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Air Sea Fluxes At High Winds
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Download or read book Air-Sea Fluxes at High Winds written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-term goal was to improve our understanding of the detailed mechanism of momentum and energy flux from wind to surface waves, and to study turbulent energy and momentum transfer from surface waves to near-surface currents. Particularly in high winds, where the role of wind-wave and wave-current interactions in the formation of coherent structures is elusive. In high winds, autonomous direct flux measurements are necessary to explore the mechanisms of momentum and energy transfer throughout their respective boundary layers.
Book Synopsis Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles by : Peter S. Liss
Download or read book Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles written by Peter S. Liss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.
Book Synopsis On the Transfer of Momentum, Heat and Mass at the Air-sea and Air-sea Spray Interfaces by : James A. Mueller
Download or read book On the Transfer of Momentum, Heat and Mass at the Air-sea and Air-sea Spray Interfaces written by James A. Mueller and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates the macroscopic effects of small-scale processes at the air-sea interface in general, with specific attention to the role that sea spray drops play in the exchanges of momentum, heat and mass between the air and the sea. Through scaling analysis and numerical modeling, this work provides a new understanding of the relative contributions to momentum, heat and mass fluxes at the broadly defined air-sea interface. Succinctly, sea spray drops play a less significant role than previous studies have suggested. This reduced role of sea spray ultimately leads to a lower predicted enthalpy flux at high wind speeds, raising new questions about how hurricanes overcome the drag (or friction) of the surface to become the familiar, swirling disasters. The total air-sea fluxes predicted by the model agree with empirical data at low to moderate wind speeds quite well. The generation function for spume drops predicts more, larger drops, which carry the spray-mediated fluxes at low to moderate wind speeds. At high wind speed conditions, for which data are sparse, this model departs substantially from the extrapolations of previous studies. The generation function shifts to smaller drops with increased wind forcing, and the total mass flux of spume drops saturates. Whereas the larger drops contribute to the spray-mediated fluxes at low wind speeds, the saturation of the mass flux and shift to smaller drops at high winds prevent the spray-mediated fluxes from ever dominating the total air-sea fluxes. Both this model and previous ones provide plausible explanations of the available data, but they each form a very different understanding of hurricane conditions.
Book Synopsis Air-Sea Exchange: Physics, Chemistry and Dynamics by : G.L. Geernaert
Download or read book Air-Sea Exchange: Physics, Chemistry and Dynamics written by G.L. Geernaert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1980's a wealth of information was reported from field and laboratory experiments in order to validate andlor modify various aspects of the surface layer Monin-Obukhov (M-O) similarity theory for use over the sea, and to introduce and test new concepts related to high resolution flux magnitudes and variabilities. For example, data from various field experiments conducted on the North Sea, Lake Ontario, and the Atlantic experiments, among others, yielded information on the dependence of the flux coefficients on wave state. In all field projects, the usual criteria for satisfying M-O similarity were applied. The assumptions of stationarity and homogeneity was assumed to be relevant over both small and large scales. In addition, the properties of the outer layer were assumed to be "correlated" with properties of the surface layer. These assumptions generally required that data were averaged for spatial footprints representing scales greater than 25 km (or typically 30 minutes or longer for typical windspeeds). While more and more data became available over the years, and the technology applied was more reliable, robust, and durable, the flux coefficients and other turbulent parameters still exhibited significant unexplained scatter. Since the scatter did not show sufficient reduction over the years to meet customer needs, in spite of improved technology and heavy financial investments, one could only conclude that perhaps the use of similarity theory contained too many simplifications when applied to environments which were more complicated than previously thought.
Book Synopsis Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics, and Prediction by : A. Favre
Download or read book Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics, and Prediction written by A. Favre and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A primary aim of the NATO Science Committee since its estab lishment in 1958 has been to· further international scientific co operation among scientists from the member countries of the Alliance. Almost all fields of basic science have received sub stantial support for the purposes of enhancing exchange of inform ation, providing opportunities for advanced instruction and collaborative research. Up to 1977, more than 10,000 fellowships have been awarded to allow scientists to complete their scientific education in another country and more than 1,500 joint research projects involving scientists in at least two different countries per project have been financed by the Committee. In addition, more than 800 advanced study institutes have been held under NATO auspices which have allowed more than sixty thousand scientists to get together to hear leading scientists lecture on advanced research topics on the frontier of research of many disciplines and to discuss the most recent results of their research activi ties. The Science Committee also identifies specific areas as deserving special encouragement or preferential support for limited periods. A variety of mechanisms - research grants, study visits, conferences, etc. - is utilized to stimulate greater international activity. This effort is embodied in several individual programmes, each guided by a special programme panel of internationally eminent experts. Air-sea interaction is one of these programmes.
Book Synopsis Air-Sea Exchange of Heat and Moisture During Storms by : R.S. Bortkovskii
Download or read book Air-Sea Exchange of Heat and Moisture During Storms written by R.S. Bortkovskii and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists investigating the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere now believe that the drag coefficient, and the coefficients of heat transfer and moisture transfer at the sea surface, all increase with an intensification of the wind, reaching high values during a storm. This belief is based on the results of gradient and eddy correlation measurements in the air layer over the water, as weIl as on data concerning the effect of storms on the structure of the upper layer of the ocean and on the planetary atmospheric boundary layer. However, until recently it was impossible to explain just how the above coefficients depend on the wind velocity and to extrapolate this dependence into the region of hurricane velocities. Only by studying nonturbulent mechanisms of transfer, which play an important role dose to the surface of a stormy sea, and mechanisms of spray mediated transfer in particular, was it possible to proceed to a solution of this problem. This book presents the results of laboratory and field studies of the spray field in the air layer above the surface of a stormy sea. Since there is a dose correlation between the generation of spray and the breaking of wind waves, considerable attention is given to the analysis of data on the sea state during a storm. Su'ch data are of interest when solving a number of diverse theoretical and applied problems.
Book Synopsis Air-Sea Stability Effects on the 10 M Winds Over the Global Ocean: Evaluations of Air-Sea Flux Algorithms by :
Download or read book Air-Sea Stability Effects on the 10 M Winds Over the Global Ocean: Evaluations of Air-Sea Flux Algorithms written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spatial and temporal variability of the impact of air-sea stratification on the differences between satellite-derived 10 m equivalent neutral wind speeds and stability-dependent (e.g., in situ) 10 m wind speeds are quantitatively examined over the global ocean. The influences of stability are compared with three air-sea flux algorithms, Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (version 3.0), Bourassa-Vincent-Wood, and Liu-Katsaros-Businger. Analyses are first presented at many individual buoy locations and then are extended to the global ocean with the use of rain-free wind measurements from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite, gridded at a resolution of 0.25 x 0.25. Overall, stability-dependent winds are found to be weaker than equivalent neutral winds by 0.2 m (s-1) on the basis of 7619 monthly mean values from 208 buoys during 2000-2005. Differences based on hourly winds can be as large as +/- 0.5 m s( -1). Results remain robust regardless of which air-sea flux algorithm is used. Monthly rain-free gridded QuikSCAT measurements, combined with atmospheric stability determined using near-surface variables from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-year reanalysis, demonstrate the effects of stratification on the 10 m winds globally. Differences in stability-dependent and neutral winds are substantially nonsymmetrical and reveal locations where the former is stronger than the latter. These differences may cause physically significant biases in air-sea fluxes if they are not properly considered, especially near the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream current systems.
Book Synopsis Surface Conditions and Air-sea Fluxes by : Robert A. Weller
Download or read book Surface Conditions and Air-sea Fluxes written by Robert A. Weller and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Measurement and Parameterisation of the Air-sea CO2 Flux in High Winds by : John Prytherch
Download or read book Measurement and Parameterisation of the Air-sea CO2 Flux in High Winds written by John Prytherch and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum and Sensible Heat Over the Open Sea During Moderate to Strong Winds by : William George Large
Download or read book The Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum and Sensible Heat Over the Open Sea During Moderate to Strong Winds written by William George Large and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two systems for remote measurements of the air-sea fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and moisture during moderate to strong winds are described. One employs the dissipation method and the other the Reynolds flux or eddy correlation method. A modified Gill propeller-vane anemometer is the velocity sensor and a method of resolving the vertical velocity component, that accounts for the propeller's non-cosine behavior and avoids its non-linear operating region, is derived. The dynamic responses of the sensors are found from measurements in the actual turbulent conditions of the flux measurements. The results of an experiment on the Bedford tower, a stable platform moored in 59m of water 10 km offshore, are presented. Spectra, cospectra, turbulence statistics and transfer coefficients are calculated from the Reynolds flux velocity and temperature data and found to be comparable to previously reported values. Simultaneous dissipation and Reynolds flux estimates of both the momentum and sensible heat fluxes in up to 20 m/s winds are shown to be in excellent agreement. Also presented are the results of a second experiment where the systems were deployed on the weathership CCGS Quadra. A comparison of ship and tower drag coefficients from the dissipation system, demonstrates that the Bedford tower is essentially an open ocean site.
Book Synopsis Stability-Dependent Exchange Coefficients for Air-Sea Fluxes by :
Download or read book Stability-Dependent Exchange Coefficients for Air-Sea Fluxes written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study introduces exchange coefficients for wind stress (C(sub D)), latent heat flux (C(sub L), and sensible heat flux (C(sub S)) over the global ocean. They are obtained from the state-of-the-art Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk algorithm (version 3.0). Using the exchange coefficients from this bulk scheme, C(sub D), C(sub L), and C(sub s) are then expressed as simple polynomial functions of air-sea temperature difference (T(sub a)-T(sub s)) where air temperature (T(sub a)) is at 10 m, wind speed (V(sub a)) is at 10 m, and relative humidity (RH) is at the air-sea interface-to parameterize stability. The advantage of using polynomial based exchange coefficients is that they do not require any iterations for stability. In addition, they agree with results from the COARE algorithm but at ~5 times lower computation cost, an advantage that is particularly needed for ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) and climate models running at high horizontal resolution and short time steps. The effects of any water vapor flux in calculating the exchange coefficients are taken into account in the polynomial functions, a feature that is especially important at low wind speeds (e.g., V(sub a)
Book Synopsis Synoptic Estimates of Air Sea Fluxes by : Richard Frank Marsden
Download or read book Synoptic Estimates of Air Sea Fluxes written by Richard Frank Marsden and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synoptic and climatological dynamic studies generally rely on bulk aerodynamic flux formulae to describe air sea heat and momentum exchange on synoptic and climatological scales. Barometric pressure maps (which involve an intrinsic temporal averaging of the wind) and wind roses provide two sources of spatial and temporal wind information for flux calculations. Several investigators have shown that, due to the non-linear dependence of the bulk aerodynamic formulae on the winds, time-averaged estimates of the fluxes based on vector averaged winds systematically underestimate the actual time-averaged fluxes. Using 10 to 21 years of three-hourly sampled sea surface meteorological observations from 9 weatherstations in the North Atlantic Ocean and 2 weatherstations in the North Pacific Ocean, the three-hourly stresses, latent heat fluxes and sensible heat fluxes were calculated. The sampled data and the calculated fluxes were then averaged over periods varying up to 28 days. The estimates of the averaged fluxes based on the vector averaged winds were then compared to the directly averaged values.
Book Synopsis Air-sea heat flux, ocean wind fields, and offshore dispersal of gulls by : J.C. HANEY
Download or read book Air-sea heat flux, ocean wind fields, and offshore dispersal of gulls written by J.C. HANEY and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Large-scale Air-sea Interactions at Ocean Weather Station V, 1951-71 by : David M. Husby
Download or read book Large-scale Air-sea Interactions at Ocean Weather Station V, 1951-71 written by David M. Husby and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A System for Remote Measurements of Air-Sea Fluxes of Momentum, Heat and Moisture During Moderate to Strong Winds by : S. Pond
Download or read book A System for Remote Measurements of Air-Sea Fluxes of Momentum, Heat and Moisture During Moderate to Strong Winds written by S. Pond and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report describes the methods employed, the sensors used for temperature, humidity and velocity and the digital recording systems. A summary of the field measurements made and some preliminary results are given. A detailed analysis of the GILL twin propeller-vane anemometer is presented in the appendix. (Author).
Book Synopsis Observations and Modeling of Turbulent Air-Sea Coupling in Coastal and Strongly Forced Conditions by : David G Ortiz-Suslow
Download or read book Observations and Modeling of Turbulent Air-Sea Coupling in Coastal and Strongly Forced Conditions written by David G Ortiz-Suslow and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The turbulent fluxes of momentum, mass, and energy across the ocean-atmosphere boundary are fundamental to our understanding of a myriad of geophysical processes, such as wind-wave generation, oceanic circulation, and air-sea gas transfer. In order to better understand these fluxes, empirical relationships were developed to quantify the interfacial exchange rates in terms of easily observed parameters (e.g., wind speed). However, mounting evidence suggests that these empirical formulae are only valid over the relatively narrow parametric space, i.e. open ocean conditions in light to moderate winds. Several near-surface processes have been observed to cause significant variance in the air-sea fluxes not predicted by the conventional functions, such as a heterogeneous surfaces, swell waves, and wave breaking. Further study is needed to fully characterize how these types of processes can modulate the interfacial exchange; in order to achieve this, a broad investigation into air-sea coupling was undertaken. The primary focus of this work was to use a combination of field and laboratory observations and numerical modeling, in regimes where conventional theories would be expected to breakdown, namely: the nearshore and in very high winds. These seemingly disparate environments represent the marine atmospheric boundary layer at its physical limit. In the nearshore, the convergence of land, air, and sea in a depth-limited domain marks the transition from a marine to a terrestrial boundary layer. Under extreme winds, the physical nature of the boundary layer remains unknown as an intermediate substrate layer, sea spray, develops between the atmosphere and ocean surface. At these ends of the MABL physical spectrum, direct measurements of the near-surface processes were made and directly related to local sources of variance. Our results suggest that the conventional treatment of air-sea fluxes in terms of empirical relationships developed from a relatively narrow set of environmental conditions do not generalize to the coastal and extreme wind environments. This body of work represents a multi-faceted approach to understanding physical air-sea interactions in varied regimes and using a wide array of investigatory methods.
Book Synopsis Turbulent Air-Sea Exchange in Extreme Winds and Its Effects on Storm Structure by :
Download or read book Turbulent Air-Sea Exchange in Extreme Winds and Its Effects on Storm Structure written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal is to investigate, theoretically and through analyzing existing data, sea surface physics and air-sea exchange in extreme winds. This is a collaboration between Ed Andreas and Kerry Emanuel. Our underlying motivations are improving predictions of tropical cyclone intensity and structure and developing guidelines for planning an eventual field experiment to observe the air-sea drag and enthalpy exchange in high winds. . Ultimately these goals require our developing physics-based parameterizations and theoretical constraints for turbulent air-sea fluxes in extreme winds. One focus will be on the role that sea spray plays in transferring heat, moisture, and momentum across the air-sea interface in high winds.
