Understanding by Design

Download Understanding by Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 1416600353
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Understanding by Design by : Grant P. Wiggins

Download or read book Understanding by Design written by Grant P. Wiggins and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2005 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is understanding and how does it differ from knowledge? How can we determine the big ideas worth understanding? Why is understanding an important teaching goal, and how do we know when students have attained it? How can we create a rigorous and engaging curriculum that focuses on understanding and leads to improved student performance in today's high-stakes, standards-based environment? Authors Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe answer these and many other questions in this second edition of Understanding by Design. Drawing on feedback from thousands of educators around the world who have used the UbD framework since its introduction in 1998, the authors have greatly revised and expanded their original work to guide educators across the K-16 spectrum in the design of curriculum, assessment, and instruction. With an improved UbD Template at its core, the book explains the rationale of backward design and explores in greater depth the meaning of such key ideas as essential questions and transfer tasks. Readers will learn why the familiar coverage- and activity-based approaches to curriculum design fall short, and how a focus on the six facets of understanding can enrich student learning. With an expanded array of practical strategies, tools, and examples from all subject areas, the book demonstrates how the research-based principles of Understanding by Design apply to district frameworks as well as to individual units of curriculum. Combining provocative ideas, thoughtful analysis, and tested approaches, this new edition of Understanding by Design offers teacher-designers a clear path to the creation of curriculum that ensures better learning and a more stimulating experience for students and teachers alike.

Academic Success

Download Academic Success PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Academic Success by : Cristy Bartlett

Download or read book Academic Success written by Cristy Bartlett and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Report

Download Report PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Report by : Great Britain. Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Condition of the Exchequer (Now Board of Trade) Standards

Download or read book Report written by Great Britain. Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Condition of the Exchequer (Now Board of Trade) Standards and published by . This book was released on 1869 with total page 1250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping Professions

Download Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping Professions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palgrave MacMillan
ISBN 13 : 9780333777954
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (779 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping Professions by : Gary Rolfe

Download or read book Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping Professions written by Gary Rolfe and published by Palgrave MacMillan. This book was released on 2001 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical reflection, like all practice-based skills, can only be mastered by doing it. This practical user's guide takes the reader through a structured and coherent course in reflective practice, with frequent reflective writing exercises, discussion breaks and suggestions for further reading. With chapters on individual and group supervision, reflective writing, research and education, this book will be of interest to students and practitioners at all levels of nursing, midwifery, health visiting and social work.

Ambitious Science Teaching

Download Ambitious Science Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard Education Press
ISBN 13 : 1682531643
Total Pages : 455 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (825 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ambitious Science Teaching by : Mark Windschitl

Download or read book Ambitious Science Teaching written by Mark Windschitl and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2020-08-05 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2018 Outstanding Academic Title, Choice Ambitious Science Teaching outlines a powerful framework for science teaching to ensure that instruction is rigorous and equitable for students from all backgrounds. The practices presented in the book are being used in schools and districts that seek to improve science teaching at scale, and a wide range of science subjects and grade levels are represented. The book is organized around four sets of core teaching practices: planning for engagement with big ideas; eliciting student thinking; supporting changes in students’ thinking; and drawing together evidence-based explanations. Discussion of each practice includes tools and routines that teachers can use to support students’ participation, transcripts of actual student-teacher dialogue and descriptions of teachers’ thinking as it unfolds, and examples of student work. The book also provides explicit guidance for “opportunity to learn” strategies that can help scaffold the participation of diverse students. Since the success of these practices depends so heavily on discourse among students, Ambitious Science Teaching includes chapters on productive classroom talk. Science-specific skills such as modeling and scientific argument are also covered. Drawing on the emerging research on core teaching practices and their extensive work with preservice and in-service teachers, Ambitious Science Teaching presents a coherent and aligned set of resources for educators striving to meet the considerable challenges that have been set for them.

How Learning Works

Download How Learning Works PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470617608
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How Learning Works by : Susan A. Ambrose

Download or read book How Learning Works written by Susan A. Ambrose and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-16 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for How Learning Works "How Learning Works is the perfect title for this excellent book. Drawing upon new research in psychology, education, and cognitive science, the authors have demystified a complex topic into clear explanations of seven powerful learning principles. Full of great ideas and practical suggestions, all based on solid research evidence, this book is essential reading for instructors at all levels who wish to improve their students' learning." —Barbara Gross Davis, assistant vice chancellor for educational development, University of California, Berkeley, and author, Tools for Teaching "This book is a must-read for every instructor, new or experienced. Although I have been teaching for almost thirty years, as I read this book I found myself resonating with many of its ideas, and I discovered new ways of thinking about teaching." —Eugenia T. Paulus, professor of chemistry, North Hennepin Community College, and 2008 U.S. Community Colleges Professor of the Year from The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education "Thank you Carnegie Mellon for making accessible what has previously been inaccessible to those of us who are not learning scientists. Your focus on the essence of learning combined with concrete examples of the daily challenges of teaching and clear tactical strategies for faculty to consider is a welcome work. I will recommend this book to all my colleagues." —Catherine M. Casserly, senior partner, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching "As you read about each of the seven basic learning principles in this book, you will find advice that is grounded in learning theory, based on research evidence, relevant to college teaching, and easy to understand. The authors have extensive knowledge and experience in applying the science of learning to college teaching, and they graciously share it with you in this organized and readable book." —From the Foreword by Richard E. Mayer, professor of psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara; coauthor, e-Learning and the Science of Instruction; and author, Multimedia Learning

Never Work Harder Than Your Students & Other Principles of Great Teaching

Download Never Work Harder Than Your Students & Other Principles of Great Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 1416607579
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Never Work Harder Than Your Students & Other Principles of Great Teaching by : Robyn Renee Jackson

Download or read book Never Work Harder Than Your Students & Other Principles of Great Teaching written by Robyn Renee Jackson and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2009 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is great teaching a gift that only a few of us are born with, or is it a skill that can be learned? In Never Work Harder Than Your Students, Robyn Jackson makes a radical assertion: Any teacher can become a master teacher by developing a master teacher mindset, The master teacher mindset can be achieved by rigorously applying seven principles to your teaching until they become your automatic response to students in the classroom. The more you practice these principles, the more you begin to think like a master teacher. The seven principles are 1. Start where your students are. 2. Know where your students are going. 3. Expect to get your students to their goal. 4. Support your students along the way. 5. Use feedback to help you and your students get better. 6. Focus on quality rather than quantity. 7. Never work harder than your students. Using these seven principles, Jackson shows you how to become a master teacher no matter where you are in your practices. Each chapter provides a detailed explanation of one of the mastery principles, the steps you need to take to apply them to your own practice, and suggestions for how you can begin practicing the principle in your classroom right away. Jackson offers stories from her own teaching practice as well as from other teachers she has helped to show you how each principle works. Teaching is a hard job, but using JacksonÆs principles will help you and your students reap the rich rewards of that hard work. Book jacket.

Reflective Practice in Teaching

Download Reflective Practice in Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 981139475X
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reflective Practice in Teaching by : Gretchen Geng

Download or read book Reflective Practice in Teaching written by Gretchen Geng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-17 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the ways in which pre-service teachers develop and articulate their professional knowledge by presenting their reflections on contemporary issues and topics they have explored during their own teaching practicums. It uses reflective practice to connect pre-service teachers’ personal backgrounds with their placement experience concerning a self-selected topic, including teacher educators’ reflections on the pre-service teachers’ reports on these placement topics. By illustrating the broad range of issues encountered by pre-service teachers, sharing multiple perspectives on the complexity of classroom practice, and demonstrating the importance of reflective practice, it also provides a valuable mentoring framework. Moreover, the book studies how examining pre-service teachers’ life experience can facilitate in-depth understanding, specifically in the context of pre-service teachers’ reflections on their own practices in different educational settings. In short, the book helps current and prospective pre-service teachers and teacher educators get to know their students and themselves better using reflective practice.

Driven by Data

Download Driven by Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470548746
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Driven by Data by : Paul Bambrick-Santoyo

Download or read book Driven by Data written by Paul Bambrick-Santoyo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-12 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a practical guide for improving schools dramatically that will enable all students from all backgrounds to achieve at high levels. Includes assessment forms, an index, and a DVD.

How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition

Download How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ASCD
ISBN 13 : 141662306X
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition by : Susan M. Brookhart

Download or read book How to Give Effective Feedback to Your Students, Second Edition written by Susan M. Brookhart and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Properly crafted and individually tailored feedback on student work boosts student achievement across subjects and grades. In this updated and expanded second edition of her best-selling book, Susan M. Brookhart offers enhanced guidance and three lenses for considering the effectiveness of feedback: (1) does it conform to the research, (2) does it offer an episode of learning for the student and teacher, and (3) does the student use the feedback to extend learning? In this comprehensive guide for teachers at all levels, you will find information on every aspect of feedback, including • Strategies to uplift and encourage students to persevere in their work. • How to formulate and deliver feedback that both assesses learning and extends instruction. • When and how to use oral, written, and visual as well as individual, group, or whole-class feedback. • A concise and updated overview of the research findings on feedback and how they apply to today's classrooms. In addition, the book is replete with examples of good and bad feedback as well as rubrics that you can use to construct feedback tailored to different learners, including successful students, struggling students, and English language learners. The vast majority of students will respond positively to feedback that shows you care about them and their learning. Whether you teach young students or teens, this book is an invaluable resource for guaranteeing that the feedback you give students is engaging, informative, and, above all, effective.

Practice Education in Social Work

Download Practice Education in Social Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Critical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1915713102
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (157 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Practice Education in Social Work by : Paula Beesley

Download or read book Practice Education in Social Work written by Paula Beesley and published by Critical Publishing. This book was released on 2023-06-19 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now fully updated to reflect the changing social work placement landscape and the BASW refreshed (2022) Practice Educator Professional Standards (PEPS), this best-selling book is an invaluable guide for social workers undertaking learning and assessment to gain and maintain Stage 1 or 2 qualified practice educator status and for those involved in facilitating the mentoring, learning, support, assessment and CPD of practice educators. It covers all key areas within Practice Educator training and offers guidance on the application of key skills and knowledge in supporting, assessing and teaching social work students and managing the placement. It will particularly assist Practice Educators to: Understand, prepare for and provide appropriate learning opportunities Understand and implement effective supervision of social work students, including development of reflection, knowledge, skills and values Understand holistic assessment of practice; assessing in line with capability levels expected at the end of first and final placement Deal with weaker or failing students Prepare the reader for the PEPS qualification process.

Precision & Patience

Download Precision & Patience PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Barrett Williams
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Precision & Patience by : Barrett Williams

Download or read book Precision & Patience written by Barrett Williams and published by Barrett Williams. This book was released on 2024-05-02 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Embark on an epic journey through the ancient tradition and exhilarating challenge of bow hunting with "Precision & Patience," the definitive eBook for both novice archers and seasoned bowhunters. Unveiling the time-honored secrets of the sport, this comprehensive guide is your trusted pathway through the whispering woods and into the heart of the wild. Begin your adventure by unraveling the fascinating "History and Evolution of Bow Hunting." Dive deep into the soul of this primal pursuit as you explore its ethical landscape and compare the allure of modern techniques with the charm of traditional methods. "Preparing for the Bow Hunt" equips you with the essential physical and mental strategies, setting you up for success before you even nock an arrow. Are you choosing the right bow? "Equip Yourself: Choosing the Right Bow" offers an insightful analysis of compound versus recurve bows, assisting you in the crucial decision that could define your hunting experience. But the preparation doesn't end there; "Essential Gear and Accessories" covers everything from your arrowhead's razor edge to the camouflage that will meld you into your environment. "Practice Makes Perfect: Honing Your Skills" evolves your technique from the archery range to the field, fortifying the finesse needed for that perfect shot. Embrace the "Advanced Shooting Techniques" and discover the prowess to adapt to any hunting scenario, guaranteeing that your arrow flies true. "The Hunter's Knowledge: Understanding Your Prey" delves into the psyche and physiology of the hunted, offering wisdom necessary for the sustainable and honorable harvest. Translate these insights into action in "Field Craft: Stalking and Still-Hunting Strategies," where you learn the art of silent footsteps and the virtue of patience. When the moment of truth arrives - the moment you draw your bowstring in the stillness of the hunt - "The Moment of Truth: Making the Shot" ensures you’re prepared to take the decisive action with confidence and precision. But the journey does not end with the flight of the arrow. "Tracking and Recovery" teaches the respect-filled pursuit that follows the shot, while "Field Dressing and Butchering Your Harvest" provides the ancestral knowledge to honor your quarry from field to feast. Beyond the practical mastery, "Precision & Patience" underscores the profound narrative of the hunter through "Reflecting on the Journey: Ethics and Philosophy," casting light on the spiritual and ethical compass guiding every responsible bowhunter. Encompassing a full spectrum from the basics of bowhunting gear to the philosophical musings of a reflective hunter, this eBook is an immortal tribute to the art of bow hunting, capturing its essence in the silent flight of the arrow and the steady beat of the heart. Whether you are aiming for sustenance, seeking adventure, or cultivating reverence for nature, "Precision & Patience" is your key to unlocking the mysteries of one of humanity's oldest pursuits. Join us as we turn the pages and draw the bow – together, in the pursuit of the wild.

Reports from Commissioners

Download Reports from Commissioners PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 754 pages
Book Rating : 4.R/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Reports from Commissioners by : Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons

Download or read book Reports from Commissioners written by Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons and published by . This book was released on 1870 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Culturally Responsive Teaching

Download Culturally Responsive Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807750786
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Culturally Responsive Teaching by : Geneva Gay

Download or read book Culturally Responsive Teaching written by Geneva Gay and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The achievement of students of color continues to be disproportionately low at all levels of education. More than ever, Geneva Gay's foundational book on culturally responsive teaching is essential reading in addressing the needs of today's diverse student population. Combining insights from multicultural education theory and research with real-life classroom stories, Gay demonstrates that all students will perform better on multiple measures of achievement when teaching is filtered through their own cultural experiences. This bestselling text has been extensively revised to include expanded coverage of student ethnic groups: African and Latino Americans as well as Asian and Native Americans as well as new material on culturally diverse communication, addressing common myths about language diversity and the effects of "English Plus" instruction.

Teaching Core Practices in Teacher Education

Download Teaching Core Practices in Teacher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard Education Press
ISBN 13 : 1682531899
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (825 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching Core Practices in Teacher Education by : Pam Grossman

Download or read book Teaching Core Practices in Teacher Education written by Pam Grossman and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2021-02-26 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Teaching Core Practices in Teacher Education, Pam Grossman and her colleagues advocate an approach to practice-based teacher education that identifies “core practices” of teaching and supports novice teachers in learning how to enact them competently. Examples of core practices include facilitating whole-class discussion, eliciting student thinking, and maintaining classroom norms. The contributors argue that teacher education needs to do more to help teachers master these professional skills, rather than simply emphasizing content knowledge. Teaching Core Practices in Teacher Education outlines a series of pedagogies that teacher educators can use to help preservice students develop these teaching skills. Pedagogies include representations of practice (ways to show what this skill looks like and break it down into its component parts) and approximations of practice (the ways preservice teachers can try these skills out as they learn). Vignettes throughout the book illustrate how core practices can be incorporated into the teacher education curriculum. The book draws on the work of a consortium of teacher educators from thirteen universities devoted to describing and enacting pedagogies to help novice teachers develop these core practices in support of ambitious and equitable instruction. Their aim is to support teacher educator learning across institutions, content domains, and grade levels. The book also addresses efforts to support teacher learning outside formal teacher education programs. Contributors Chandra L. Alston Andrea Bien Janet Carlson Ashley Cartun Katie A. Danielson Elizabeth A. Davis Christopher G. Pupik Dean Brad Fogo Megan Franke Hala Ghousseini Lightning Peter Jay Sarah Schneider Kavanagh Elham Kazemi Megan Kelley-Petersen Matthew Kloser Sarah McGrew Chauncey Monte-Sano Abby Reisman Melissa A. Scheve Kristine M. Schutz Meghan Shaughnessy Andrea Wells

Yogic Science for Health and Mental Wellbeing

Download Yogic Science for Health and Mental Wellbeing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : AyurYoga Life Institute
ISBN 13 : 8195884504
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (958 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Yogic Science for Health and Mental Wellbeing by : Pritam Kumar Sinha

Download or read book Yogic Science for Health and Mental Wellbeing written by Pritam Kumar Sinha and published by AyurYoga Life Institute . This book was released on with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world where stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues are on the rise, many people are looking for holistic solutions to achieve greater physical and mental well-being. Yoga, an ancient practice that has been around for thousands of years, has become increasingly popular as a means of promoting overall health and happiness. In "Yogic Science for Health and Mental Wellbeing," author Pritam Kumar Sinha offers readers a comprehensive guide to understanding and practicing yoga for optimal health and well-being. Drawing on his extensive experience as a yoga teacher and spiritual guide, Sinha takes readers on a journey through the science of yoga, exploring its origins, philosophy, and practical applications. The book begins by delving into the history and philosophy of yoga, from its origins in ancient India to its modern-day relevance. Sinha offers a fresh perspective on the basic principles of yoga, including the idea that the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of our being are interconnected. From there, Sinha dives into the practical aspects of yoga, including the various asanas (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), and meditation techniques that can be used to promote physical fitness, mental clarity, and emotional balance. He provides clear and detailed instructions for each posture and exercise, making it easy for readers to follow along and integrate yoga into their daily lives. Throughout the book, Sinha emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to health and wellness. He offers practical advice on how to maintain a healthy diet, lifestyle, and mindset, and encourages readers to explore other complementary practices, such as mindfulness and Ayurveda. With its engaging writing style and creative approach to yoga and mental health, "Yogic Science for Health and Mental Wellbeing" is a must-read for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of yoga and harness its power to achieve greater health and happiness. Whether you're a seasoned yogi or a beginner, this book offers valuable insights and tools for cultivating a more balanced and fulfilling life.

Knowing What Students Know

Download Knowing What Students Know PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309293227
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Knowing What Students Know by : National Research Council

Download or read book Knowing What Students Know written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-27 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about. While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well. Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before. We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective? At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning. Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored. With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates.