Pathophysiology and Management of Valvular Lesions in the Setting of LVAD Support

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832535615
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathophysiology and Management of Valvular Lesions in the Setting of LVAD Support by : Paul C. Tang

Download or read book Pathophysiology and Management of Valvular Lesions in the Setting of LVAD Support written by Paul C. Tang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-09 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) technology is advancing at a rapid pace with increasing reliability of mechanical circulatory support for progressively longer periods. With more patients living longer on their LVAD as destination therapy or until eventual heart transplantation, concomitant valvular disease will have a greater impact on outcomes and patient quality of life. While some valvular lesions exist prior to LVAD implantation, others develop de novo from continuous flow mechanical support physiology. The presence of valvular disease in the setting of LVAD support is known to reduce effective cardiac output, increase left ventricular and atrial pressure, and increase right ventricular afterload. These hemodynamic changes can in turn contribute to right heart failure and negatively impact patient outcomes.

Cardiac Anesthesia

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Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780781721950
Total Pages : 1072 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (219 download)

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Book Synopsis Cardiac Anesthesia by : Fawzy G. Estafanous

Download or read book Cardiac Anesthesia written by Fawzy G. Estafanous and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thoroughly updated Second Edition of this highly acclaimed text provides a concise yet comprehensive reference on the clinical and scientific principles of cardiovascular and thoracic anesthesia. The foremost authorities in cardiac anesthesia cover topics particular to this specialized field, such as extracorporeal circulation, transesophageal echocardiography, the physiology and pharmacology of anticoagulation, cardiac catheterization, invasive cardiology, and congenital heart disease. Ideal for residents, fellows, and practicing anesthesiologists, this important text provides comprehensive, practical guidance for all aspects of cardiac anesthesia.

Looking Fish in the Eye - Cataract as a Problem in Fish Farming

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Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9289318384
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (893 download)

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Book Synopsis Looking Fish in the Eye - Cataract as a Problem in Fish Farming by : Nina Peuhkuri

Download or read book Looking Fish in the Eye - Cataract as a Problem in Fish Farming written by Nina Peuhkuri and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2009 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing frequencies of cataracts (i.e., opacities in eye lens) have been diagnosed in farmed salmonids during past years. Cataracts have proven a pronounced problem in fish farming because it leads to reduced eyesight and even total blindness of the fish. Norway has been leading research on cataracts because of the economic significance of Atlantic salmon farming. Other issues in respect of stocking and animal welfare have been considered. There are still knowledge gaps on the causes of cataract as well as on its consequences. Furthermore, quantitative information on the severity of the problem is still largely lacking. The report presents results from a number of case studies that have been conducted by the project group and collaborators. The project has shown cataracts to be relatively common in all the six salmonid species included in surveys from Finland and Sweden. The prevalence and severity (coverage of eye lens) were however variable often related to an exposure to Diplostomum spp. parasites that use fish as their intermediate hosts. The result contrasts with findings from Norway about the importance of nutritional imbalance and environmental (abiotic) factors in predisposing fish to cataract development.

Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198759088
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography by : David Sidebotham

Download or read book Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography written by David Sidebotham and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-04 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brand new series from Oxford University Press, the Oxford Clinical Imaging Guides are specifically designed to help doctors master bedside ultrasound imaging techniques. Each guide explains the principles and practice of using imaging in an easy-to-read, highly-illustrated, and authoritative manner. Practical Perioperative Transoesophageal Echocardiography, Third Edition, is the definitive guide dedicated to helping clinicians use this essential imaging technique to manage perioperative cardiac patients. Capturing the latest evidence-based developments; this resource offers authoritative guidance on monitoring and procedures for cardiac anaesthetists and intensivists. International expert authors help you apply this knowledge via clear step-by-step techniques with a focus on problem-solving and safe practice. Extensively illustrated itself, the book comes with online access to even more content: over 670 videos with corresponding annotated still frames, plus you can test your knowledge by answering over 145 self-assessment questions. This guide teaches you exactly what you need to know by covering the curriculum for the British Society of Echocardiography accreditation in Transoesophageal Echocardiography (BSE) and the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists/European Society of Echocardiography TOE accreditation examination (EACTA), and the US-based PTEeXAM. An essential reference and interactive guide, this unique book should never be far from the cardiac anaesthetist's side.

Uncertainty quantification for wave propagation and flow problems with random data

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 917685339X
Total Pages : 26 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncertainty quantification for wave propagation and flow problems with random data by : Markus Wahlsten

Download or read book Uncertainty quantification for wave propagation and flow problems with random data written by Markus Wahlsten and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis we study partial differential equations with random inputs. The effects that different boundary conditions with random data and uncertain geometries have on the solution are analyzed. Further, comparisons and couplings between different uncertainty quantification methods are performed. The numerical simulations are based on provably strongly stable finite difference formulations based on summation-by-parts operators and a weak implementation of boundary and interface conditions. The first part of this thesis treats the construction of variance reducing boundary conditions. It is shown how the variance of the solution can be manipulated by the choice of boundary conditions, and a close relation between the variance of the solution and the energy estimate is established. The technique is studied on both a purely hyperbolic system as well as an incompletely parabolic system of equations. The applications considered are the Euler, Maxwell's, and Navier--Stokes equations. The second part focuses on the effect of uncertain geometry on the solution. We consider a two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation with a stochastically varying boundary. We transform the problem to a fixed domain where comparisons can be made. Numerical results are performed on a problem in heat transfer, where the frequency and amplitude of the prescribed uncertainty are varied. The final part of the thesis is devoted to the comparison and coupling of different uncertainty quantification methods. An efficiency analysis is performed using the intrusive polynomial chaos expansion with stochastic Galerkin projection, and nonintrusive numerical integration. The techniques are compared using the non-linear viscous Burgers' equation. A provably stable coupling procedure for the two methods is also constructed. The general coupling procedure is exemplified using a hyperbolic system of equations.

CTS Certified Technology Specialist Exam Guide, Second Edition

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Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071807950
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis CTS Certified Technology Specialist Exam Guide, Second Edition by : Brad Grimes

Download or read book CTS Certified Technology Specialist Exam Guide, Second Edition written by Brad Grimes and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2013-06-12 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date CTS Exam Study System Published with InfoComm International, CTS Certified Technology Specialist Exam Guide, Second Edition provides comprehensive coverage of all objectives on the latest release of the InfoComm Certified Technology Specialist exam—the leading internationally recognized audiovisual (AV) certification. You’ll get learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter, best practices, checklists, diagrams, photos, chapter review questions with in-depth explanations, and a full-color insert. Designed to help you prepare for the CTS exam, this authoritative resource also serves as an essential on-the-job reference. Electronic content includes: One all-new CTS practice exam Covers all current CTS exam objectives, including how to: Conduct a site survey Gather customer information Evaluate and recommend changes to a site environment Develop a functional AV scope Design, provide, and sell AV solutions Conduct a vendor selection process Operate AV solutions Conduct maintenance activities Manage AV solutions and operations Project manage AV projects Perform AV finance and job costing activities Troubleshoot and repair AV solutions

Annual Report

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Report by : Columbus (Ohio). Engineering Department

Download or read book Annual Report written by Columbus (Ohio). Engineering Department and published by . This book was released on 1898 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mac OS X Help Line, Tiger Edition

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Publisher : Peachpit Press
ISBN 13 : 0132705249
Total Pages : 1610 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis Mac OS X Help Line, Tiger Edition by : Ted Landau

Download or read book Mac OS X Help Line, Tiger Edition written by Ted Landau and published by Peachpit Press. This book was released on 2005-12-20 with total page 1610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With every update, Mac OS X grows more powerful, more dependable, and easier to use--and Mac OS X Tiger is no exception. But along with the new features come fresh issues--new areas to troubleshoot, new functionality to unravel, and new glitches waiting to confound even the savviest Mac users. Not to worry. Best-selling author and Mac guru Ted Landau turns his diagnostician's eye on Mac OS X Tiger, arming readers with fix-it knowledge This popular fix-it classic offers more troubleshooting information, tips, and hacks than any other single volume. Chock-full of detailed, understandable advice for maintaining and troubleshooting Mac OS X Tiger, this comprehensive reference is where users will turn before they head to the repair shop. Readers will find solutions for every Mac OS X problem under the sun plus the technical grounding they need to turn a diagnostic eye on their own operating systems. Filled with tips, tools, and preventive measures, the guide includes in-depth coverage of Library directories and folders, file and font maintenance, crash prevention and recovery, and more.

Applications of Partial Polymorphisms in (Fine-Grained) Complexity of Constraint Satisfaction Problems

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9179298982
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Applications of Partial Polymorphisms in (Fine-Grained) Complexity of Constraint Satisfaction Problems by : Biman Roy

Download or read book Applications of Partial Polymorphisms in (Fine-Grained) Complexity of Constraint Satisfaction Problems written by Biman Roy and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-03-23 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis we study the worst-case complexity ofconstraint satisfaction problems and some of its variants. We use methods from universal algebra: in particular, algebras of total functions and partial functions that are respectively known as clones and strong partial clones. The constraint satisfactionproblem parameterized by a set of relations ? (CSP(?)) is the following problem: given a set of variables restricted by a set of constraints based on the relations ?, is there an assignment to thevariables that satisfies all constraints? We refer to the set ? as aconstraint language. The inverse CSPproblem over ? (Inv-CSP(?)) asks the opposite: given a relation R, does there exist a CSP(?) instance with R as its set of models? When ? is a Boolean language, then we use the term SAT(?) instead of CSP(?) and Inv-SAT(?) instead of Inv-CSP(?). Fine-grained complexity is an approach in which we zoom inside a complexity class and classify theproblems in it based on their worst-case time complexities. We start by investigating the fine-grained complexity of NP-complete CSP(?) problems. An NP-complete CSP(?) problem is said to be easier than an NP-complete CSP(?) problem if the worst-case time complexity of CSP(?) is not higher thanthe worst-case time complexity of CSP(?). We first analyze the NP-complete SAT problems that are easier than monotone 1-in-3-SAT (which can be represented by SAT(R) for a certain relation R), and find out that there exists a continuum of such problems. For this, we use the connection between constraint languages and strong partial clones and exploit the fact that CSP(?) is easier than CSP(?) when the strong partial clone corresponding to ? contains the strong partial clone of ?. An NP-complete CSP(?) problem is said to be the easiest with respect to a variable domain D if it is easier than any other NP-complete CSP(?) problem of that domain. We show that for every finite domain there exists an easiest NP-complete problem for the ultraconservative CSP(?) problems. An ultraconservative CSP(?) is a special class of CSP problems where the constraint language containsall unary relations. We additionally show that no NP-complete CSP(?) problem can be solved insub-exponential time (i.e. in2^o(n) time where n is the number of variables) given that theexponentialtime hypothesisis true. Moving to classical complexity, we show that for any Boolean constraint language ?, Inv-SAT(?) is either in P or it is coNP-complete. This is a generalization of an earlier dichotomy result, which was only known to be true for ultraconservative constraint languages. We show that Inv-SAT(?) is coNP-complete if and only if the clone corresponding to ? contains essentially unary functions only. For arbitrary finite domains our results are not conclusive, but we manage to prove that theinversek-coloring problem is coNP-complete for each k>2. We exploit weak bases to prove many of theseresults. A weak base of a clone C is a constraint language that corresponds to the largest strong partia clone that contains C. It is known that for many decision problems X(?) that are parameterized bya constraint language ?(such as Inv-SAT), there are strong connections between the complexity of X(?) and weak bases. This fact can be exploited to achieve general complexity results. The Boolean domain is well-suited for this approach since we have a fairly good understanding of Boolean weak bases. In the final result of this thesis, we investigate the relationships between the weak bases in the Boolean domain based on their strong partial clones and completely classify them according to the setinclusion. To avoid a tedious case analysis, we introduce a technique that allows us to discard a largenumber of cases from further investigation.

Problems in Problem-Based Design Engineering Education

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9180756603
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis Problems in Problem-Based Design Engineering Education by : Juan Felipe Ruiz Muñoz

Download or read book Problems in Problem-Based Design Engineering Education written by Juan Felipe Ruiz Muñoz and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2024-04-23 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern industry faces complex and 'wicked' problems that require engineering professionals to go beyond traditional natural science-based linear problem-solving approaches and adopt collaborative, multidisciplinary, and iterative problem-solving strategies. To tackle these kinds of problems, organizations are increasingly turning to design problem- solving methods based on the designer’s way of thinking, acting, and doing. Designers have a distinctive ability to deal with poorly defined, ambiguous, or "wicked" problems by emphasizing iterative exploration of both the problem and the solution spaces. They do this through design reasoning patterns that involve constant iteration and temporary solutions. This shift towards designerly ways of problem-solving has, in turn, had an effect on engineering education, where there has been a significant shift towards educational models that utilize design methodologies to engage students in immersive problem-solving experiences. One challenge for educators who utilize models based on designerly thinking is to create structures that actually support the learning objectives, and the development of student skills that are rooted in design reasoning and acting, and not merely in design tools. Another challenge is to support collaboration across multiple areas that traditionally had clear boundaries. This thesis studies practices utilized by educators in problem-based designerly education to understand the underlying mechanisms and theoretical underpinnings of problem exploration in multidisciplinary education. Additionally, this thesis aims to explore and discuss the same processes and methods in the context of multidisciplinary education and design objects that can support collaboration across boundaries. This thesis's key contributions are the exploration and discussion of aspects of problem exploration, framing, and reframing in a designerly problem-based multidisciplinary educational environment, as well as the challenges and difficulties that educators and students encounter in the process of exploring problems and collaborating and crossing disciplinary boundaries with participants from multiple disciplines. To do so, this thesis first explores the importance that (the framing of the) design brief has in the problem-solving process. Furthermore, the design briefs are discussed as boundary objects that serve a crucial role in negotiation, communication, and coordination tools between stakeholders. Second, the importance of the reflective process that follows the idea generation and prototype-building activities are discussed as an aspect of an educational model that allows participants to explore problems and avoid design fixation. Moreover, these objects are discussed based on their function as disciplinary boundary crossing objects and as an aid in negotiation, and collaboration objects in problem exploration. Thirdly, methods and processes for assessment of student characteristics and skills are discussed, where tensions and trade-offs between self-reporting and observer-based methods are studied and explored. These methods then serve as boundary objects in the discussions between teaching teams in the student team formation process. Furthermore, team building and specifically the process of trust-building and objects that aid in boundary-crossing collaboration and communication to develop trust between students are also discussed. Den moderna industrin står inför komplexa och så kallade "lömska"(eng. wicked) problem som kräver att ingenjörer går längre än traditionella naturvetenskapsbaserade linjära problemlösningsmetoder och antar samarbetande, multidisciplinära och iterativa problemlösningsstrategier. För att ta itu med den här typen av problem vänder sig organisationer i allt högre grad till designproblemlösningsmetoder baserade på designerns sätt att tänka, agera och göra. Designers har en utmärkande förmåga att hantera dåligt definierade, tvetydiga och "lömska" problem genom att betona iterativ utforskning av både problemet och lösningsutrymmena. De gör detta genom designresonemangsmönster som involverar konstant iteration och tillfälliga lösningar. Denna förändring mot designmässiga sätt att lösa problem har i sin tur haft en effekt på ingenjörsutbildningen, där det har skett en betydande förändring mot utbildningsmodeller som använder designmetoder för att engagera studenter i verklighetsnära problemlösningsupplevelser. En utmaning för pedagoger som använder modeller baserade på designtänkande är att skapa strukturer som faktiskt stödjer lärandemålen och utvecklingen av studenters färdigheter som är förankrade i designresonemang och agerande, och inte bara i designverktyg. En annan utmaning är att stödja samarbete över flera områden som traditionellt har haft tydliga gränser. Denna avhandling studerar den praxis som används av lärare i problembaserad designutbildning för att förstå de underliggande mekanismerna och teoretiska grunderna för problemutforskning i multidisciplinär utbildning. Dessutom syftar denna avhandling till att utforska och diskutera samma processer och metoder inom ramen för multidisciplinär utbildning och skapa designobjekt som kan stödja samarbete över gränser. Den här avhandlingens nyckelbidrag är utforskandet och diskussionen av aspekter av problemutforskning, inramning och omformulering i en designmässigt problembaserad multidisciplinär pedagogisk miljö, såväl som de utmaningar och svårigheter som lärare och studenter möter i processen att utforska problem och samarbeta när disciplinära gränser korsas med deltagare från flera discipliner. För att göra det undersöker denna avhandling först vilken betydelse (utformningen av) "designbriefs" har i problemlösningsprocessen. Vidare diskuteras "designbriefs" som gränsobjekt som har en avgörande roll i förhandlings-, kommunikations- och samordningsverktyg mellan intressenter. För det andra diskuteras vikten av den reflekterande process som följer på idégenereringen och prototypbyggande aktiviteter som en aspekt av en utbildningsmodell som tillåter deltagarna att utforska problem och undvika designfixering. Dessa objekt diskuteras också utifrån sin funktion som disciplinära gränsöverskridande objekt och som hjälpmedel vid förhandling, och samverkansobjekt vid problemutforskning. För det tredje diskuteras metoder och processer för bedömning av studenters egenskaper och färdigheter, där spänningar och avvägningar mellan självrapportering och observatörsbaserade metoder studeras och utforskas. Dessa metoder fungerar sedan som gränsobjekt i diskussionerna mellan lärarlag i teamformeringsprocessen. Vidare diskuteras teambuilding och specifikt processen att bygga upp tillit och objekt som hjälper till i gränsöverskridande samarbete och kommunikation för att utveckla tillit mellan studenterna.

City Documents

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (966 download)

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Book Synopsis City Documents by : Chelsea (Mass.)

Download or read book City Documents written by Chelsea (Mass.) and published by . This book was released on 1891 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Practical Cardiology

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323511767
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

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Book Synopsis Practical Cardiology by : Majid Maleki

Download or read book Practical Cardiology written by Majid Maleki and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2017-08-25 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From basic clinical facts to new advanced guidelines, Practical Cardiology, by Drs. Majid Maleki, Azin Alizadehasl, and Majid Haghjoo, is your new go-to resource for new developments in cardiology knowledge, imaging modalities, management techniques, and more. This step-by-step, practical reference is packed with tips and guidance ideal for residents, fellows, and clinicians in cardiology, as well as internal medicine, cardiac surgery, interventional cardiology, and pediatric cardiology. Features a wealth of information, including practical points from recently published guidelines, ECGs, hemodynamic traces of advanced imaging modalities in real patients, and much more. Offers a comprehensive review of cardiovascular medicine, from basic to advanced.

Exploiting structure in computationally hard voting problems

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Publisher : Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin
ISBN 13 : 3798328250
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploiting structure in computationally hard voting problems by : Chen, Jiehua

Download or read book Exploiting structure in computationally hard voting problems written by Chen, Jiehua and published by Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. This book was released on 2016-11-11 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores and exploits structure inherent in voting problems. Some of these structures are found in the preferences of the voters, such as the domain restrictions which have been widely studied in social choice theory [ASS02, ASS10]. Others can be expressed as quantifiable measures (or parameters) of the input, which make them accessible to a parameterized complexity analysis [Cyg+15, DF13, FG06, Nie06]. Accordingly, the thesis deals with two major topics. The first topic revolves around preference structures, e.g. single-crossing or one-dimensional Euclidean structures. It is covered in Chapters 3 to 5. The second topic includes the parameterized complexity analysis of two computationally hard voting problems, making use of some of the structural properties studied in the first part of the thesis. It also investigates questions on the computational complexity, both classical and parameterized, of several voting problems for two widely used parliamentary voting rules. It is covered in Chapters 6 to 8. In Chapter 3, we study the single-crossing property which describes a natural order of the voters such that for each pair of alternatives, there are at most two consecutive voters along this order which differ in their relative ordering of the two alternatives. We find finitely many forbidden subprofiles whose absence from a profile is necessary and sufficient for the existence of single-crossingness. Using this result, we can detect single-crossingness without probing every possible order of the voters. We also present an algorithm for the detection of single-crossingness in O(nm2) time via PQ trees [BL76], where n denotes the number of voters and m the number of alternatives. In Chapter 4, we study the one-dimensional Euclidean property which describes an embedding of the alternatives and voters into the real numbers such that every voter prefers alternatives that are embedded closer to him to those which are embedded farther away. We show that, contrary to our results for the single-crossing property, finitely many forbidden subprofiles are not sufficient to characterize the one-dimensional Euclidean property. In Chapter 5, we study the computational question of achieving a certain property, as for instance single-crossingness, by deleting the fewest number of either alternatives or voters. We show that while achieving single-crossingness by deleting the fewest number of voters can be done in polynomial time, it is NP-hard to achieve this if we delete alternatives instead. Both problem variants are NP-hard for the remaining popular properties, such as single-crossingness or value-restriction. All these problems are trivially fixed-parameter tractable for the parameter “number of alternatives to delete” (resp. “number of voters to delete”) because for each studied property there are finitely many forbidden subprofiles whose removal makes a profile possess this property. In Chapter 6, we introduce a combinatorial variant of CONTROL BY ADDING VOTERS. In CONTROL BY ADDING VOTERS as introduced by Bartholdi III, Tovey, and Trick [BTT92], there is a set of unregistered voters (with known preference orders), and the goal is to add the fewest number of unregistered voters to a given profile such that a specific alternative wins. In our new model, we additionally assume that adding a voter means also adding a bundle (that is, a subset) of other voters for free. We focus on two prominent voting rules, the plurality rule and the Condorcet rule. Our problem turns out to be extremely hard; it is NP-hard for even two alternatives. We identify different parameters arising from the combinatorial model and obtain an almost complete picture of the parameterized complexity landscape. For the case where the bundles of voters have a certain structure, our problem remains hard for single-peaked preferences, while it is polynomial-time solvable for single-crossing preferences. In Chapter 7, we investigate how different natural parameters and price function families influence the computational complexity of SHIFT BRIBERY [EFS09], which asks whether it is possible to make a specific alternative win by shifting it higher in the preference orders of some voters. Each shift has a price, and the goal is not to exceed the budget. We obtain both fixed-parameter tractability and parameterized intractability results. We also study the optimization variant of SHIFT BRIBERY which seeks to minimize the budget spent, and present an approximation algorithm which approximates the budget within a factor of (1 + epsilon) and has a running time whose super-polynomial part depends only on the approximation parameter epsilon and the parameter “number of voters”. In Chapter 8, we turn our focus to two prominent parliamentary voting rules, the successive rule and the amendment rule. Both rules proceed according to a linear order of the alternatives, called the agenda. We investigate MANIPULATION (which asks to add the fewest number of voters with arbitrary preference orders to make a specific alternative win), AGENDA CONTROL (which asks to design an appropriate agenda for a specific alternative to win), and POSSIBLE/NECESSARY WINNER (which asks whether a specific alternative wins in a/every completion of the profile and the agenda). We show that while MANIPULATION and AGENDA CONTROL are polynomial-time solvable for both rules, our real-world experimental results indicate that most profiles cannot be manipulated by only few voters, and that a successful agenda control is typically impossible. POSSIBLE WINNER is NP-hard for both rules. While NECESSARY WINNER is coNP-hard for the amendment rule, it is polynomial-time solvable for the successive rule. All considered computationally hard voting problems are fixed-parameter tractable for the parameter “number of alternatives”. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Wahlproblemen und den darin auftretenden Strukturen. Einige dieser Strukturen finden sich in den Wählerpräferenzen,wie zum Beispiel die in der Sozialwahltheorie (engl. social choice theory) intensiv erforschten domain restrictions [ASS02, ASS10], wo die Wählerpräferenzen eine bestimmte eingeschränkte Struktur haben. Andere Strukturen lassen sich wiederum mittels Problemparametern quantitativ ausdrücken, was sie einer parametrisierten Komplexitätsanalyse zugänglich macht [Cyg+15, DF13, FG06, Nie06]. Dieser Zweiteilung folgend ist die Arbeit in zwei Themengebiete untergliedert. Das erste Gebiet beinhaltet Betrachtungen zu Strukturen in Wählerpräferenzen, wie z. B. Single-Crossing-Strukturen oder eindimensionale euklidische Strukturen. Es wird in den Kapiteln 3 bis 5 abgehandelt. Das zweite Themengebiet umfasst die parametrisierte Komplexitätsanalyse zweier NP-schwerer Wahlprobleme, wobei die neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu den im ersten Teil der Arbeit untersuchten Strukturen verwendet werden. Es beschäftigt sich außerdem mit Fragen sowohl zur klassischen als auch zur parametrisierten Komplexität mehrerer Wahlprobleme für zwei in der Praxis weit verbreitete parlamentarische Wahlverfahren. Dieser Teil der Arbeit erstreckt sich über die Kapitel 6 bis 8. Kapitel 3 untersucht die Single-Crossing-Eigenschaft. Diese beschreibt eine Anordnung der Wähler, bei der es für jedes Paar von Alternativen höchstens zwei aufeinanderfolgende Wähler gibt, die unterschiedlicher Meinung über die Reihenfolge dieser beiden Alternativen sind. Wie sich herausstellt, lässt sich diese Eigenschaft durch eine endliche Anzahl von verbotenen Strukturen charakterisieren. Ein Wählerprofil ist genau dann single-crossing, wenn es keine dieser Strukturen beinhaltet. Es wird außerdem ein Algorithmus vorgestellt, der die Single-Crossing-Eigenschaft unter Verwendung von PQ trees [BL76] in O(nm2) Schritten erkennt, wobei n die Anzahl der Wähler und m die Anzahl der Alternativen ist. Kapitel 4 behandelt Wählerprofile, die eindimensional-euklidisch sind, d.h. für die sich die Alternativen und Wähler so auf die reelle Achse abbilden lassen, dass für jeden Wähler und je zwei Alternativen diejenige näher zum Wähler abgebildet wird, die er der anderen vorzieht. Es stellt sich heraus, dass es im Gegensatz zur Single-Crossing-Eigenschaft nicht möglich ist, eindimensionale euklidische Profile durch endlich viele verbotene Strukturen zu charakterisieren. Kapitel 5 beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie berechnungsschwer es ist, eine bestimmte strukturelle Eigenschaft wie z.B. die Single-Crossing-Eigenschaft zu erreichen, indem man eine möglichst kleine Anzahl von Wählern oder Kandidaten aus einem Profil entfernt. Es zeigt sich, dass dieses Problem für die Single-Crossing-Eigenschaft durch das Löschen von Wählern zwar in polynomieller Zeit gelöst werden kann, es durch das Löschen von Kandidaten jedoch NP-schwer ist. Für alle anderen Eigenschaften sind beide Löschensvarianten ebenfalls NP-schwer. Allerdings lässt sich für jedes der Probleme auf triviale Weise mittels des Parameters „Anzahl der zu löschenden Wähler bzw. Alternativen“ fixed-parameter tractability zeigen. Das bedeutet, dass sie effizient lösbar sind, wenn der Parameter klein ist. Der Grund dafür ist, dass sich alle hier betrachteten Eigenschaften durch eine endliche Anzahl verbotener Strukturen charakterisieren lassen, deren Zerstörung die gewünschte Eigenschaft herstellt. Kapitel 6 führt die kombinatorische Variante des bekannten Problems CONTROL BY ADDING VOTERS ein, das erstmals durch Bartholdi III, Tovey und Trick [BTT92] beschrieben wurde. In der klassischen Problemstellung gibt es eine Menge von nichtregistrierten Wählern mit bekannten Präferenzen, und es wird eine kleinste Teilmenge von nichtregistrierten Wählern gesucht, sodass deren Hinzufügen zu einem gegebenen Profil einen bestimmten Kandidaten zum Gewinner macht. In der hier beschriebenen Variante wird zusätzlich angenommen, dass für jeden hinzugefügten Wähler auch eine Menge von weiteren Wählern „kostenlos“ hinzugefügt werden kann. Dieses Problem wird für die beiden bekannten Wahlregeln Condorcet-Wahl und Mehrheitswahl untersucht. Wie sich herausstellt, ist die Problemstellung schon für zwei Alternativen NP-schwer. Desweiteren werden Parameter identifiziert, die sich aus den kombinatorischen Eigenschaften dieses Problems ergeben. Für diese lässt sich eine beinahe erschöpfende Beschreibung der parametrisierten Komplexität des Problems erstellen. In einem Fall, bleibt unser Problem für sogenannte Single-Peaked-Präferenzen berechnungsschwer, während es für Single-Crossing-Präferenzen in polynomieller Zeit lösbar ist. Kapitel 7 untersucht, wie verschiedene natürliche Parameter und Preisfunktionen die Berechnungskomplexität des SHIFT BRIBERY-Problems [EFS09] beeiniv flussen. Darin fragt man, ob eine gegebene Alternative zum Gewinner gemacht werden kann, indem sie in den Präferenzen einiger Wähler nach vorne verschoben wird. Jede Verschiebung hat einen Preis, und das Ziel ist es, ein gegegebenes Budget nicht zu überschreiten. Die Ergebnisse sind gemischt: einige Parameter erlauben effiziente Algorithmen, während für andere das Problem schwer bleibt, z.B. für den Parameter „Anzahl der beeinflussten Wähler“ ist das Problem sogar W[2]-schwer. Für die Optimierungsvariante von SHIFT BRIBERY, bei der das verwendete Budget minimiert wird, erzielen wir einen Approximationsalgorithmus mit einem Approximationsfaktor von (1 + epsilon), dessen Laufzeit in ihrem nicht-polynomiellen Anteil nur von epsilon und der Anzahl der Wähler abhängt. Kapitel 8 konzentriert sich auf zwei weitverbreitete parlamentarische Wahlregeln: die successive rule und die amendment rule. Beide Regeln verwenden eine lineare Ordnung der Alternativen, auch Agenda genannt. Es werden drei Probleme untersucht: MANIPULATION fragt nach der kleinstmöglichen Anzahl von Wählern mit beliebigen Präferenzen, deren Hinzufügung einen bestimmten Kandidaten zum Gewinner macht; AGENDA CONTROL fragt, ob es möglich ist, eine Agenda derart festzulegen, dass ein bestimmter Kandidat gewinnt; POSSIBLE/NECESSARY WINNER fragt für unvollständige Wählerpräferenzen und/oder eine nur teilweise festgelegte Agenda, ob eine bestimmte Alternative überhaupt bzw. sicher zum Sieger machen kann. Es stellt sich heraus, dass sowohl MANIPULATION als auch AGENDA CONTROL für beide Wahlregeln in polynomieller Zeit lösbar sind. Allerdings deuten die Ergebnisse einer auf realem Wählerverhalten basierenden, experimentellen Studie darauf hin, dass die meisten Profile nicht durch einige wenige Wähler manipuliert werden können, und dass eine erfolgreiche Kontrolle mittels Agenda typischerweise nicht möglich ist. POSSIBLE WINNER ist für beide Regeln NP-schwer, während NECESSARY WINNER für die amendment rule coNP-schwer und für die successive rule in polynomieller Zeit lösbar ist. Alle betrachtete NP-schwere oder coNP-schwere Wahlprobleme sind „fixed-parameter tractable“ für den Parameter „Anzahl der Alternativen“.

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