African Americans In The Armed Forces

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Segregated Soldiers

Author : Marcus S. Cox
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807151769
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Segregated Soldiers by : Marcus S. Cox

Download or read book Segregated Soldiers written by Marcus S. Cox and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Segregated Soldiers, Marcus S. Cox investigates military training programs at historically black colleges and universities and demonstrates their importance to the struggle for civil rights. Examining African Americans' attitudes toward service in the armed forces, Cox focuses on the ways in which black higher education and Reserve Officer Training Corps programs worked together to advance full citizenship rights for African Americans. Educators at black colleges supported military training as early as the late nineteenth century in hopes of improving the social, economic, and political state of black citizens. Their attitudes reflected the long-held belief of many African Americans who viewed military service as a path to equal rights. Cox begins his narrative in the decades following the Civil War, when the movement to educate blacks became an essential element in the effort to offer equality to all African Americans. ROTC training emerged as a fundamental component of black higher education, as African American educators encouraged military activities to promote discipline, upright behavior, and patriotism. These virtues, they believed, would hasten African Americans' quest for civil rights and social progress. Using Southern University—one of the largest African American institutions of higher learning during the post–World War II era—as a case study, Cox shows how blacks' interest in military training and service continued to rise steadily throughout the 1950s. Even in the 1960s and early 1970s, despite the growing unpopularity of the Vietnam War, the rise of black nationalism, and an expanding economy that offered African Americans enhanced economic opportunities, support for the military persisted among blacks because many believed that service in the armed forces represented the best way to advance themselves in a society in which racial discrimination flourished. Unlike recent scholarship on historically black colleges and universities, Cox's study moves beyond institutional histories to provide a detailed examination of broader social, political, and economic issues, and demonstrates why military training programs remained a vital part of the schools' missions.

The Double V

Author : Rawn James, Jr.
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1608196224
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis The Double V by : Rawn James, Jr.

Download or read book The Double V written by Rawn James, Jr. and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-03-25 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The century-long struggle to achieve equality for America's black soldiers and sailors, in a stirring narrative history by the author of Root and Branch

Taps For A Jim Crow Army

Author : Christy McGuire
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813148995
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Taps For A Jim Crow Army by : Christy McGuire

Download or read book Taps For A Jim Crow Army written by Christy McGuire and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2014-07-11 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many black soldiers serving in the U.S. Army during World War II hoped that they might make permanent gains as a result of their military service and their willingness to defend their country. They were soon disabused of such illusions. Taps for a Jim Crow Army is a powerful collection of letters written by black soldiers in the 1940s to various government and nongovernment officials. The soldiers expressed their disillusionment, rage, and anguish over the discrimination and segregation they experienced in the Army. Most black troops were denied entry into army specialist schools; black officers were not allowed to command white officers; black soldiers were served poorer food and were forced to ride Jim Crow military buses into town and to sit in Jim Crow base movie theaters. In the South, German POWs could use the same latrines as white American soldiers, but blacks could not. The original foreword by Benjamin Quarles, professor emeritus of history at Morgan State University, and a new foreword by Bernard C. Nalty, the chief historian in the Office of Air Force History, offer rich insights into the world of these soldiers.

Black Soldiers in Blue

Author : John David Smith
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807875996
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Soldiers in Blue by : John David Smith

Download or read book Black Soldiers in Blue written by John David Smith and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2005-10-12 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inspired and informed by the latest research in African American, military, and social history, the fourteen original essays in this book tell the stories of the African American soldiers who fought for the Union cause. An introductory essay surveys the history of the U.S. Colored Troops (USCT) from emancipation to the end of the Civil War. Seven essays focus on the role of the USCT in combat, chronicling the contributions of African Americans who fought at Port Hudson, Milliken's Bend, Olustee, Fort Pillow, Petersburg, Saltville, and Nashville. Other essays explore the recruitment of black troops in the Mississippi Valley; the U.S. Colored Cavalry; the military leadership of Colonels Thomas Higginson, James Montgomery, and Robert Shaw; African American chaplain Henry McNeal Turner; the black troops who occupied postwar Charleston; and the experiences of USCT veterans in postwar North Carolina. Collectively, these essays probe the broad military, political, and social significance of black soldiers' armed service, enriching our understanding of the Civil War and African American life during and after the conflict. The contributors are Anne J. Bailey, Arthur W. Bergeron Jr., John Cimprich, Lawrence Lee Hewitt, Richard Lowe, Thomas D. Mays, Michael T. Meier, Edwin S. Redkey, Richard Reid, William Glenn Robertson, John David Smith, Noah Andre Trudeau, Keith Wilson, and Robert J. Zalimas Jr.

Half American

Author : Matthew F. Delmont
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1984880411
Total Pages : 401 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (848 download)

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Book Synopsis Half American by : Matthew F. Delmont

Download or read book Half American written by Matthew F. Delmont and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2024-01-09 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive history of World War II from the African American perspective, by award-winning historian and civil rights expert Winner of the 2023 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Nonfiction A New York Times Notable Book of 2022 A 2022 Book of the Year from TIME, Publishers Weekly, Booklist, and more More than one million Black soldiers served in World War II. Black troops were at Normandy, Iwo Jima, and the Battle of the Bulge, serving in segregated units while waging a dual battle against inequality in the very country for which they were laying down their lives. The stories of these Black veterans have long been ignored, cast aside in favor of the myth of the “Good War” fought by the “Greatest Generation.” And yet without their sacrifices, the United States could not have won the war. Half American is World War II history as you’ve likely never read it before. In these pages are stories of Black military heroes and civil rights icons such as Benjamin O. Davis Jr., the leader of the legendary Tuskegee Airmen, who fought to open the Air Force to Black pilots; Thurgood Marshall, the chief lawyer for the NAACP, who investigated and publicized violence against Black troops and veterans; poet Langston Hughes, who worked as a war correspondent for the Black press; Ella Baker, the civil rights leader who advocated on the home front for Black soldiers, veterans, and their families; and James G. Thompson, the twenty-six-year-old whose letter to a newspaper laying bare the hypocrisy of fighting against fascism abroad when racism still reigned at home set in motion the Double Victory campaign. Their bravery and patriotism in the face of unfathomable racism is both inspiring and galvanizing. An essential and meticulously researched retelling of the war, Half American honors the men and women who dared to fight not just for democracy abroad but for their dreams of a freer and more equal America.

African Americans and the Pacific War, 1941–1945

Author : Chris Dixon
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107112699
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis African Americans and the Pacific War, 1941–1945 by : Chris Dixon

Download or read book African Americans and the Pacific War, 1941–1945 written by Chris Dixon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-20 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dixon provides the first comprehensive study of African American military and social experiences during the Pacific War.

Freedom Struggles

Author : Adriane Lentz-Smith
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674054180
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

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Book Synopsis Freedom Struggles by : Adriane Lentz-Smith

Download or read book Freedom Struggles written by Adriane Lentz-Smith and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-01 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many of the 200,000 black soldiers sent to Europe with the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, encounters with French civilians and colonial African troops led them to imagine a world beyond Jim Crow. They returned home to join activists working to make that world real. In narrating the efforts of African American soldiers and activists to gain full citizenship rights as recompense for military service, Adriane Lentz-Smith illuminates how World War I mobilized a generation. Black and white soldiers clashed as much with one another as they did with external enemies. Race wars within the military and riots across the United States demonstrated the lengths to which white Americans would go to protect a carefully constructed caste system. Inspired by Woodrow Wilson’s rhetoric of self-determination but battered by the harsh realities of segregation, African Americans fought their own “war for democracy,” from the rebellions of black draftees in French and American ports to the mutiny of Army Regulars in Houston, and from the lonely stances of stubborn individuals to organized national campaigns. African Americans abroad and at home reworked notions of nation and belonging, empire and diaspora, manhood and citizenship. By war’s end, they ceased trying to earn equal rights and resolved to demand them. This beautifully written book reclaims World War I as a critical moment in the freedom struggle and places African Americans at the crossroads of social, military, and international history.

Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II

Author : Alan M. Osur
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II by : Alan M. Osur

Download or read book Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War II written by Alan M. Osur and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based upon a Ph. D. dissertation written by an Air Force officer who studied at the University of Denver. Currently an Associate Professor of History at the Air Force Academy, Major Osur's account relates how the leadership in the War Department and the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) tried to deal with the problem of race and the prejudices which were reflected in the bulk of American society. It tells a story of black racial protests and riots which such attitudes and discrimination provoked. The author describes many of the discriminatory actions taken against black airmen, whose goal was equality of treatment and opportunities as American citizens. He also describes the role of black pilots as they fought in the Mediterranean theater of operations against the Axis powers. In his final chapters, he examines the continuing racial frictions within the Army Air Forces which led to black servicemen protests and riots in 1945 at several installations.

The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964

Author : Alan L. Gropman
Publisher : University Press of the Pacific
ISBN 13 : 9780898757521
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (575 download)

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Book Synopsis The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 by : Alan L. Gropman

Download or read book The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 written by Alan L. Gropman and published by University Press of the Pacific. This book was released on 2002-02 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documenting the racial integration of the Air Force from the end of World War II to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, retired Air Force colonel Alan L. Gropman contends that the service desegregated itself not for moral or political reasons but to improve military effectiveness. First published in 1977, this second edition charts policy changes to date. 31 photos.

African American Army Officers of World War I

Author : Adam P. Wilson
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476620075
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis African American Army Officers of World War I by : Adam P. Wilson

Download or read book African American Army Officers of World War I written by Adam P. Wilson and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2015-10-14 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In April 1917, Congress approved President Woodrow Wilson's request to declare war on the Central Powers, thrusting the United States into World War I with the rallying cry, "The world must be made safe for democracy." Two months later 1,250 African American men--college graduates, businessmen, doctors, lawyers, reverends and non-commissioned officers--volunteered to become the first blacks to receive officer training at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. Denied the full privileges and protections of democracy at home, they prepared to defend it abroad in hopes that their service would be rewarded with equal citizenship at war's end. This book tells the stories of these black American soldiers' lives during training, in combat and after their return home. The author addresses issues of national and international racism and equality and discusses the Army's use of African American troops, the creation of a segregated officer training camp, the war's implications for civil rights in America, and military duty as an obligation of citizenship.

War! What Is It Good For?

Author : Kimberley Phillips Boehm
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807869086
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (69 download)

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Book Synopsis War! What Is It Good For? by : Kimberley Phillips Boehm

Download or read book War! What Is It Good For? written by Kimberley Phillips Boehm and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2012-01-15 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African Americans' long campaign for "the right to fight" forced Harry Truman to issue his 1948 executive order calling for equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed forces. In War! What Is It Good For?, Kimberley Phillips examines how blacks' participation in the nation's wars after Truman's order and their protracted struggles for equal citizenship galvanized a vibrant antiwar activism that reshaped their struggles for freedom. Using an array of sources--from newspapers and government documents to literature, music, and film--and tracing the period from World War II to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, Phillips considers how federal policies that desegregated the military also maintained racial, gender, and economic inequalities. Since 1945, the nation's need for military labor, blacks' unequal access to employment, and discriminatory draft policies have forced black men into the military at disproportionate rates. While mainstream civil rights leaders considered the integration of the military to be a civil rights success, many black soldiers, veterans, and antiwar activists perceived war as inimical to their struggles for economic and racial justice and sought to reshape the civil rights movement into an antiwar black freedom movement. Since the Vietnam War, Phillips argues, many African Americans have questioned linking militarism and war to their concepts of citizenship, equality, and freedom.

A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighters' Struggle for Freedom in Wwi and Equality at Home

Author : Peter N. Nelson
Publisher : ReadHowYouWant.com
ISBN 13 : 1458767280
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (587 download)

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Book Synopsis A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighters' Struggle for Freedom in Wwi and Equality at Home by : Peter N. Nelson

Download or read book A More Unbending Battle: The Harlem Hellfighters' Struggle for Freedom in Wwi and Equality at Home written by Peter N. Nelson and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2010-03 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 369th Infantry Regiment was the first African American regiment mustered to fight in World War I. In a war where the vast majority of black soldiers served in the Service of Supply, unloading ships and building roads and railroads, the men of the 369th trained and fought side by side with the French at the front and ultimately spent more days in the trenches than any other American unit. They went toward in defense of a country afflicted by segregation, Jim Crow laws, lyn chings, and racial violence, but a country they believed in all the same. In A More Unbending Battle, journalist and author Peter Nelson chronicles the little-known story of the 369th. Recruited from all walks of Harlem life, the regiment fought alongside the French, since they were prohibited by Americas segregation policy from working together with white U.S. soldiers. Despite extraordinary odds, the 369th became one of the most successful and fear edregiments of the war. The Harlem Hell fighters, as their enemies named them, showed Extra ordinary valor on the battlefield, with many soldiers winning the Croix de Guerre and the Legion of Honor, and were the first Allied unit to reach the Rhine River. A riveting depiction of both social triumph and battlefield heroism, A More Unbending Battle is the thrilling story of the dauntless Harlem Hell fighters.

Black Yanks in the Pacific

Author : Michael Cullen Green
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 0801462215
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Yanks in the Pacific by : Michael Cullen Green

Download or read book Black Yanks in the Pacific written by Michael Cullen Green and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-02 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the end of World War II, many black citizens viewed service in the segregated American armed forces with distaste if not disgust. Meanwhile, domestic racism and Jim Crow, ongoing Asian struggles against European colonialism, and prewar calls for Afro-Asian solidarity had generated considerable black ambivalence toward American military expansion in the Pacific, in particular the impending occupation of Japan. However, over the following decade black military service enabled tens of thousands of African Americans to interact daily with Asian peoples—encounters on a scale impossible prior to 1945. It also encouraged African Americans to share many of the same racialized attitudes toward Asian peoples held by their white counterparts and to identify with their government's foreign policy objectives in Asia. In Black Yanks in the Pacific, Michael Cullen Green tells the story of African American engagement with military service in occupied Japan, war-torn South Korea, and an emerging empire of bases anchored in those two nations. After World War II, African Americans largely embraced the socioeconomic opportunities afforded by service overseas—despite the maintenance of military segregation into the early 1950s—while strained Afro-Asian social relations in Japan and South Korea encouraged a sense of insurmountable difference from Asian peoples. By the time the Supreme Court declared de jure segregation unconstitutional in its landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, African American investment in overseas military expansion was largely secured. Although they were still subject to discrimination at home, many African Americans had come to distrust East Asian peoples and to accept the legitimacy of an expanding military empire abroad.

To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race

Author : Brenda L. Moore
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780814755877
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (558 download)

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Book Synopsis To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race by : Brenda L. Moore

Download or read book To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race written by Brenda L. Moore and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 1997-08-01 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I would have climbed up a mountain to get on the list [to serve overseas]. We were going to do our duty. Despite all the bad things that happened, America was our home. This is where I was born. It was where my mother and father were. There was a feeling of wanting to do your part. --Gladys Carter, member of the 6888th To Serve My Country, to Serve my Race is the story of the historic 6888th, the first United States Women's Army Corps unit composed of African-American women to serve overseas. While African-American men and white women were invited, if belatedly, to serve their country abroad, African-American women were excluded for overseas duty throughout most of WWII. Under political pressure from legislators like Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., the NAACP, the black press, and even President Roosevelt, the U.S. War Department was forced to deploy African-American women to the European theater in 1945. African-American women, having succeeded, through their own activism and political ties, in their quest to shape their own lives, answered the call from all over the country, from every socioeconomic stratum. Stationed in France and England at the end of World War II, the 6888th brought together women like Mary Daniel Williams, a cook in the 6888th who signed up for the Army to escape the slums of Cleveland and to improve her ninth-grade education, and Margaret Barnes Jones, a public relations officer of the 6888th, who grew up in a comfortable household with a politically active mother who encouraged her to challenge the system. Despite the social, political, and economic restrictions imposed upon these African-American women in their own country, they were eager to serve, not only out of patriotism but out of a desire to uplift their race and dispell bigoted preconceptions about their abilities. Elaine Bennett, a First Sergeant in the 6888th, joined because "I wanted to prove to myself and maybe to the world that we would give what we had back to the United States as a confirmation that we were full- fledged citizens." Filled with compelling personal testimony based on extensive interviews, To Serve My Country is the first book to document the lives of these courageous pioneers. It reveals how their Army experience affected them for the rest of their lives and how they, in turn, transformed the U.S. military forever.

Enemies in Love

Author : Alexis Clark
Publisher : The New Press
ISBN 13 : 1620971879
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Enemies in Love by : Alexis Clark

Download or read book Enemies in Love written by Alexis Clark and published by The New Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “New & Noteworthy” selection of The New York Times Book Review “Alexis Clark illuminates a whole corner of unknown World War II history.” —Walter Isaacson, New York Times bestselling author of Leonardo da Vinci “[A]n irresistible human story. . . . Clark's voice is engaging, and her tale universal.” —Jon Meacham, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power and American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House A true and deeply moving narrative of forbidden love during World War II and a shocking, hidden history of race on the home front This is a love story like no other: Elinor Powell was an African American nurse in the U.S. military during World War II; Frederick Albert was a soldier in Hitler's army, captured by the Allies and shipped to a prisoner-of-war camp in the Arizona desert. Like most other black nurses, Elinor pulled a second-class assignment, in a dusty, sun-baked—and segregated—Western town. The army figured that the risk of fraternization between black nurses and white German POWs was almost nil. Brought together by unlikely circumstances in a racist world, Elinor and Frederick should have been bitter enemies; but instead, at the height of World War II, they fell in love. Their dramatic story was unearthed by journalist Alexis Clark, who through years of interviews and historical research has pieced together an astounding narrative of race and true love in the cauldron of war. Based on a New York Times story by Clark that drew national attention, Enemies in Love paints a tableau of dreams deferred and of love struggling to survive, twenty-five years before the Supreme Court's Loving decision legalizing mixed-race marriage—revealing the surprising possibilities for human connection during one of history's most violent conflicts.

Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers

Author : Bruce A. Glasrud
Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 0826272304
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers by : Bruce A. Glasrud

Download or read book Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers written by Bruce A. Glasrud and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2011-03-21 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, African American men were seldom permitted to join the United States armed forces. There had been times in early U.S. history when black and white men fought alongside one another; it was not uncommon for integrated units to take to battle in the Revolutionary War. But by the War of 1812, the United States had come to maintain what one writer called “a whitewashed army.” Yet despite that opposition, during the early 1800s, militia units made up of free black soldiers came together to aid the official military troops in combat. Many black Americans continued to serve in times of military need. Nearly 180,000 African Americans served in units of the U.S. Colored Troops during the Civil War, and others, from states such as Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Missouri, and Kansas, participated in state militias organized to protect local populations from threats of Confederate invasion. As such, the Civil War was a turning point in the acceptance of black soldiers for national defense. By 1900, twenty-two states and the District of Columbia had accepted black men into some form of military service, usually as state militiamen—brothers to the “buffalo soldiers” of the regular army regiments, but American military men regardless. Little has been published about them, but Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers: Perspectives on the African American Militia and Volunteers, 1865–1919, offers insights into the varied experiences of black militia units in the post–Civil War period. The book includes eleven articles that focus either on “Black Participation in the Militia” or “Black Volunteer Units in the War with Spain.” The articles, collected and introduced by author and scholar Bruce A. Glasrud, provide an overview of the history of early black citizen-soldiers and offer criticism from prominent academics interested in that experience. Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers discusses a previously little-known aspect of the black military experience in U.S. history, while deliberating on the discrimination these men faced both within and outside the military. Chosen on the bases of scholarship, balance, and readability, these articles provide a rare composite picture of the black military man’s life during this period. Brothers to the Buffalo Soldiers offers both a valuable introductory text for students of military studies and a solid source of material for African American historians.

Fighting on Two Fronts

Author : James E. Westheider
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 081479324X
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Fighting on Two Fronts by : James E. Westheider

Download or read book Fighting on Two Fronts written by James E. Westheider and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 1999-04 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dramatic history of race relations during the Vietnam War, James E. Westheider illustrates how American soldiers in Vietnam grappled with many of the same racial conflicts that were roiling their homeland thousands of miles away. Over seven years in the making, Fighting on Two Fronts draws on interviews with dozens of Vietnam veterans - black and white - and official Pentagon documents to paint the first complete picture of the African American experience in Vietnam.