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Active Military Sonar And Marine Mammals
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Book Synopsis Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals by :
Download or read book Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. Some peacetime use of military sonar has been regulated under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and other statutes due to concerns that active military sonars are operated at frequencies used by some cetaceans (i.e., whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and their high-intensity sound pulses may travel long distances in the ocean. There is also concern that sonar transmissions of sufficiently high intensity might physically damage the hearing in cetaceans or cause them to modify their behavior in ways that are detrimental. Although mid-frequency sonar has been implicated in several beaked whale strandings, there is scientific uncertainty surrounding the totality of the effects active sonar transmissions may have on marine mammals. This report summarizes legal and political events related to active sonar and marine mammals since 1994. Prior to the late 1990s, concerns focused primarily on the use of underwater sound as a research tool. While strandings and mortality of marine mammals, primarily beaked whales, have been observed in concurrence with mid-frequency sonar operation, additional controversy has focused on the development of low-frequency active (LFA) sonar. Environmental interests are concerned with LFA sonar because low-frequency sound travels farther than mid-frequency sound and is closer in frequency to those known to be used by baleen whales. Additional questions involve how to balance obligations of the military to comply with MMPA provisions (as well as provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act) with national security concerns. Generally speaking, concern about the environmental effects of ocean noise is now principally focused on three activities -- military sonar exercises, oil and gas exploration, and commercial shipping. This report summarizes some of the more significant recent events pertaining to active military sonar, in particular.
Book Synopsis Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals by :
Download or read book Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. Some peacetime use of military sonar has been regulated under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and other statutes due to concerns that active military sonars are operated at frequencies used by some cetaceans (i.e., whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and their highintensity sound pulses may travel long distances in the ocean. There is also concern that sonar transmissions of sufficiently high intensity might physically damage the hearing in cetaceans or cause them to modify their behavior in ways that are detrimental. Although mid-frequency sonar has been implicated in several beaked whale strandings, there is scientific uncertainty surrounding the totality of the effects active sonar transmissions may have on marine mammals. This report summarizes legal and political events related to active sonar and marine mammals since 1994. Prior to the late 1990s, concerns focused primarily on the use of underwater sound as a research tool. While strandings and mortality of marine mammals, primarily beaked whales, have been observed in concurrence with mid-frequency sonar operation, additional controversy has focused on the development of low-frequency active (LFA) sonar. Environmental interests are concerned with LFA sonar because low-frequency sound travels farther than midfrequency sound and is closer in frequency to those known to be used by baleen whales. Additional questions involve how to balance obligations of the military to comply with MMPA provisions (as well as provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act and the Endangered Species Act) with national security concerns. In 2003, Congress passed P.L. 108-136, wherein §319 amended the MMPA to authorize exemptions from restrictions on harassing and otherwise taking marine mammals for "national defense." Generally speaking, concern about the environmental effects of ocean noise is now principally focused on three activities -- military sonar exercises, oil and gas exploration, and commercial shipping. This report summarizes some of the more significant recent events pertaining to active military sonar, in particular.
Book Synopsis Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals by : Eugene H. Buck
Download or read book Active Military Sonar and Marine Mammals written by Eugene H. Buck and published by . This book was released on 2008-02-11 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. This report summarizes legal and political events related to active sonar and marine mammals from 1994 to 2008. Prior to the late 1990s, concerns focused primarily on the use of underwater sound as a research tool. Generally speaking, concern about the environmental effects of ocean noise is now principally focused on three activities military sonar exercises, oil and gas exploration, and commercial shipping. This report summarizes some of the more significant events pertaining to active military sonar, in particular. A print on demand report.
Book Synopsis Protecting Marine Mammals by : Marielle de Vries
Download or read book Protecting Marine Mammals written by Marielle de Vries and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarises legal and political events related to active sonar and marine mammals. While strandings and mortality of marine mammals, primarily beaked whales, have been observed in concurrence with mid-frequency sonar operation, additional controversy has focused on the development of low-frequency active (LFA) sonar. Some peacetime use of military sonar has been regulated under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and other statutes due to concerns that active military sonars are operated at frequencies used by some cetaceans (i.e., whales, porpoises, and dolphins), and their high-intensity sound pulses may travel long distances in the ocean. Although mid-frequency sonar has been implicated in several beaked whale strandings, there is scientific uncertainty surrounding the totality of the effects active sonar transmissions may have on marine mammals. This book also addresses the concern regarding environmental effects of ocean noise on three activities -- military sonar exercises, oil and gas exploration, and commercial shipping. This is an edited, excerpted and augmented edition of a CRS publication.
Book Synopsis Whales and Sonar by : Kristina Alexander
Download or read book Whales and Sonar written by Kristina Alexander and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report discusses litigation regarding the use of mid-frequency active sonar training exercises and its effects on marine mammals.
Book Synopsis Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (Afast) (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Reg by : The Law Library
Download or read book Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (Afast) (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Reg written by The Law Library and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Law Library presents the complete text of the Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (AFAST) (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 NMFS, upon application from the U.S. Navy (Navy), is issuing regulations to govern the unintentional taking of marine mammals incidental to activities conducted off the U.S. Atlantic Coast and in the Gulf of Mexico for the period of January 2009 through January 2014. The Navy's activities are considered military readiness activities pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), as amended by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (NDAA). These regulations, which allow for the issuance of "Letters of Authorization" (LOAs) for the incidental take of marine mammals during the described activities and specified timeframes, prescribe the permissible methods of taking and other means of affecting the least practicable adverse impact on marine mammal species and their habitat, as well as requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such taking. This ebook contains: - The complete text of the Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - U.S. Navy's Atlantic Fleet Active Sonar Training (AFAST) (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition) - A dynamic table of content linking to each section - A table of contents in introduction presenting a general overview of the structure
Book Synopsis Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy’s Mid-Frequence Active Sonar Training by :
Download or read book Whales and Sonar: Environmental Exemptions for the Navy’s Mid-Frequence Active Sonar Training written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Active Sonar and Marine Mammals by : Kori Calvert
Download or read book Active Sonar and Marine Mammals written by Kori Calvert and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. This report provides a chronology of significant events and documents since 1994.
Book Synopsis Active Sonar and Marine Mammals by :
Download or read book Active Sonar and Marine Mammals written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deployment of active sonar by the U.S. Navy and its potential impacts on marine mammals has been an ongoing issue of intense debate; regulatory, legislative, and judicial activity; and international concern. This report provides a chronology of significant events and documents since 1994. It will be updated as events warrant.
Book Synopsis Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - Incidental to Navy Operations of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active Sonar (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (Noaa) (2018 Edition) by : The Law Library
Download or read book Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - Incidental to Navy Operations of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active Sonar (Us National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (Noaa) (2018 Edition) written by The Law Library and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Law Library presents the complete text of the Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - Incidental to Navy Operations of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active Sonar (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 Upon application from the U.S. Navy (Navy), we (the National Marine Fisheries Service) are issuing regulations under the Marine Mammal Protection Act to govern the unintentional taking of marine mammals incidental to conducting operations of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) Low Frequency Active (LFA) sonar on a maximum of four naval surveillance vessels in areas of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, from the period of August 15, 2012, through August 15, 2017. These regulations: allow us to issue Letters of Authorization (LOA) for the incidental take of marine mammals during the Navy's specified activities and timeframes; set forth the permissible methods of taking; set forth other means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact on marine mammal species and their habitat; and set forth requirements pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of the incidental take. This ebook contains: - The complete text of the Taking and Importing Marine Mammals - Incidental to Navy Operations of Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System Low Frequency Active Sonar (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Regulation) (NOAA) (2018 Edition) - A dynamic table of content linking to each section - A table of contents in introduction presenting a general overview of the structure
Book Synopsis U.S. Navy Sonar and Marine Mammals by : Meegan Brianna Corcoran
Download or read book U.S. Navy Sonar and Marine Mammals written by Meegan Brianna Corcoran and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National security and environmental health have been at odds in America for decades. An example is the competing interests regarding Navy active sonar and marine mammal impacts. Navy sonar is essential for submarine detection, identification, and tracking. However, active sonar has been correlated to behavioral changes, deafness, hemorrhaging, stranding and death of marine mammals throughout the oceans. The U.S. Navy is currently proposing to increase active sonar testing and training off the Pacific Northwest coast in a range complex known as the Northwest Testing and Training (NWTT) Study Area. The Navy presently employs several marine mammal mitigation measure in order to limit negative impacts. However, additional mitigation measures exist that the Navy may utilize to further decrease harm. I have developed and evaluated five additional measures which support national security and environmental health. It is imperative the Navy assesses alternative mitigation measures that increase environmental protection while maintaining readiness standards.
Book Synopsis Marine Mammals and Noise by : W. John Richardson
Download or read book Marine Mammals and Noise written by W. John Richardson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many marine mammals communicate by emitting sounds that pass through water. Such sounds can be received across great distances and can influence the behavior of these undersea creatures. In the past few decades, the oceans have become increasingly noisy, as underwater sounds from propellers, sonars, and other human activities make it difficult for marine mammals to communicate. This book discusses, among many other topics, just how well marine mammals hear, how noisy the oceans have become, and what effects these new sounds have on marine mammals. The baseline of ambient noise, the sounds produced by machines and mammals, the sensitivity of marine mammal hearing, and the reactions of marine mammals are also examined. An essential addition to any marine biologist's library, Marine Mammals and Noise will be especially appealing to marine mammalogists, researchers, policy makers and regulators, and marine biologists and oceanographers using sound in their research.
Book Synopsis Marine Mammals Ashore by : Joseph R. Geraci
Download or read book Marine Mammals Ashore written by Joseph R. Geraci and published by National Aquarium in Baltimore. This book was released on 2005 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive manual for understanding and carrying out marine mammal rescue activities for stranded seals, manatees, dolphins, whales, or sea otters.
Book Synopsis Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals by : William John Richardson
Download or read book Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals written by William John Richardson and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Navy Sonar, Cetaceans, and the Supreme Court by : Kylie E. Zirbel
Download or read book Navy Sonar, Cetaceans, and the Supreme Court written by Kylie E. Zirbel and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean noise is particularly problematic for marine wildlife in the Northern hemisphere. One source of anthropogenic noise currently impacting cetaceans in particular is military sonar. As a result, environmental NGOs have pursued a series of legal battles to test how much leeway the Navy has concerning exemption from environmental laws. The legal battle made its way to the Supreme Court in the case Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). Ruling of the court suggests that the military is held to different standards when it comes to the implementation of federal environmental law. Public opinion on the impact of navy sonar on cetaceans and current policy has not been sought previously and since public opinion is a key force in the development and implementation of policy it could be a valuable asset to stakeholders to understand. In this thesis, I used chi-square tests to determine which demographic variables were correlated with how respondents felt about Navy exemption. I found that age, level of education, and ocean activity participation did not have a significant relationship with how respondents felt about Navy exemption. I did find, however, that individuals who were conservative, Republican, and have served in the military were more likely to believe the Navy should be exempt from marine mammal protection regulations. I was unable to test my hypotheses regarding race/ethnicity and environmental group membership due to insufficient data. My study was also designed to investigate the respondents' understanding of sonar and its impact on marine mammals in order to support a more comprehensive study in the future. The results that I obtained were that a majority of my sample believe that Navy sonar impacts marine mammals. A majority of my sample also believe that moderating sonar use would be an appropriate action to take if Navy sonar does impact marine mammals. I also found that a large majority of my sample has never heard about the case Winter v. NRDC. I conducted expert interviews to determine the potential ramifications of the Supreme Court case. A few noteworthy points found in the expert interviews include that the case exerts federal power over state power; its legal precedent sets limitations to the use of preliminary junctions under NEPA; and that it is possible to reconcile national security efforts with environmental protection.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Acoustic Effects on Marine Mammals for the Proposed Undersea Warfare Training Range by :
Download or read book Analysis of Acoustic Effects on Marine Mammals for the Proposed Undersea Warfare Training Range written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Navy is preparing a Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS/OEIS) for the proposed Undersea Warfare Training Range (USWTR). The DEIS includes an assessment of the effects of Navy sonars on marine mammals during exercises to occur on the range as required by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division, Newport, RI, has completed this assessment for three sites: the preferred site of Onslow Bay, NC, and the alternate sites of Wallops Island, VA, and Jacksonville, FL. This document describes the modeling approach, input data, and analysis method employed to estimate the number of marine mammals that could be affected by operation of Navy tactical sonar systems at the USWTR. The input data that are key to this methodology fall into five categories: (1) Marine mammal density estimates for the proposed range locations, (2) Definitions for Level A and Level B harassment thresholds for Navy sonar systems, (3) Geophysical data for the sites, (4) Characterization of Navy training scenarios and the military sonars to be used, and (5) Operational characteristics for the sonar systems to be used (many of these parameters are classified). The Marine Mammal Effects Model calculates an area for which each source produces a total energy flux (also referred to as total acoustic energy or total energy flux density) above the defined Level A and Level B harassment thresholds. This is calculated for each combination of training scenario, source, and season. This area is multiplied by the mammal population density for each species and the number of scenario occurrences per year to determine the estimated number of takes that will occur annually. Data are summarized by harassment thresholds for the respective sonar system, scenario, and species. A summary of the input data for the methodology is provided in figure 1-1, and a flow chart for the modeling is shown in figure 1-2.
Book Synopsis Marine Mammals and Active Sonar by :
Download or read book Marine Mammals and Active Sonar written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this paper is to provide a recommendation to MILOC MG 40 for MILOC engagement with marine mammal mitigation measures, paying regard to the limited resources and special role of MILOC. (Extract from the minutes of the 35th MILOC SG dated 1 November 2004.) The paper does not provide a comprehensive review of the considerable amount of work in progress in this field. It is no more than a brief statement of common understanding of the issues with their potential significance to the MILOC community and an outline of ongoing actions to address the issues. Options and recommendations for MILOC engagement are presented in conclusion.
