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Active Heterotrophic Microbial Communities From Polar Desert Soils Of The Canadian High Arctic
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Book Synopsis Active Heterotrophic Microbial Communities from Polar Desert Soils of the Canadian High Arctic by : Elham Taghavimehr
Download or read book Active Heterotrophic Microbial Communities from Polar Desert Soils of the Canadian High Arctic written by Elham Taghavimehr and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils by : Laura Zucconi
Download or read book Microbial Communities of Polar and Alpine Soils written by Laura Zucconi and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Geomicrobiology: Molecular and Environmental Perspective by : Alexander Loy
Download or read book Geomicrobiology: Molecular and Environmental Perspective written by Alexander Loy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-23 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interaction of microorganisms with geological activities results in processes influencing development of the Earth’s geo- and biospheres. In assessing these microbial functions, scientists have explored short- and longterm geological changes attributed to microorganisms and developed new approaches to evaluate the physiology of microbes including microbial interaction with the geological environment. As the field of geomicrobiology developed, it has become highly interdisciplinary and this book provides a review of the recent developments in a cross section of topics including origin of life, microbial-mineral interactions and microbial processes functioning in marine as well as terrestrial environments. A major component of this book addresses molecular techniques to evaluate microbial evolution and assess relationships of microbes in complex, natural c- munities. Recent developments in so-called ‘omics’ technologies, including (meta) genomics and (meta)proteomics, and isotope labeling methods allow new insights into the function of microbial community members and their possible geological impact. While this book summarizes current knowledge in various areas, it also reveals unresolved questions that require future investigations. Information in these chapters enhances our fundamental knowledge of geomicrobiology that contributes to the exploitation of microbial functions in mineral and environmental biotechn- ogy applications. It is our hope that this book will stimulate interest in the general field of geomicrobiology and encourage others to explore microbial processes as applied to the Earth.
Book Synopsis Microbial Biodiversity of High Arctic Wetland Cryosolic Soils and Development of Phylogenetic Microarrays for Polar Applications by : Roland Wilhelm
Download or read book Microbial Biodiversity of High Arctic Wetland Cryosolic Soils and Development of Phylogenetic Microarrays for Polar Applications written by Roland Wilhelm and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Robert V. Miller Publisher :American Society for Microbiology Press ISBN 13 :1555816045 Total Pages :453 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (558 download)
Book Synopsis Polar Microbiology by : Robert V. Miller
Download or read book Polar Microbiology written by Robert V. Miller and published by American Society for Microbiology Press. This book was released on 2011-12-29 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sheds new light on the microbial ecology and physiology of the Earth’s polar regions. • Examines the microbial investigations during the International Polar Year of 2008 focusing on the Arctic and Antarctic, along with earlier investigations on critical environmental issues such as climate change, ozone depletion, and elemental cycling. • Offers a survey of what is known and unknown about the microbial inhabitants of polar environments, addresses the adaptations and physiology of cold-adapted microorganisms, and explores the ecological role that polar microbial communities play in biogeochemical cycling. • Presents the challenges that polar and subpolar microorganisms face and describes the lowest temperatures in which microbial life can exist—and the prospects for life on other planets. Recommended for a general microbiology audience as well as for scientists and students in all areas of biology and geomicrobiology.
Book Synopsis High Bacterial Diversity of Biological Soil Crusts in Water Tracks Over Permafrost in the High Arctic Polar Desert by :
Download or read book High Bacterial Diversity of Biological Soil Crusts in Water Tracks Over Permafrost in the High Arctic Polar Desert written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we report the bacterial diversity of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) inhabiting polar desert soils at the northern land limit of the Arctic polar region (83° 05 N). Employing pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes this study demonstrated that these biocrusts harbor diverse bacterial communities, often as diverse as temperate latitude communities. The effect of wetting pulses on the composition of communities was also determined by collecting samples from soils outside and inside of permafrost water tracks, hill slope flow paths that drain permafrost-affected soils. The intermittent flow regime in the water tracks was correlated with altered relative abundance of phylum level taxonomic bins in the bacterial communities, but the alterations varied between individual sampling sites. Bacteria related to the Cyanobacteria and Acidobacteria demonstrated shifts in relative abundance based on their location either inside or outside of the water tracks. Among cyanobacterial sequences, the proportion of sequences belonging to the family Oscillatoriales consistently increased in relative abundance in the samples from inside the water tracks compared to those outside. Acidobacteria showed responses to wetting pulses in the water tracks, increasing in abundance at one site and decreasing at the other two sites. Subdivision 4 acidobacterial sequences tended to follow the trends in the total Acidobacteria relative abundance, suggesting these organisms were largely responsible for the changes observed in the Acidobacteria. Finally, taken together, these data suggest that the bacterial communities of these high latitude polar biocrusts are diverse but do not show a consensus response to intermittent flow in water tracks over high Arctic permafrost.
Book Synopsis Extremophiles Handbook by : Koki Horikoshi
Download or read book Extremophiles Handbook written by Koki Horikoshi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-08 with total page 1277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Extremophiles Handbook brings together the rapidly growing and often scattered information on microbial life in the whole range of extreme environments. This book will be a useful reference for finding clues to the origin of life and for exploring the biotechnology potential of these fascinating organisms.
Book Synopsis Methanogen Community and Activity in Canadian High Arctic Soils in Response to Global Warming by : Jennifer Allan
Download or read book Methanogen Community and Activity in Canadian High Arctic Soils in Response to Global Warming written by Jennifer Allan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Recent modeling indicates that up to 90 % of the top 3 m of Arctic permafrost will melt by 2090 as a result of climate change. This thawing is predicted to expand anaerobic environments and provide previously frozen carbon stores for microbial decomposition. This may favour methanogen production of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas (GHG) 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2). This study examined the effects of increased temperatures and substrates on Archaeal and methanogenic abundance, activity and diversity in active layer and permafrost soils from Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian high Arctic. This was completed through in situ measurements and two permafrost microcosms experiments. The first microcosm experiment was unamended at 4 and 15° C, and the second was amended with the 13C-labelled substrates: acetate, methanol and CO2, at 4 and 22° C. The activity of methanogens was determined by the anaerobic production of CO2 and CH4, and their diversity and abundance were determined by 454 pyrosequencing of the Archaeal 16S rRNA gene and qPCR of the methanogen mcrA gene. In addition, DNA stable isotope probing (SIP) determined the active community in the 70 cm 22°C CO2 microcosm sample. The production of CO2 in situ and in unamended microcosms correlated with organic matter and temperature but only increased with temperature in acetate-amended microcosms. The production of CH4 correlated with the combined effects of substrate and temperature, being highest with CO2 amendment. The Nitrososphaerales were the most abundant Archaeal order, averaging 88 % of total 454 pyrosequencing reads. The abundance and diversity of methanogens increased with depth, from 1 % of total Archaeal reads at 30 cm to 11 % at 70 cm, likely due to the increased anaerobicity. All of the methanogen orders were detected, but the most abundant were Methanomicrobiales and Methanococcales. The Methanomicrobiales also accounted for the highest increase in methanogens, from 9.5 % in the unamended core to 39.5 % in the 70 cm 4°C CO2 sample. However, this was not associated with an increase in CH4 production. The Methanopyrales were the only active order detected by DNA-SIP in the 70 cm 22°C CO2 sample, and correlated with the CH4 production in all 70 cm samples. Therefore, despite their low abundance, the Methanopyrales may play an important functional role in the production of CH4 in these high arctic polygon soils. As permafrost thaws, microbial decomposition of carbon stores is expected to increase the release CO2. Our results indicate that this increase in CO2 may promote the production of CH4 from Canadian high Arctic polygon soils." --
Book Synopsis Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology by : Rosa Margesin
Download or read book Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology written by Rosa Margesin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-22 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cold adaptation includes a complex range of structural and functional adaptations at the level of all cellular constituents, and these adaptations render cold-adapted organisms particularly useful for biotechnological applications. This book presents the most recent knowledge of (i) boundary conditions for microbial life in the cold, (ii) microbial diversity in various cold ecosystems, (iii) molecular cold adaptation mechanisms and (iv) the resulting biotechnological perspectives.
Book Synopsis Characterisation of Microbial Communities in a Water Track in an Antarctic Dry Valley by : Kelly Chan-Yam
Download or read book Characterisation of Microbial Communities in a Water Track in an Antarctic Dry Valley written by Kelly Chan-Yam and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Water tracks are dark, linear features of increased soil moisture that grow downslope over the spring and summer. Water tracks occur in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, a series of cold, hyper-arid, ice-free valleys in Antarctica, and present an instance of flowing liquid water through polar desert soils. As water is essential to life as we know it, microbial communities in water tracks were expected to be enriched in biomass and activity compared to adjacent, off-track, dry soils. The present thesis aimed at determining whether these water track soils are more habitable to microbial communities by ascertaining the differences in total cell counts, viable plate counts, and microbial respiratory activity in water track soils compared to the adjacent dry soils in Pearse Valley, as well as to determine any differences in community composition between the two soil types. Water track soils had a statistically significant increase in moisture, total cell counts, heterotrophic plate counts, and community respiration compared to dry soils. Respiration was also significantly positively correlated with soil moisture content, but total cell counts and plate counts were not correlated with moisture content. In contrast, the microbial community composition surprisingly did not significantly differ between wet and dry soil communities, nor did community composition demonstrate a relationship with soil moisture content. The microbial community composition instead appeared to differ based on location and depth. Overall, the data suggest that water tracks are more habitable than cold arid soils. This research presents the first in-depth study of the microbial communities of Antarctic water tracks. Water tracks in the McMurdo Dry Valleys may also act as a terrestrial analogue for "recurring slope lineae", features suggesting flowing water on the surface of Mars, so determining the effects of water tracks on habitability may also have astrobiological implications." --
Book Synopsis Microbial Diversity, Activity and Functional Ecology of Permafrost and Cryptoendolithic Microbial Life in a Hyper- Arid Antarctic Dry Valley by : Jacqueline Goordial
Download or read book Microbial Diversity, Activity and Functional Ecology of Permafrost and Cryptoendolithic Microbial Life in a Hyper- Arid Antarctic Dry Valley written by Jacqueline Goordial and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A large fraction of Earth's biosphere is permanently cold, and cold-adapted microorganisms capable of growth at temperatures well below freezing have been found in cryoenvironments globally. It is now well established that permafrost--ground that remains at or below 0°C for at least two consecutive years--can host viable and active communities of microorganisms. The permafrost soils of the high elevation McMurdo Dry Valleys are the most cold, desiccating and oligotrophic on Earth; where the continuous aridity and cold results in the formation of dry permafrost overlaying ice-cemented permafrost, a rare condition that likely only occurs in this region. Little is known about the permafrost microbial communities in the high elevation Dry Valleys other than microorganisms are present. University Valley is a high elevation Dry Valley (1700 MASL), and is one of the coldest and driest locations in Antarctica (mean annual temperature ~ -25oC; no degree days above freezing). The objective of this study was to examine the microbial diversity, activity and functional ecology of microbial communities in two distinct habitats in University Valley: permafrost soils, and the sandstone rock which form the valley walls. We found total microbial biomass in University Valley permafrost was extremely low (103 cells/g), and microbial activity under ambient conditions was undetectable. Only 6 isolates were cultured after 2 years of effort using multiple medias and enrichment strategies. Surprisingly, given the low biomass and undetectable activity, University Valley permafrost soil had high microbial diversity, as determined by 454 pyrosequencing of bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Metagenomic sequencing of University Valley permafrost found there was a low diversity of stress response genes, and instead soils were enriched in genes involved with dormancy and sporulation. Our results contrast with reports on lower elevation Dry Valleys and Arctic permafrost, suggesting that the combination of severe cold, aridity, and oligotrophy is severely constraining microbial survival, and that active microbial life is potentially nonexistent. Intriguingly, genome sequencing of the sole bacterial isolate capable of subzero growth isolated from University Valley soils revealed the presence of genes associated with adaptation to cold and oligotrophy, as well as genome wide amino acid substitutions thought to confer crucial increased protein flexibility at low temperatures. In comparison to the soils, the sandstone rock in University Valley contained cryptoendolithic ('hidden within rock') microorganisms with a simple but functional community structure which included photoautotrophic algae, and heterotrophic fungi and bacteria. The cryptoendolithic microorganisms were capable of metabolic activity at in situ temperatures, and possessed a diverse suite of stress response and nutrient cycling genes to fix carbon under the fluctuating conditions the sandstone rock would experience during the summer months. Pyrosequencing of two cryptoendolithic communities found that these communities share few OTUs in common with the surface soils in University Valley. The source of the diversity seen in University Valley soils is thus likely a mixture of cryptoendoliths and wind deposited cells. This thesis outlines a natural setting in the high elevation Antarctic Dry Valleys, which is pushing the boundaries of terrestrial life on Earth. The permafrost soils of University Valley are not sterile, but are uninhabitable, and are selecting for dormancy and sporulation rather than for activity and growth. In contrast, the more clement conditions provided by the porous sandstone rock structure has fostered a thriving cryptoendolithic microbial community living within the same valley. These results are relevant to understanding the limits of life on Earth, as well as the possibility of life on other cold, terrestrial planetary bodies such as Mars. " --
Book Synopsis Isolation and Characterization of Cold-active Heterotrophic Bacteria from Lakes Bonney and Vida, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica by : Lindsay Jean Mondino
Download or read book Isolation and Characterization of Cold-active Heterotrophic Bacteria from Lakes Bonney and Vida, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica written by Lindsay Jean Mondino and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lakes Bonney and Vida are permanently ice-covered saline lakes that lie within the Taylor Valley and Wright Valley, respectively, of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. McMurdo Dry Valleys is an ice-free expanse of land and lakes and is classified as a polar desert, experiencing average air temperatures of -20°C. The lakes within the Dry Valleys are very extreme and truly challenge the limits of life. Lakes Bonney and Vida are similar in that they both are ice-covered lakes experiencing continual cold temperatures and chemically, they are both hypersaline with high quantities of sulfate and nitrate. Enrichment cultures of melt-water from both lakes in medium R2A produced many isolates, ten of which were obtained in pure culture. Of these strains three grew slowly at -8°C and the rest grew slowly between -4° and 0°C. The upper growth temperature limits varied from 15° to 30°C. All strains were halotolerant or halophilic and all isolates grew aerobically on medium R2A and two were able to utilize nitrate to grow anaerobically. Three strains were tested for carbon substrate utilization and were able to catabolize fatty acids, organic acids and alcohols. Phylogenetic positions of the Lakes Bonney and Vida strains as determined by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the strains were related to the gammaproteobacteria genuses Psychrobacter and Marinobacter. Although Lakes Bonney and Vida are permanently ice-covered habitats with harsh extremes of low temperature, high salinity and low nutrients, they contain a diverse community of heterotrophic bacteria.
Book Synopsis Physical, Chemical, and Microbial Diversity of Cryptoendolithic Habitats in the Canadian High Arctic by : Christopher Ross Omelon
Download or read book Physical, Chemical, and Microbial Diversity of Cryptoendolithic Habitats in the Canadian High Arctic written by Christopher Ross Omelon and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sandstone outcrops around Eureka, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (80°N) are host to a variety of cryptoendolithic microorganisms including cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and heterotrophic bacteria. Continuous measurements over two years (2002-2004) of climate and environmental parameters show that cryptoendolithic habitats experience warmer temperatures and wetter conditions than the exposed rock surface. Subsurface temperature fluctuations are moderated by the thermal capacity of the rock substrate and vary as a function of depth, aspect, and albedo. Rain, snow or snowmelt substantially increases subsurface moisture levels, which persist for significant time periods after initial precipitation events have passed. Variation in the dominance of one microbial community over another occurs between sites, however these differences exist in habitats with similar temperature conditions. Communities grow as biofilms attached to mineral surfaces as well as within the open void spaces between grains and in many cases produce extracellular polysaccharides in response to the extreme environmental conditions. This EPS provides a substrate for accumulation of allochthonous clay particles that enter the system by winds and rain. Analysis of metal ions by sequential extraction and their relationship to microbial diversity using multivariate statistics show that cyanobacteria-dominated communities exist under higher pH conditions with elevated concentrations of calcium and magnesium, whereas communities dominated by fungi and algae are characterized by lower pH conditions and higher concentrations of iron, aluminum, and silica in overlying surfaces. These differences are explained by variations in cryptoendolithic microbial community structure, which control microenvironmental pH conditions, influence substrate dissolution and weathering rates, and perpetuate their dominance within a given cryptoendolithic habitat. Greater diversity of microorganisms at this Arctic location compared to similar habitats in the Antarctic Dry Valleys is explained by warmer temperatures during summer months that lead to longer periods for both active (& sim;3700 hr·yr-1) and ideal (& sim;2500 hr·yr-1) calculated metabolic activities as well as abundant moisture in the form of liquid water. The lack of evidence for biomineralization within this habitat contrasts with similar environments in the Antarctic Dry Valleys, a consequence of these warmer temperatures and wetter conditions that increase erosion rates and subsequent habitat destruction.
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Microbial Diversity and Activity in the Cold Saline Perennial Springs on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian High Arctic by : Nancy N. Perreault
Download or read book Microbial Diversity and Activity in the Cold Saline Perennial Springs on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian High Arctic written by Nancy N. Perreault and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polar Microbiology written by Asim K. Bej and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-12-23 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollution has accompanied polar exploration since Captain John Davis' arrival on the Antarctic continent in 1821 and has become an unavoidable consequence of oil spills in our polar regions. Fortunately, many of the organisms indigenous to Polar ecosystems have the ability to degrade pollutants. It is this metabolic capacity that forms the basis fo
Download or read book CRREL Bibliography written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
