With falling home prices and home foreclosures currently acknowledged as a severe problem in the U.S., more attention needs to be paid to the contributing phenomenon of residential developers undergoing liquidation, which has left behind a trail of partially-completed or abandoned properties. This dissertation presents the results of an empirical investigation aimed at understanding this phenomenon. Specifically, we addressed the following research questions: How have the Chapter 11 bankruptcy cases of residential developers and home builders during this downturn been resolved? How did the actions taken by secured lenders in the course of bankruptcy proceedings shape the resolution outcome? To what extent was bank behavior during these bankruptcies affected and constrained by the banking regulatory framework and culture? This dissertation research involves the analysis of more than 200 residential developers that filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions between November 2007 and December 2008. The main finding is that only a small minority of these developers confirmed a reorganization plan. The majority of the cases were dismissed or converted to Chapter 7, culminating in foreclosure or liquidation. Over 70% of the cases showed at least one instance where a secured lender sought lift-stay motions to pursue foreclosure. Among such cases, orders granting the lift-stay motions were granted most of the time. Investigating this insistence on quick foreclosure, more nuanced views of banks' lending functions, risk management and their regulatory environment are explored through a study of FDIC data, interviews with industry participants and banks' comment letters. A key finding is that, during a recession, banks may have a preference for liquidation in bankruptcy because of capital shortfalls and procyclical regulatory pressure to reduce portfolio concentrations, particularly in real estate lending. This would be inconsistent with theories that secured lenders will choose economically optimal outcomes within a bankruptcy case, as they may choose outcomes that are sub-optimal within a bankruptcy to maximize an exogenous urgent need for capital.

Bank Liquidity Creation and Financial Crises

Author : Allen N. Berger
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128005319
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Bank Liquidity Creation and Financial Crises by : Allen N. Berger

Download or read book Bank Liquidity Creation and Financial Crises written by Allen N. Berger and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bank Liquidity Creation and Financial Crises delivers a consistent, logical presentation of bank liquidity creation and addresses questions of research and policy interest that can be easily understood by readers with no advanced or specialized industry knowledge. Authors Allen Berger and Christa Bouwman examine ways to measure bank liquidity creation, how much liquidity banks create in different countries, the effects of monetary policy (including interest rate policy, lender of last resort, and quantitative easing), the effects of capital, the effects of regulatory interventions, the effects of bailouts, and much more. They also analyze bank liquidity creation in the US over the past three decades during both normal times and financial crises. Narrowing the gap between the "academic world" (focused on theories) and the "practitioner world" (dedicated to solving real-world problems), this book is a helpful new tool for evaluating a bank's performance over time and comparing it to its peer group. - Explains that bank liquidity creation is a more comprehensive measure of a bank's output than traditional measures and can also be used to measure bank liquidity - Describes how high levels of bank liquidity creation may cause or predict future financial crises - Addresses questions of research and policy interest related to bank liquidity creation around the world and provides links to websites with data and other materials to address these questions - Includes such hot-button topics as the effects of monetary policy (including interest rate policy, lender of last resort, and quantitative easing), the effects of capital, the effects of regulatory interventions, and the effects of bailouts

Credit Supply and Productivity Growth

Author : Francesco Manaresi
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498315917
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Supply and Productivity Growth by : Francesco Manaresi

Download or read book Credit Supply and Productivity Growth written by Francesco Manaresi and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-05-17 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the impact of bank credit on firm productivity. We exploit a matched firm-bank database covering all the credit relationships of Italian corporations, together with a natural experiment, to measure idiosyncratic supply-side shocks to credit availability and to estimate a production model augmented with financial frictions. We find that a contraction in credit supply causes a reduction of firm TFP growth and also harms IT-adoption, innovation, exporting, and adoption of superior management practices, while a credit expansion has limited impact. Quantitatively, the credit contraction between 2007 and 2009 accounts for about a quarter of observed the decline in TFP.

Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Economics, Smart Finance and Contemporary Trade (ESFCT 2022)

Author : Faruk Balli
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9464630523
Total Pages : 1691 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (646 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Economics, Smart Finance and Contemporary Trade (ESFCT 2022) by : Faruk Balli

Download or read book Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Economics, Smart Finance and Contemporary Trade (ESFCT 2022) written by Faruk Balli and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-28 with total page 1691 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. As a leading role in the global megatrend of scientific innovation, China has been creating a more and more open environment for scientific innovation, increasing the depth and breadth of academic cooperation, and building a community of innovation that benefits all. Such endeavors are making new contributions to the globalization and creating a community of shared future. To adapt to this changing world and China's fast development in the new era, The 2022 International Conference on Economics, Smart Finance and Contemporary Trade to be held in July 2022. This conference takes "bringing together global wisdom in scientific innovation to promote high-quality development" as the theme and focuses on cutting-edge research fields including Economics, Smart Finance and Contemporary Trade. This conference aims to boost development of the Greater Bay Area, expand channels of international academic exchange in science and technology, build a sharing platform of academic resources, promote scientific innovation on the global scale, strengthen academic cooperation between China and the outside world, enhance development of new energy and materials and IT, AI, and biomedicine industries. It also aims to encourage exchange of information on frontiers of research in different areas, connect the most advanced academic resources in China and the world, turn research results into industrial solutions, and bring together talents, technologies and capital to boost development.

Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Credit Analysis and Risk Management

Author : Pascal Gantenbein
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443870986
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Credit Analysis and Risk Management by : Pascal Gantenbein

Download or read book Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Credit Analysis and Risk Management written by Pascal Gantenbein and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-11-10 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Credit risk plays a crucial role in most financial transactions in one form or another and therefore contributes to various different layers of economic activity. Three key elements in the analysis of credit risk can be distinguished, namely: (1) the lender-borrower relationship, which is at the core of the entire discussion on credit risk; (2) the pricing of credit risk in financial markets; and (3) the relevance of financial stability and regulation related to the occurrence of credit risk. This book captures these areas in a comprehensive way by highlighting some of the current issues and related questions.

Leakage of Public Resources in the Health Sector: an Empirical Investigation of Chad

Author : Bernard Gauthier
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Leakage of Public Resources in the Health Sector: an Empirical Investigation of Chad by : Bernard Gauthier

Download or read book Leakage of Public Resources in the Health Sector: an Empirical Investigation of Chad written by Bernard Gauthier and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the public sector in developing countries, leakage of public resources could prove detrimental to users and affect the well-being of the population. This paper empirically examines the importance of leakage of government resources in the health sector in Chad, and its effects on the prices of drugs. The analysis uses data collected in Chad as part of a Health Facilities Survey organised by the World Bank in 2004. The survey covered 281 primary health care centres and contained information on the provision of medical material, financial resources and medicines allocated by the Ministry of Health to the regional administration and primary health centres. Although the regional administration is officially allocated 60% of the ministry's non-wage recurrent expenditures, the share of the resources that actually reach the regions is estimated to be only 18%. The health centres, which are the frontline providers and the entry point for the population, receive less than 1% of the ministry's non-wage recurrent expenditures. Accounting for the endogeneity of the level of competition among health centres, the leakage of government resources has a significant and negative impact on the price mark-up that health centres charge patients for drugs. Furthermore, it is estimated that had public resources earmarked for frontline providers reached them in their entirety, the number of patients seeking primary health care in Chad would have more than doubled.

Credit Risk Frontiers

Author : Tomasz Bielecki
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 157660358X
Total Pages : 770 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis Credit Risk Frontiers by : Tomasz Bielecki

Download or read book Credit Risk Frontiers written by Tomasz Bielecki and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-08 with total page 770 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely guide to understanding and implementing credit derivatives Credit derivatives are here to stay and will continue to play a role in finance in the future. But what will that role be? What issues and challenges should be addressed? And what lessons can be learned from the credit mess? Credit Risk Frontiers offers answers to these and other questions by presenting the latest research in this field and addressing important issues exposed by the financial crisis. It covers this subject from a real world perspective, tackling issues such as liquidity, poor data, and credit spreads, as well as the latest innovations in portfolio products and hedging and risk management techniques. Provides a coherent presentation of recent advances in the theory and practice of credit derivatives Takes into account the new products and risk requirements of a post financial crisis world Contains information regarding various aspects of the credit derivative market as well as cutting edge research regarding those aspects If you want to gain a better understanding of how credit derivatives can help your trading or investing endeavors, then Credit Risk Frontiers is a book you need to read.

Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Business and Economics (ICBE 2022)

Author : Rahmawati Rahmawati
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9464630663
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (646 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Business and Economics (ICBE 2022) by : Rahmawati Rahmawati

Download or read book Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Business and Economics (ICBE 2022) written by Rahmawati Rahmawati and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-02-10 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book. Doctoral Program of Economics and Business Faculty, Universitas Sebelas Maret organizes the 2022 International Colloquium onBusiness and Economics. The conference will be conducted bothonline and offline (hybrid) in Economic Faculty of UNS, Solo, onSeptember 27-28, 2022. In this conference, 30 papers were selectedfor international proceedings. Faculty of Economics and Business Universitas Sebelas Maret is one ofthe respectable Business School in Indonesia. In the recent releasefrom the Times Higher Education (THE), the faculty is categorized asTop 10 Economics and Business Faculty among hundreds University inIndonesia. Currently, our faculty have 3 undergraduate degrees, 3master’s degrees, and 1 doctoral degree program and all of them areaccredited with a rank “A”.

Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management

Author : Jiuping Xu
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319933515
Total Pages : 1752 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management by : Jiuping Xu

Download or read book Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management written by Jiuping Xu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 1752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings book is divided in 2 Volumes and 8 Parts. Part I is dedicated to Decision Support System, which is about the information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities; Part II is on Computing Methodology, which is always used to provide the most effective algorithm for numerical solutions of various modeling problems; Part III presents Information Technology, which is the application of computers to store, study, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, or information in the context of a business or other enterprise; Part IV is dedicated to Data Analysis, which is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making; Part V presents papers on Operational Management, which is about the plan, organization, implementation and control of the operation process; Part VI is on Project Management, which is about the initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time in the field of engineering; Part VII presents Green Supply Chain, which is about the management of the flow of goods and services based on the concept of “low-carbon”; Part VIII is focused on Industry Strategy Management, which refers to the decision-making and management art of an industry or organization in a long-term and long-term development direction, objectives, tasks and policies, as well as resource allocation.