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Alcohol And Glial Cells
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Book Synopsis Alcohol and Glial Cells by : Francine E. Lancaster
Download or read book Alcohol and Glial Cells written by Francine E. Lancaster and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the latest research findings on and introduces new research techniques for the study of the effects of alcohol on glial cells. Includes reviews of research findings and techniques used to study astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia; findings on the influence of alcohol on glial cells during development; the role of astrocytes in alcohol-induced damage of the neuroimmune system; the role of glial cells in alcohol-induced neuropathology; the involvement of astrocytes in hepatic encephalopathy; new imaging techniques capable of separating glial and neuronal images in alcohol-induced brain atrophy; and information on alcoholic-induced disturbances in neurosteroid production by glial cells.
Book Synopsis Glial Cell Mechanisms Regulate Alcohol Sedation in Drosophila Melanogaster by : Kristen M. Lee
Download or read book Glial Cell Mechanisms Regulate Alcohol Sedation in Drosophila Melanogaster written by Kristen M. Lee and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 16 million people in America are diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) but no efficacious medical treatments exist. Alcohol-related behaviors can be studied in model organisms, and changes in these behaviors can be correlated with either (i) a risk for alcohol dependence or (ii) a symptom/feature of AUD itself. Although AUD is a disease of the central nervous system, a majority of research has focused on the neuronal underpinnings, leaving glial contributions largely undescribed. We used Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) to identify genes whose expression in glia regulates alcohol sedation. Mammals and Drosophila have conserved behavioral responses to alcohol and functionally similar adult glial cells, especially astrocytes. Since previous research in mammals and flies has demonstrated that glia respond to alcohol administration, we hypothesized that glia are important regulators of alcohol-related behaviors. To pursue this, we characterized a pan-glial steroid-inducible GeneSwitch transgenic fly, which allows gene manipulation within glia during adulthood. We performed a targeted screen and manipulated genes that were known to be expressed within Drosophila glia and measured their alcohol sedation sensitivity using the ethanol sedation assay. We identified the genes Cysteine proteinase 1 (Cp1) and Tyramine decarboxylase 2 (Tdc2). Knocking down Cp1 in cortex glia, as well as all glia during adulthood, increased alcohol sedation sensitivity and may also enhance rapid tolerance development. We could not identify what pathway Cp1 was functioning within to mediate this response, suggesting that Cp1 may have a unique function within glia. Knockdown or overexpression of Tdc2 in glia increased or decreased alcohol sedation sensitivity, respectively. Tdc2 functions upstream of the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) and the SNARE complex to regulate alcohol sedation. These results were specific to astrocytes, as well as all glia during adulthood. These results suggest that tyramine synthesis via Tdc2 and its release via vesicular exocytosis regulates alcohol sedation. Taken together, these results suggest that glia are important regulators of alcohol-related behaviors in flies. Interestingly, fly cortex glia and astrocytes are functionally similar to mammalian astrocytes, indicating that these results may be translatable to mammals.
Book Synopsis The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity by : Michael Aschner
Download or read book The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity written by Michael Aschner and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-03-27 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well established that glial cells represent more than mere passive cytoskeletal support elements of the central and peripheral nervous system. A reciprocal relationship exists between neurons and glia that is vital for mutual differentiation, development, and functioning of both cell types. It also has become apparent that perturbations in glial function may lead to deleterious consequences in juxtaposed neurons. It is therefore possible that neuronal damage induced by chemicals or neuropathic disease involves dissociation of glial-neuronal interactions. The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity brings together experts in the neurosciences to provide a more complete understanding of the effects of chemicals on nervous system function. This book explores potential sites of glial-neuronal interactions both in the central and peripheral nervous system, focusing on potential sites of neurotoxicant actions. Text introduces basic aspects of neuroscience, the first step toward understanding the mechanisms at work in normal physiology. The ways in which these processes are disturbed in pathological conditions are discussed. Distinguished authors examine the functional interactions between glial cells and neurons during development, adulthood, and senescence. The roles of glia in the normal CNS and PNS are described. The book offers specific, in-depth examples of directly (via diffusive and cell surface signals) or indirectly (via effects on the extracellular fluid or the blood-brain barrier) mediated glial neurotoxicity. This reference includes different techniques, conceptual frameworks, and approaches that are currently used in the study of the role of glia in neurotoxicity. This timely review not only presents an excellent overview of the state of the science but also provides direction for future research into the consequences of an altered glial-neuronal unit.
Book Synopsis Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders by : Changhai Cui
Download or read book Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders written by Changhai Cui and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-14 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have provided clear evidence on the role of neural-immune interactions in normal brain function and neuropathological conditions. Neuroimmune factors, which play an essential role in neuroinflammatory response, have been implicated in the regulation of neuronal function and plasticity. Thus, neural-immune interactions provide a new frame work for understanding the role of the neuroimmune system in normal brain function, neurodevelopment, and a variety of neurological disorders. These advances have a far reaching impact on many areas of neuroscience, including alcohol research. Studies using human alcoholic brains, gene knockout mice, and gene expression profiling have established a clear link between alcoholism and an altered neuroimmune profile. This book integrates emerging knowledge on neural-immune interactions with key discoveries in alcohol research and provides a comprehensive overview of neural-immune interactions in brain function and behavior associated with alcohol use disorders. While Neural–Immune Interaction in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders focuses on neural-immune interactions in areas directly related to alcohol use disorders, it is not intended to be all inclusive. Several areas, including sleep disorders, pain, and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways, are not covered as independent chapters but briefly mentioned in the text. The close relevance of these topics to neural-immune interactions and alcohol use disorders warrants future discussion and more research efforts.
Book Synopsis Role of Glia in the Development of Ethanol Tolerance by :
Download or read book Role of Glia in the Development of Ethanol Tolerance written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite widespread abuse, high socioeconomic costs, and substantial research investment, the basic mechanisms of alcohol action on the brain remain poorly understood. This is partly due to the physiological complexity of alcohol's effects and the long term progressive nature of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Further, mammalian models of AUD endophenotypes require high levels of resources and time. One approach that has promise is to use invertebrate model organisms to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of behavioral adaptations to acute ethanol exposure. The fruit fly Drosophila, is a classic model organism for defining the molecules and neural circuits that drive animal behavior. The molecular makeup of the fly brain is remarkably conserved with that of mammals. Moreover, both flies and humans have a long history of association with alcohol, suggesting that behaviors like craving, drinking, and reward are coded similarly. Indeed, dopamine signaling underlies the hyperactivating and rewarding properties of ethanol across species. Flies, like humans, become inebriated, develop ethanol tolerance, ethanol preference, and ethanol reward associations, and they show signs of withdrawal. Many of these are adaptations to ethanol exposure that are forms of behavioral plasticity. How ethanol behavioral plasticity differs from non-addictive forms is key to understanding why some substances are abused. The goal of the research for this thesis was to ask if glial cells, like neuronal cells, promote behavioral plasticity induced by acute ethanol. Glial cells perform surprisingly diverse functions in the brain, including information transmission whose regulation is key to behavioral plasticity. A survey of the Drosophila glial types uncovered roles in ethanol tolerance for two types, the astrocytes that contact and regulate neuronal synapses, and the perineurial cells that form the outer surface of the blood-brain barrier. Dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis in astrocytes renders flies sensitive to acute inebriation and decreased ethanol tolerance. These ethanol phenotypes correlate with others that are early signatures of neurodegeneration caused by glutamate excitotoxicity. Perineurial cells show morphological change that correlated with reduced actin organization following acute ethanol exposure. This morphological change required Akap200, an adaptor protein that coordinates protein kinase A, protein kinase C, calcium, and actin at the perineurial plasma membrane. Loss of Akap200 either globally or specifically in the perineurium decreases ethanol tolerance development, as does disruption of many of the molecules that interact with Akap200. These Akap200 dependent functions appear to be occurring at the time of ethanol exposure. These findings indicate an active signaling role for the blood-brain barrier in the development of ethanol tolerance, and they imply that the barrier and neurons communicate to promote behavioral plasticity.
Book Synopsis Alcohol and Neurobiology by : Ronald R. Watson
Download or read book Alcohol and Neurobiology written by Ronald R. Watson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-06-24 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The neurological consequences of alcohol abuse need additional research concentrating on prevention and treatment. Public attention and research efforts are being driven by an ever- increasing understanding of the problems and magnitude of alcohol on neurological development. The 10 million alcohol-abusing adults, along with unborn children exposed to alcohol in utero, cost the people of the U.S. more than $100 billion in lost wages, health care, theft, damaged mental functions, and shortened life span. An intimate, detailed knowledge of the effects of alcohol on the biochemical reactions and neurological changes is critical in preventing or treating abuse. We must study the mechanisms of ethanol's effects on the neurological system at a cellular and systematic level to understand its action. These include modifications of hormonal regulation and production with its major functional consequences. Brain development including its cells are a major focus and emphasis of this volume. The progress of research over the past decade is encouraging as we begin to summarize and evaluate in detail advances in understanding changes in the brain's biochemistry and physiology caused by ethanol. This information will assist the researcher, clinician, and student in comprehending the complex changes caused by direct and indirect effects of single drugs at the cellular level.
Book Synopsis Understanding Glial Cells by : Bernardo Castellano
Download or read book Understanding Glial Cells written by Bernardo Castellano and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of selected works presented by Spanish research teams at the establishment and consolidation of the Spanish Glial Network in February 1997. Includes: morphology and ontogeny, molecular and biochemical properties, pathology, and involvement in damage and regeneration. For researchers, clinicians, students, and teachers.
Book Synopsis Effect of Ethanol on Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity on Glial Cells by : Julius D. Militante
Download or read book Effect of Ethanol on Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity on Glial Cells written by Julius D. Militante and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Alcohol and Glial Cells by : Francine E. Lancaster
Download or read book Alcohol and Glial Cells written by Francine E. Lancaster and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the latest research findings on and introduces new research techniques for the study of the effects of alcohol on glial cells. Includes reviews of research findings and techniques used to study astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia; findings on the influence of alcohol on glial cells during development; the role of astrocytes in alcohol-induced damage of the neuroimmune system; the role of glial cells in alcohol-induced neuropathology; the involvement of astrocytes in hepatic encephalopathy; new imaging techniques capable of separating glial and neuronal images in alcohol-induced brain atrophy; and information on alcoholic-induced disturbances in neurosteroid production by glial cells.
Book Synopsis Alcohol and the Nervous System by : Edith V. Sullivan
Download or read book Alcohol and the Nervous System written by Edith V. Sullivan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-10-08 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol is the most widely used drug in the world, yet alcoholism remains a serious addiction affecting nearly 20 million Americans. Our current understanding of alcohol's effect on brain structure and related functional damage is being revolutionized by genetic research, basic neuroscience, brain imaging science, and systematic study of cognitive, sensory, and motor abilities. Volume 125 of the Handbook of Clinical Neurology is a comprehensive, in-depth treatise of studies on alcohol and the brain covering the basic understanding of alcohol's effect on the central nervous system, the diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism, and prospect for recovery. The chapters within will be of interest to clinical neurologists, neuropsychologists, and researchers in all facets and levels of the neuroscience of alcohol and alcoholism. The first focused reference specifically on alcohol and the brain Details our current understanding of how alcohol impacts the central nervous system Covers clinical and social impact of alcohol abuse disorders and the biomedical consequences of alcohol abuse Includes section on neuroimaging of neurochemical markers and brain function
Book Synopsis Astrocytes in Alcohol Use Disorder by : Emma Kerstin Erickson
Download or read book Astrocytes in Alcohol Use Disorder written by Emma Kerstin Erickson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excessive alcohol use causes abundant molecular adaptations throughout the brain, contributing to the pathology of alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Over 50 years of alcohol research has provided insight into brain regions and neurotransmitter systems associated with the development and maintenance of addiction. However, the cellular specificity of alcohol-related functional changes and their contributions to the neurobiology of AUDs remain largely unknown. In addition to neurons, a large percentage of brain space is occupied by glial cells, including astrocytes. Until recently, astrocytes were thought to be simple, passive support cells with no significant impact on behavior. This philosophy has begun to fade with new data demonstrating astrocytes are actively involved in regulating brain function and have the potential to be critical modulators of brain disorders like addiction. In this dissertation, I investigate the role of astrocytes in alcohol-induced molecular adaptations and behaviors. In the first two sections, I present transcriptome signatures of astrocytes isolated from mice subjected to different mouse models of AUD. I identify important biological pathways affected by alcohol that could disrupt cellular function. In the next section, I reveal astrocyte involvement in alcohol consumption and intoxication. Finally, I explore how astrocyte function affects acute behavioral responses to ketamine, a drug with similar molecular pharmacology as ethanol. Altogether, this work uncovers novel roles for astrocytes in behavioral responses to drugs while offering an array of promising astrocyte-specific molecular targets for future interrogation
Book Synopsis Alcohol-induced Brain Damage by : Walter A. Hunt
Download or read book Alcohol-induced Brain Damage written by Walter A. Hunt and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Alcohol and Increased Astrocyte Expression of Cytokine IL-6 Alter Expression of Cerebellar Synaptic Proteins by : Claudia Melkonian
Download or read book Alcohol and Increased Astrocyte Expression of Cytokine IL-6 Alter Expression of Cerebellar Synaptic Proteins written by Claudia Melkonian and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuroimmune factors, such as the cytokine interleukin-6, have been widely implicated in recent studies focusing on the actions of alcohol in the central nervous system. Few studies however have examined the potential role of neuroimmune factors in the actions of alcohol in the cerebellum, a highly sensitive target of alcohol. Synaptic transmission, specifically inhibitory synaptic transmission, has been shown to be an important cerebellar target of alcohol actions. IL-6 alters synaptic transmission as well, however it is unclear if targets of alcohol actions are also IL-6 targets. Alcohol induces glial cells, including astrocytes to produce IL-6, which can in turn influence the actions of alcohol bringing to light the important issues of potential interactions between alcohol and IL-6. The cerebellar effects of alcohol and IL-6 presumably alter gene and protein expression under chronic exposure. Current studies test whether proteins involved with inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the cerebellum are targets of both alcohol and IL-6. Transgenic mice with elevated levels of astrocyte produced IL-6 were used as models for elevated expression of IL-6 that would typically be seen in alcohol use disorder. A chronic intermittent ethanol exposure and withdrawal paradigm (CIE/withdrawal) was used to produce alcohol dependence in mice. Levels of different synaptic proteins in the cerebellum were studied by Western blot and results show that CIE/withdrawal and IL-6 have distinct and shared actions that alter cerebellar protein expression. The shared targets could highlight alcohol and IL-6 interactions that significantly contribute to the cerebellar consequences of alcohol use such as ataxia.
Book Synopsis The Prefrontal Cortex by : Joaquin M. Fuster
Download or read book The Prefrontal Cortex written by Joaquin M. Fuster and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1997 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus by : Helmut L. Haas
Download or read book Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus written by Helmut L. Haas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second time that I have had the honor of opening an interna tional symposium dedicated to the functions of the hippocampus here in Pecs. It was a pleasure to greet the participants in the hope that their valuable contributions will make this meeting a tradition in this town. As one of the hosts of the symposium, I had the sorrowful duty to remind you of the absence of a dear colleague, Professor Graham God dard. His tragic and untimely death represents the irreparable loss of both a friend and an excellent researcher. This symposium is dedicated to his memory. If I compare the topics of the lectures of this symposium with those of the previous one, a striking difference becomes apparent. A dominating tendency of the previous symposium was to attempt to define hippocam pal function or to offer data relevant to supporting or rejecting existing theoretical positions. No such tendency is reflected in the titles of the present symposium, in which most of the contributions deal with hip pocampal phenomena at the most elementary level. Electrical, biochemi cal, biophysical, and pharmacological events at the synaptic, membrane, or intracellular level are analyzed without raising the question of what kind of integral functions these elementary phenomena are a part of.
Book Synopsis Effect of Alcohol on Brain Development by : Farhin Patel
Download or read book Effect of Alcohol on Brain Development written by Farhin Patel and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the world, 3.3 million deaths occur every year due to harmful use of alcohol; this represents 5.9% of all deaths. Ethanol metabolites' production and their post-translation modification are one of the proposed mechanisms that lead to neuronal toxicity. The projected neurochemical changes in chronic alcohol drinkers may be due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Interaction of alcohol with GABA and glutamate receptors (NMDA and AMPA) resulted in diverse adaptive changes in gene expression through neuronal pathways leading to alcohol toxicity. Alcohol consumption in an individual leads to biochemical changes that are correlated with complex inflammatory signaling pathways such as phosphorylation of proteins, synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), NF-kappaB and MAP kinase pathways in certain regions of the brain. Ethanol exposure activates neurons and microglial cells that lead to release of neuroimmune factors like high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and certain cytokines involved in immune responses leading to neuroimmune signaling in the brain. Epigenetic modification of DNA and histones may lead to neuronal gene expression, thus regulating ethanol toxicity. Researchers attempt to modulate therapies that can help to foil alcohol toxicity and support the development of original neuronal cells that have been injured or degenerated by alcohol exposure.
Book Synopsis All 3 Types of Glial Cells Are Important for Memory Formation by : Leif Hertz
Download or read book All 3 Types of Glial Cells Are Important for Memory Formation written by Leif Hertz and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vertebrate brain contains neurons and 3 classical types of glia cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes and microglia have mainly been studied in gray matter, whereas oligodendrocytes myelinate white matter tracts. Until recently microglial effects were considered mainly during pathological conditions, but is now known that microglia plays important roles also in normal brain function. All these 3 glial cell types and their collaboration with neurons are important for learning. The concept that glia cells are important for cognitive function is not new. A glial-neuronal theory of brain function was proposed by Galambos in 1961. Hyden and Egyhazi demonstrated glial RNA changes in microdissected glia cells during learning in rats in 1963, and astrocytic and oligodendrocytic involvement of K+-mediated effects of learning has been suggested and/or demonstrated from the 1960's and onwards as recently reviewed by Hertz and Chen (Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews, 2016). In 1969 van den Berg et al. showed compartmentation of glutamate in brain and thus of production of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, which are essential for learning. That glutamate is synthesized in astrocytes because they in contrast to neurons express the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase was demonstrated 10-15 years later by Yu et al. in cultured astrocytes and Shank et al. in intact brain tissue. However, the present e-book focuses on more recent developments. Most information is available about astrocytic roles in learning. The importance of astrocytes in the tripartite synapse and of microglia in the tetrapartite synapse is illustrated in the front-page figure, which emphasizes the role of gliotransmitters and of Ca2+ transport through gap junctions, coupling astrocytes into a functional syncytium. Astrocytes are important for establishments of brain rhythms, which may differ in different cognitive tasks, and although the exact reason why knock-out of the astrocytic water channel AQP4 impairs memory remains to be established, several possibilities are discussed. The importance of the two astrocyte specific processes glutamate and glutamine formation and glycogenolysis is discussed in considerable detail. Glycogenolysis is important not only for astrocytic processes involved in learning, but also for those in neurons because glycolytically derived lactate has signaling functions in the extracellular space and may be accumulated in minute quantities into ...