Adult Human Microglia

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Adult Human Microglia

Author : Amy Megan Smith
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (852 download)

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Book Synopsis Adult Human Microglia by : Amy Megan Smith

Download or read book Adult Human Microglia written by Amy Megan Smith and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The immune system continuously monitors and protects the central nervous system (CNS) throughout health and disease. Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS. Present throughout the brain parenchyma and in constant communication with the peripheral immune system, microglia are essential regulators of brain physiology. The adult human brain is prone to immune dysregulation in neurodegeneration and normal ageing. Understanding the roles and mechanisms of microglia in the adult human brain will aid the understanding of normal and degenerative brain processes. Despite increasing evidence of species differences, the majority of microglial studies are performed using rodent cells and few studies have addressed the questions of microglial function and regulation in the context of the adult human brain. This thesis explores the phenotypic diversity of microglia from adult human brain tissue - the primary microglia which are themselves part of neurological diseases. This study makes use of the unique resources of the Neurological Foundation of New Zealand Human Brain Bank and the Centre for Brain Research Biobank. Microglia were isolated from biopsy and post-mortem human adult brain tissue and grown in mixed glial cultures with astrocytes and brain derived fibroblast-like cells. The transcription factor PU.1 is important for myeloid cell development and function, but has not previously been investigated in adult human microglia. In this study PU.1 has been identified for the first time in adult human brain tissue and microglia, and demonstrated to be critical for microglial survival and phagocytosis. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) proved to be a highly effective and useful tool for investigating primary human microglial function. Microglial phenotype is highly dynamic and changes according to their external environment. Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) promoted a distinct microglial phenotype with increased PU.1 expression, and induced microglia to proliferate and undergo phagocytosis. Conversely, interferon-y (IFNy) induced an activated microglial phenotype with increased Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Despite Transforming Growth Factor-♭1 being reported to inhibit IFNy-induced HLA expression in rodent microglia, this response was completely absent in human microglia. Instead this mechanism was active in brain derived fibroblast-like cells. As regulators of the brain microenvironment, microglia affect many physiological processes including proliferation and fate determination of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Microglia in the constitutively neurogenic regions of the adult human brain were found to have greater proliferative potential than microglia from cortical non-neurogenic regions. Interestingly, neurogenic region microglia showed enhanced responses to M-CSF. NPCs were also isolated from the neurogenic regions of adult human brain tissue and the immune cytokine IFNy was found to direct differentiation of NPCs towards an astrocytic fate. Immune cells and molecules are essential for CNS function and the study of adult human microglia provides a unique insight into the workings of these vital cells. Targeting microglia to limit detrimental neuroinflammation, for example using siRNA directed against PU.1 or by using M-CSF molecule mimics, is a potential therapy for future treatment of neurological diseases.

Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123973481
Total Pages : 993 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS by :

Download or read book Patterning and Cell Type Specification in the Developing CNS and PNS written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-05-06 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of neural development are essential for understanding evolution and disorders of neural systems. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biological methods have generated a massive increase in new information, but there is a paucity of comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses, references, and historical perspectives on this important subject. The Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series is designed to fill this gap, offering the most thorough coverage of this field on the market today and addressing all aspects of how the nervous system and its components develop. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Each volume in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and full references. Volume 1 offers 48 high level articles devoted mainly to patterning and cell type specification in the developing central and peripheral nervous systems. Series offers 144 articles for 2904 full color pages addressing ways in which the nervous system and its components develop Features leading experts in various subfields as Section Editors and article Authors All articles peer reviewed by Section Editors to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and scholarship Volume 1 sections include coverage of mechanisms which: control regional specification, regulate proliferation of neuronal progenitors and control differentiation and survival of specific neuronal subtypes, and controlling development of non-neural cells

Biology of Adult Human Microglia Studied in Vitro and in Situ

Author : Williams Kenneth C. (Kenneth Charles)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Biology of Adult Human Microglia Studied in Vitro and in Situ by : Williams Kenneth C. (Kenneth Charles)

Download or read book Biology of Adult Human Microglia Studied in Vitro and in Situ written by Williams Kenneth C. (Kenneth Charles) and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population

Author : Alessandro Michelucci
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889456013
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population by : Alessandro Michelucci

Download or read book Microglia in Health and Disease: A Unique Immune Cell Population written by Alessandro Michelucci and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-10-05 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microglia are essential for the development and function of the adult brain. Their ontogeny, together with the absence of turnover from the periphery and the singular environment of the central nervous system (CNS), make microglia a unique cell population compared to other tissue-macrophages. The unique properties and functions of microglial cells, such as their role in synaptic pruning or the exceptional capacity to scan the brain parenchyma and rapidly react to its perturbations, have emerged in recent years. In the coming years, understanding how microglia acquire and maintain their unique profiles in order to fulfil distinct tasks in the healthy CNS and how these are altered in disease, will be essential to develop strategies to diagnose or treat CNS disorders with an immunological component. This Research Topic covers several aspects of microglial biology, ranging from their origin and the functional role of microglia during development and lifespan, their molecular properties compared with other brain and peripheral immune cells to microglial phenotypes and functional states in neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumours. In conclusion, the present Research Topic provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of several cellular and molecular mechanisms that make microglia a unique immune cell population within the healthy CNS as well as under inflammatory, neurodegenerative and tumorigenic processes.

Biology of Adult Human Microglia Studied in Vitro and in Situ

Author : Williams Kenneth C. (Kenneth Charles)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Biology of Adult Human Microglia Studied in Vitro and in Situ by : Williams Kenneth C. (Kenneth Charles)

Download or read book Biology of Adult Human Microglia Studied in Vitro and in Situ written by Williams Kenneth C. (Kenneth Charles) and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microglia in Health and Disease

Author : Marie-Ève Tremblay
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493914294
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

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Book Synopsis Microglia in Health and Disease by : Marie-Ève Tremblay

Download or read book Microglia in Health and Disease written by Marie-Ève Tremblay and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-22 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These past few years have witnessed a revolution in our understanding of microglia, especially since their roles in the healthy central nervous system (CNS) have started to unravel. These cells were shown to actively maintain health, in concert with neurons and other types of CNS cells, providing further insight into their involvement with diseases. Edited by two pioneers in the field, Marie-Ève Tremblay and Amanda Sierra, Microglia in health and disease aims to share with the broader scientific community some of the recent discoveries in microglia research, from a broad perspective, with a collection of 19 chapters from 52 specialists working in 11 countries across 5 continents. To set microglia on the stage, the book begins by explaining briefly who they are, what they do in the healthy and diseased CNS, and how they can be studied. The first section describes in more details their physiological roles in the maturation, function, and plasticity of the CNS, across development, adolescence, adulthood, neuropathic pain, addiction, and aging. The second section focuses on their implication in pathological conditions impairing the quality of life: neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, AIDS, and multiple sclerosis; and in leading causes of death: ischemia and stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as trauma and injury.

Immune Responses in the Nervous System

Author : Nancy Rothwell
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Immune Responses in the Nervous System by : Nancy Rothwell

Download or read book Immune Responses in the Nervous System written by Nancy Rothwell and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1995 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many molecules and mechanisms traditionally associated with the peripheral immune system have been found to be active within the central nervous system. The investigation of immune activation is a rapidly expanding field of research, particularly since it is directly related to acute neuronal damage and in degenerative disorders of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. This volume brings together a team of internationally recognized experts who address topics such as neuronal transplantation, leukocyte migration, the role of inflammation and immune responses in neurological diseases and brain injury, and the potential benefits of treatment with modulators of cytokine action. It will be of interest to all researchers and clinicians involved in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of neuroimmune diseases.

Developments in Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism

Author : Graziella Allegri
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9780306477553
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (775 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism by : Graziella Allegri

Download or read book Developments in Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism written by Graziella Allegri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-01-15 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains the proceedings of the Tenth International Meeting of the International Study Group for Tryptophan Research (ISTR V), held at the University of Padova, Padova, Italy, from 25-29 June, 2002 under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) in Roma, the University of Padova, the Italian Chemical Society - Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, the Veneto Region and the City of Padova. The meeting was organized to cover the recent developments in the field of tryptophan research. Weare very honoured that so many speakers accepted our invitation to give plenary lectures which, with the other communications, demonstrated the high scientific value of the Meeting. The publications in this volume are subdivided into nine main chapters, and cover all the major aspects in immunology, neurobiology, psychiatry, pathology, clinics, metabolism, enzymology, pharmacology, toxicology, melatonin, exercise and analytical chemistry. The volume includes the contributions of 325 scientists from 24 countries, and the Musajo Memorial Lecture delivered by Prof. Osamu Hayaishi during the Opening Ceremony.

Basic Neurochemistry

Author : R. Wayne Albers
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080959016
Total Pages : 1121 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Neurochemistry by : R. Wayne Albers

Download or read book Basic Neurochemistry written by R. Wayne Albers and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-11-02 with total page 1121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Neurochemistry, Eighth Edition, is the updated version of the outstanding and comprehensive classic text on neurochemistry. For more than forty years, this text has been the worldwide standard for information on the biochemistry of the nervous system, serving as a resource for postgraduate trainees and teachers in neurology, psychiatry, and basic neuroscience, as well as for medical, graduate, and postgraduate students and instructors in the neurosciences. The text has evolved, as intended, with the science. This new edition continues to cover the basics of neurochemistry as in the earlier editions, along with expanded and additional coverage of new research from intracellular trafficking, stem cells, adult neurogenesis, regeneration, and lipid messengers. It contains expanded coverage of all major neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including the neurochemistry of addiction, pain, and hearing and balance; the neurobiology of learning and memory; sleep; myelin structure, development, and disease; autism; and neuroimmunology. Completely updated text with new authors and material, and many entirely new chapters Over 400 fully revised figures in splendid color 61 chapters covering the range of cellular, molecular and medical neuroscience Translational science boxes emphasizing the connections between basic and clinical neuroscience Companion website at http://elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780123749475

Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain

Author : Mario F. Wulliman
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3034889798
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain by : Mario F. Wulliman

Download or read book Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain written by Mario F. Wulliman and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Angel and the Assassin

Author : Donna Jackson Nakazawa
Publisher : Ballantine Books
ISBN 13 : 152479919X
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (247 download)

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Book Synopsis The Angel and the Assassin by : Donna Jackson Nakazawa

Download or read book The Angel and the Assassin written by Donna Jackson Nakazawa and published by Ballantine Books. This book was released on 2021-01-19 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thrilling story of scientific detective work and medical potential that illuminates the newly understood role of microglia—an elusive type of brain cell that is vitally relevant to our everyday lives. “The rarest of books: a combination of page-turning discovery and remarkably readable science journalism.”—Mark Hyman, MD, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Food: What the Heck Should I Eat? NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY WIRED Until recently, microglia were thought to be helpful but rather boring: housekeeper cells in the brain. But a recent groundbreaking discovery has revealed that they connect our physical and mental health in surprising ways. When triggered—and anything that stirs up the immune system in the body can activate microglia, including chronic stressors, trauma, and viral infections—they can contribute to memory problems, anxiety, depression, and Alzheimer’s. Under the right circumstances, however, microglia can be coaxed back into being angelic healers, able to make brain repairs in ways that help alleviate symptoms and hold the promise to one day prevent disease. With the compassion born of her own experience, award-winning journalist Donna Jackson Nakazawa illuminates this newly understood science, following practitioners and patients on the front lines of treatments that help to “reboot” microglia. In at least one case, she witnesses a stunning recovery—and in others, significant relief from pressing symptoms, offering new hope to the tens of millions who suffer from mental, cognitive, and physical health issues. Hailed as a “riveting,” “stunning,” and “visionary,” The Angel and the Assassin offers us a radically reconceived picture of human health and promises to change everything we thought we knew about how to heal ourselves.

Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology

Author : Alexei Verkhratsky
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118402057
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology by : Alexei Verkhratsky

Download or read book Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology written by Alexei Verkhratsky and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glial Physiology and Pathophysiology provides a comprehensive, advanced text on the biology and pathology of glial cells. Coverae includes: the morphology and interrelationships between glial cells and neurones in different parts of the nervous systems the cellular physiology of the different kinds of glial cells the mechanisms of intra- and inter-cellular signalling in glial networks the mechanisms of glial-neuronal communications the role of glial cells in synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival and development of nervous system the cellular and molecular mechanisms of metabolic neuronal-glial interactions the role of glia in nervous system pathology, including pathology of glial cells and associated diseases - for example, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Alexander disease and Parkinson's Neuroglia oversee the birth and development of neurones, the establishment of interneuronal connections (the 'connectome'), the maintenance and removal of these inter-neuronal connections, writing of the nervous system components, adult neurogenesis, the energetics of nervous tissue, metabolism of neurotransmitters, regulation of ion composition of the interstitial space and many, many more homeostatic functions. This book primes the reader towards the notion that nervous tissue is not divided into more important and less important cells. The nervous tissue functions because of the coherent and concerted action of many different cell types, each contributing to an ultimate output. This reaches its zenith in humans, with the creation of thoughts, underlying acquisition of knowledge, its analysis and synthesis, and contemplating the Universe and our place in it. An up-to-date and fully referenced text on the most numerous cells in the human brain Detailed coverage of the morphology and interrelationships between glial cells and neurones in different parts of the nervous system Describes the role og glial cells in neuropathology Focus boxes highlight key points and summarise important facts Companion website with downloadable figures and slides

Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System

Author : Wolfgang J. Streit
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1475741391
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (757 download)

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Book Synopsis Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System by : Wolfgang J. Streit

Download or read book Microglia in the Regenerating and Degenerating Central Nervous System written by Wolfgang J. Streit and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of microglial cells has recently gained importance for those researching degeneration and regeneration. Microglia in the regenerating and degenerating CNS supports the assertion that understanding microglial biology could perhaps be pivotal for unraveling the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie Alzheimer's disease, In addition, microglia are also critical for understanding the sequelae of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, and for the important post-traumatic repair processes. This book gives an up to date account of the role of microglia in degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system and reviews their cell function and physiology.

Distinct Immune Regulatory Properties of Human Adult Microglia and Blood-Derived Macrophages

Author : Bryce Durafourt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780494839416
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Distinct Immune Regulatory Properties of Human Adult Microglia and Blood-Derived Macrophages by : Bryce Durafourt

Download or read book Distinct Immune Regulatory Properties of Human Adult Microglia and Blood-Derived Macrophages written by Bryce Durafourt and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Neural Progenitor Cells

Author : Loic P. Deleyrolle
Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071617823
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Neural Progenitor Cells by : Loic P. Deleyrolle

Download or read book Neural Progenitor Cells written by Loic P. Deleyrolle and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-09-24 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated edition collects cutting-edge techniques used to study neural stem and progenitor cells as well as the brain microenvironment. Featuring a wide range of technological advances in the study of neural stem cells, the volume highlights the promises of stem cell-based therapeutic applications for central nervous system ailments. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Neural Progenitor Cells: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition serves as an invaluable resource for the next generation of neuroscientists as they develop innovative experimental paradigms and progress toward therapeutic applications in the field of neurobiology.

Advanced Healthcare Materials

Author : Ashutosh Tiwari
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118773683
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Healthcare Materials by : Ashutosh Tiwari

Download or read book Advanced Healthcare Materials written by Ashutosh Tiwari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights the key features that enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. It also presents the latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology. The senior researchers from global knowledge centers have written topics including: State-of-the-art of biomaterials for human health Micro- and nanoparticles and their application in biosensors The role of immunoassays Stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles Diagnosis and treatment of cancer Advanced materials for biomedical application and drug delivery Nanoparticles for diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimers disease Hierarchical modelling of elastic behavior of human dental tissue Biodegradable porous hydrogels Hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care Modified natural zeolites Supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin poly(pseudo)rotaxane Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials Biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymers

What Do Microglia Do? New Tools for the Study of Rodent and Human Microglia

Author : Mariko Lynne Bennett
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis What Do Microglia Do? New Tools for the Study of Rodent and Human Microglia by : Mariko Lynne Bennett

Download or read book What Do Microglia Do? New Tools for the Study of Rodent and Human Microglia written by Mariko Lynne Bennett and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The specific function of microglia, the tissue resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, has been difficult to ascertain due to a lack of tools that distinguish microglia from other immune cells, thereby limiting their specific immunostaining, purification, and manipulation. Due to their unique developmental origins and predicted functions, the distinction of microglia from other myeloid cells is critically important to understanding brain development and disease; better tools would greatly facilitate studies of microglia function in the developing, adult, and injured CNS. This thesis consists of two main parts. The first is dedicated to identifying Transmembrane Protein 119 (Tmem119), a cell surface protein of unknown function, as a highly expressed microglia-specific marker in both mouse and human. In this section, I provide background information about microglia, the current state of research, and the importance of a molecular marker of microglia to better understand their function. I then discuss the qualities important for a unique molecular marker and show that, by RNA, Tmem119 fulfills these in both mouse and human. I discuss the development of monoclonal antibodies to the intracellular and extracellular domains of Tmem119 that together enable the immunostaining of microglia in histological sections in healthy and diseased brains and the isolation of mouse microglia by FACS. In the second part, I use these antibodies to generate the first RNAseq profiles of highly pure mouse microglia during development and after an immune challenge. I optimized an isolation protocol that reduces baseline microglial activation to better capture the in vivo genetic profiles of microglia. I found that mouse microglia mature by the second postnatal week, and that this maturation both corresponds with Tmem119 immunoreactivity and correlates with the expression of many microglia-enriched genes. I identified genes which are differentially expressed during development, after immune challenge, or between microglia and other macrophages. I generated several lists of genes containing enriched transcription factors, receptor-ligands, and disease-related genes. I also generated a resource, available at www.BrainRNAseq.org for scientists to mine these data themselves. Through these analyses, we made several new predictions about the functions of microglia - including a potential role in hemostasis. Finally, in the closing chapters, I discuss future directions and some preliminary work to harness these insights for future work - understanding the function of this highly specific and enriched gene, developing genetic tools to study microglia in vivo, and ultimately - to better understand what microglia do.