A Theoretical Simulation Of The Settling Of Proppants In A Hydraulic Fracturing Process

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A Theoretical Simulation of the Settling of Proppants in a Hydraulic Fracturing Process

Author : Nisreen Ali Hussein Alseamr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)

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Book Synopsis A Theoretical Simulation of the Settling of Proppants in a Hydraulic Fracturing Process by : Nisreen Ali Hussein Alseamr

Download or read book A Theoretical Simulation of the Settling of Proppants in a Hydraulic Fracturing Process written by Nisreen Ali Hussein Alseamr and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing is a process for the extraction of hydrocarbons from underground formations. It involves pumping a specialized fluid into the wellbore under high pressures to form and support fractures in the rock. Fracturing stimulates the well to increase the production of oil and the natural gas which are the pillars of the energy economy. Key to this process is the use of proppants, which are solid materials used to keep the fractures open. Understanding the transport of proppant particles through a fluid is important to improve the efficiency and reduce environmental impact of fracturing. An increase of the settling velocity for instance, will impede the hydraulic fracturing process by reducing well productivity, or necessitate use of chemical additives. This thesis presents a theoretical investigation of the settling velocity of proppant particles. The effect of different parameters on the settling velocity were studied by manipulating the main factors that can influence particle transport. These include size of the particle (300 [micro]m- 2000 [micro]m), sphericity, density (1200 kg/m3-3500 kg/m3) and concentration. These typical values were obtained from commercially available proppants currently used in industry. Various correlations were investigated, assuming the carrier (fracturing) fluid to be an ideal Newtonian and as a power law (non-Newtonian) fluid. This will help predict the settling velocity for proppant particles in order to increase well productivity, and improve hydraulic fracturing efficiency. The models show that changing the carrier fluid viscosity and particle properties such as diameter, density, sphericity, and concentration leads to a significant change in the proppant settling velocity. For instance, reduction in particle size, density, and sphericity tend to reduce the settling velocity, while increasing the concentration of the particles and the fluid viscosity reduce the settling velocity.

New numerical approaches to model hydraulic fracturing in tight reservoirs with consideration of hydro-mechanical coupling effects

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Author : Lei Zhou
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736946562
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis New numerical approaches to model hydraulic fracturing in tight reservoirs with consideration of hydro-mechanical coupling effects by : Lei Zhou

Download or read book New numerical approaches to model hydraulic fracturing in tight reservoirs with consideration of hydro-mechanical coupling effects written by Lei Zhou and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2014-03-20 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation, two new numerical approaches for hydraulic fracturing in tight reservoir were developed. A more physical-based numerical 3D-model was developed for simulating the whole hydraulic fracturing process including fracture propagation, closure and contact as well as proppant transport and settling. In this approach rock formation, pore and fracture systems were assembled together, in which hydro-mechanical coupling effect, proppant transport and settling as well as their influences on fracture closure and contact were fully considered. A combined FDM and FVM schema was used to solve the problem. Three applications by using the new approach were presented. The results illustrated the whole hydraulic fracturing process well and seemed to be logical, which confirmed the ability of the developed approach to model the in-situ hydraulic fracturing operation from injection start till fully closure. In order to investigate the orientation problem of hydraulic fracturing in tight reservoir, a new approach for simulating arbitrary fracture propagation and orientation in 2D was developed. It was solved by a hybrid schema of XFEM and FVM. Three numerical studies were illustrated, which proved the ability of the developed approach to solve the orientation problem in field cases.

A Model for Hydraulic Fracturing and Proppant Placement in Unconsolidated Sands

Author : Dongkeun Lee
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis A Model for Hydraulic Fracturing and Proppant Placement in Unconsolidated Sands by : Dongkeun Lee

Download or read book A Model for Hydraulic Fracturing and Proppant Placement in Unconsolidated Sands written by Dongkeun Lee and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing in unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formations has been used as a technique for well stimulation and for sand control. Although a large number of hydraulic fracturing operations have been performed in soft formations, the exact mechanisms of failure and fracture propagation remain an unresolved issue. Conventional hydraulic fracturing models based on the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) consistently predict lower net fracturing pressure, smaller fracture widths and longer fracture lengths in soft formations than observed in the field. Operators who want to design and analyze frac-pack treatments routinely use a hard rock model and need to calibrate and often manipulate input parameters beyond a physically reasonable range to match the net fracturing pressure and well performance data. In this dissertation, we have developed a fully-coupled, three-dimensional hydraulic fracture model for poro-elasto-plastic materials and fluid flow coupled with proppant transport. A computational framework for fluid-structure interaction (FSI) based on finite volume method was developed for modeling of hydraulic fracturing and proppant placement in soft formations. Two separate domains, a fracture and a reservoir domain, are discretized individually, separate equations are solved in the two domains, and their interactions are modeled. The model includes the fully coupled process of power-law fluid flow inside the fracture with proppant transport, fluid leak-off from the fracture into the porous reservoir, pore pressure diffusion into the reservoir, inelastic deformation of the poro-elasto-plastic reservoir, and fracture propagation using a cohesive zone model along with a dynamic meshing procedure. Fully-coupled processes between the two domains, and pressure, flow and displacement coupling within each domain are modeled by an iterative and segregated solution procedure, where each component of the field variable is solved separately, consecutively, and iteratively. We verified the essential components of the model by comparing our simulation results with several well-known analytical solutions (elastoplastic deformation and failure problem, KGD model in a 2-D elastic domain, and KGD model in storage-toughness dominated regime). We applied the model to design and analyze frac-pack operations conducted in a Gulf of Mexico oilfield. Our model is capable of capturing the high net fracturing pressure commonly observed during frac-packing operations without adjusting any input parameters. The model shows quantitatively that plasticity causes lower stress concentration around the fracture tip which shields the tip of the propagating fracture from the fracturing pressure, and retards fracture growth. Our model predicts shorter fracture lengths and wider widths compared to a hard rock model. Shear failure around the fracture and ahead of the tip are modeled. Low cohesion sands tend to fail in shear first then in tension if sufficient pore pressure builds up. We investigated the effect of fluid viscosity, injection rate, and proppant diameter on fracture growth and proppant placement using sensitivity studies. Higher apparent fluid viscosity and injection rate results in wider fractures with better proppant placement, when the fracture is expected to be contained within the payzone. Utilizing larger diameter of proppant leads to settling-dominant proppant placement resulting in the formation of a proppant bank at the bottom of the induced fracture. The new frac-pack model for the first time allows operators to design and analyze hydraulic fracturing stimulations in soft, elastoplastic formations when complex fracturing fluids are used. Our results also provide guidelines for the selection of fracturing fluid rheology, proppant size, and injection rates.

Numerical Simulation in Hydraulic Fracturing: Multiphysics Theory and Applications

Author : Xinpu Shen
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351796291
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Simulation in Hydraulic Fracturing: Multiphysics Theory and Applications by : Xinpu Shen

Download or read book Numerical Simulation in Hydraulic Fracturing: Multiphysics Theory and Applications written by Xinpu Shen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expansion of unconventional petroleum resources in the recent decade and the rapid development of computational technology have provided the opportunity to develop and apply 3D numerical modeling technology to simulate the hydraulic fracturing of shale and tight sand formations. This book presents 3D numerical modeling technologies for hydraulic fracturing developed in recent years, and introduces solutions to various 3D geomechanical problems related to hydraulic fracturing. In the solution processes of the case studies included in the book, fully coupled multi-physics modeling has been adopted, along with innovative computational techniques, such as submodeling. In practice, hydraulic fracturing is an essential project component in shale gas/oil development and tight sand oil, and provides an essential measure in the process of drilling cuttings reinjection (CRI). It is also an essential measure for widened mud weight window (MWW) when drilling through naturally fractured formations; the process of hydraulic plugging is a typical application of hydraulic fracturing. 3D modeling and numerical analysis of hydraulic fracturing is essential for the successful development of tight oil/gas formations: it provides accurate solutions for optimized stage intervals in a multistage fracking job. It also provides optimized well-spacing for the design of zipper-frac wells. Numerical estimation of casing integrity under stimulation injection in the hydraulic fracturing process is one of major concerns in the successful development of unconventional resources. This topic is also investigated numerically in this book. Numerical solutions to several other typical geomechanics problems related to hydraulic fracturing, such as fluid migration caused by fault reactivation and seismic activities, are also presented. This book can be used as a reference textbook to petroleum, geotechnical and geothermal engineers, to senior undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, and to geologists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists and applied mathematicians working in this field. This book is also a synthetic compendium of both the fundamentals and some of the most advanced aspects of hydraulic fracturing technology.

Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

Download Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations PDF Online Free

Author : Yanan Ding
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations by : Yanan Ding

Download or read book Modeling of Solid Particle Transport in Fractures and Its Applications to Proppant Placement During Hydraulic Fracturing Operations written by Yanan Ding and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to conventional enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies, extensive efforts have been made to explore new approaches to sustain the increasing global oil and gas consumption while lowering the operational costs. In recent decades, nanoparticles (NPs) have seen their promising potentials in recovering hydrocarbons from numerous laboratory experiments and field pilots. Also, hydraulic fracturing techniques have unlocked a significant quantity of hydrocarbon resources from unconventional reservoirs. Solid particle transport including NP transport, dispersion, and distribution in hydrocarbon reservoirs, proppant placement within hydraulic fractures, and sand production is critical to the efficient and effective hydrocarbon exploitation. Considering the petrophysical complexity as well as the intricate interactions among particles, fluids, and rock matrix, it is, therefore, an extremely challenging task to accurately predict the associated transport and placement behaviour of solid particles in a hydrocarbon reservoir. Theoretically, a robust and pragmatic method has been developed and validated to analytically determine the dynamic dispersion coefficients for particles flowing in a parallel-plate fracture with instantaneous point source as well as uniform and volumetric line sourcess, in which particle gravity settling effect has been considered. It is found that the point source and the uniform line source are respectively the most and least sensitive to the gravity effect. An increase of particle size larger than its critical value decreases the asymptotical dispersion coefficient for all the source conditions, while gravity settling promotes the dispersion phenomenon during the early-stage of point source condition. Particle-tracking simulations have been performed and validated on polydisperse dense particle transport in a randomly-orientated fracture with spatially variable apertures. The simulated results indicate that the mass breakthrough efficiency of particles and particle plume distribution in a randomly-orientated rough fracture are significantly influenced by different factors when particle gravity settling occurs. In addition, particle attachment consisting of reversible and irreversible adsorptions on an aperture surface is quantified applying the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) kinetics. With sensitivity analysis performed, the impacts of different factors on particle attachment are found to vary with each other through non-unique patterns. By integrating the Perkins-Kern-Nordgren-Carter (PKN-C) fracture propagation model and the particle tracking algorithm, a novel Eulerian-Lagrangian (E-L) model has been developed and validated to simulate field-scale proppant transport during hydraulic fracturing operations. Such an E-L model incorporates pertinent empirical correlations determined from regressing experimental measurements regarding the proppant settling velocity and the drag/lift forces, which is applicable to both the Newtonian and non- Newtonian fluid conditions. The non-Newtonian fluid is usually found to yield a less "heel-biased" pattern of proppant distribution in a hydraulic fracture, e.g., a larger slurry coverage together with a longer proppant dune, while distinct patterns of the dominant factors are observed and evaluated.

Hydraulic Fracture Modeling

Author : Yu-Shu Wu
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128129999
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydraulic Fracture Modeling by : Yu-Shu Wu

Download or read book Hydraulic Fracture Modeling written by Yu-Shu Wu and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracture Modeling delivers all the pertinent technology and solutions in one product to become the go-to source for petroleum and reservoir engineers. Providing tools and approaches, this multi-contributed reference presents current and upcoming developments for modeling rock fracturing including their limitations and problem-solving applications. Fractures are common in oil and gas reservoir formations, and with the ongoing increase in development of unconventional reservoirs, more petroleum engineers today need to know the latest technology surrounding hydraulic fracturing technology such as fracture rock modeling. There is tremendous research in the area but not all located in one place. Covering two types of modeling technologies, various effective fracturing approaches and model applications for fracturing, the book equips today's petroleum engineer with an all-inclusive product to characterize and optimize today's more complex reservoirs. - Offers understanding of the details surrounding fracturing and fracture modeling technology, including theories and quantitative methods - Provides academic and practical perspective from multiple contributors at the forefront of hydraulic fracturing and rock mechanics - Provides today's petroleum engineer with model validation tools backed by real-world case studies

Improvement of Fracture Conductivity Through Study of Proppant Transport and Chemical Stimulation

Author : Songyang Tong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Improvement of Fracture Conductivity Through Study of Proppant Transport and Chemical Stimulation by : Songyang Tong

Download or read book Improvement of Fracture Conductivity Through Study of Proppant Transport and Chemical Stimulation written by Songyang Tong and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During hydraulic fracturing treatments, proppants - usually sand - are placed inside fractures to improve fracture conductivity. However, a large portion of the generated hydraulic fractures often remain unpropped after fracturing treatments. There are two primary reasons for this poor proppant placement. First, proppants settle quickly in common fracturing fluids (e.g., slickwater), which results in unpropped sections at the tip or top of the fracture. Second, a large number of the microfractures are too narrow to accommodate any common commercial proppant. Such unpropped fractures hold a large potential flow capacity as they exhibit a large contact area with the reservoir. However, their potential flow capacity is diminished during production due to closing of unpropped fractures because of closure stress. In this study, fractures are categorized as wider fractures, which are accessible to proppant, and narrower fractures, which are inaccessible to proppant. For wider fractures, proppant transport is important as proppant is needed for keeping them open. For narrower fractures, a chemical formulation is proposed as there is less physical restriction for fluids to flow inside across them. The chemical formulation is expected to improve fracture conductivity by generating roughness on fracture surfaces. This dissertation uses experiments and simulations to investigate proppant transport in a complex fracture network with laboratory-scale transparent fracture slots. Proppant size, injection flow rate and bypass fracture angle are varied and their effects are systematically evaluated. Based on experimental results, a straight-line relationship can be used to quantify the fraction of proppant that flows into bypass fractures with the total amount of proppant injected. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate the experiments; both qualitative and quantitative matches are achieved with this model. It is concluded that the fraction of proppant which flows into bypass fractures could be small unless a significant amount of proppant is injected, which indicates the inefficiency of slickwater in transporting proppant. An alternative fracturing fluid - foam - has been proposed to improve proppant placement because of its proppant carrying capacity. Foam is not a single-phase fluid, and it suffers liquid drainage with time due to gravity. Additionally, the existence of foam bubbles and lamellae could alter the movement of proppants. Experiments and simulations are performed to evaluate proppant placement in field-scale foam fracturing application. A liquid drainage model and a proppant settling correlation are developed and incorporated into an in-housing fracturing simulator. Results indicate that liquid drainage could negatively affect proppant placement, while dry foams could lead to negligible proppant settling and consequently uniform proppant placement. For narrower fractures, two chemical stimulation techniques are proposed to improve fracture conductivity by increasing fracture surface roughness. The first is a nanoparticle-microencapsulated acid (MEA) system for shale acidizing applications, and the second is a new technology which can generate mineral crystals on the shale surface to act as in-situ proppants. The MEA could be released as the fracture closes and the released acid could etch the surface of the rock locally, in a non-uniform way, to improve fracture conductivity (up to 40 times). Furthermore, the in-situ proppant generation technology can lead to crystal growth in both fracking water and formation brine conditions, and it also improves fracture conductivity (up to 10 times) based on core flooding experiments

Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks

Author : Christopher Allen Johnson Blyton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (973 download)

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Book Synopsis Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks by : Christopher Allen Johnson Blyton

Download or read book Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Networks written by Christopher Allen Johnson Blyton and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current hydraulic fracturing practice in unconventional resource development typically involves multiple fracturing stages, each consisting of the simultaneous creation of several fractures from a horizontal well. A large mass of proppant, often millions of pounds per well, is injected with the fluid to provide post-closure conductivity. Despite the large quantity of proppant used and its critical importance to well productivity, simple models are often applied to determine its placement in fractures. Propped or effective fracture lengths indicated by modeling may be 100 to 300% larger than the lengths inferred from production data. A common assumption is that the average proppant velocity due to pressure driven flow is equal to the average carrier fluid velocity, while the settling velocity calculation uses Stokes’ law. To more accurately determine the placement of proppant in a fracture, it is necessary to rigorously account for many effects not included in the above assumptions. In this study, the motion of particles flowing with a fluid between fracture walls has been simulated using a coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD-DEM) that rigorously accounts for the both aspects of the problem. These simulations determine individual particle trajectories as particle to particle and particle to wall collisions occur and include the effect of fluid flow. The results show that the proppant concentration and the ratio of proppant diameter to fracture width govern the relative velocity of proppant and fluid. Proppant settling velocity has been examined for small fracture widths to delineate the effect of several independent variables, including concentration. Simulations demonstrate that larger concentration increases the average settling velocity, in apparent contrast with much of the available literature, which indicates that increased concentration reduces settling velocity. However, this is due to the absence of displacement driven counter current fluid flow. This demonstrates that proppant settling in a hydraulic fracture is more complex than usually considered. A proppant transport model developed from the results of the direct numerical simulations and existing correlations for particle settling velocity has been incorporated into a fully three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulator. This simulator couples fracture geomechanics with fluid flow and proppant transport considerations to enable the fracture geometry and proppant distribution to be determined rigorously. Two engineering fracture design parameters, injection rate and proppant diameter, have been varied to show the effect on proppant placement. This allows for an understanding of the relative importance of each and optimization of the treatment to a particular application. The presence of natural fractures in unconventional reservoirs can significantly contribute to well productivity. As proppant is transported along a hydraulic fracture, the presence of a dilated natural fracture forms a fluid accepting branch and may result in proppant entry. The proportion of proppant transported into a branch at steady state has been determined using the CFD-DEM approach and is presented via a dimensionless ‘particle transport coefficient’ through normalization by the proportion of fluid flowing into the branch. Reynolds number at the inlet, branch aperture and the angle of orientation between the main slot and branch, particle size and concentration each affect the transport coefficient. A very different physical process, which controls particle transport into a branch under certain conditions, is the formation of a stable particle bridge preventing subsequent particle transport into the branch. This phenomenon was observed in several simulation cases. The complete set of equations for a three-dimensional formulation of rectangular displacement discontinuity elements has been used to determine the width distribution of a hydraulic fracture and dilated natural fracture. The widths have been determined for several combinations of stress anisotropy, net pressure, hydraulic fracture height and length. The effect of the length, height and orientation of the natural fracture and the elastic moduli of the rock have also been examined. Of the cases examined, many show that natural fracture dilation does not occur. Further, of those cases where dilation is apparent, the proppant transport efficiency corresponding to the natural fracture width is significantly less than one and in many cases zero due to size exclusion. The location and orientation of the natural fracture do not significantly affect its width, while its length and the elastic moduli of the rock substantially change the width.

Optimization of Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment for Maximization of the Tight Gas Productivity

Author : Mengting Li
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736989342
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Optimization of Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment for Maximization of the Tight Gas Productivity by : Mengting Li

Download or read book Optimization of Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Treatment for Maximization of the Tight Gas Productivity written by Mengting Li and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing is essential technology for the development of unconventional resources such as tight gas. So far, there are no numerical tools which can optimize the whole process from geological modeling, hydraulic fracturing until production simulation with the same 3D model with consideration of the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. In this dissertation, a workflow and a numerical tool chain were developed for design and optimization of multistage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal well regarding a maximum productivity of the tight gas wellbore. After the verification a full 3D reservoir model is generated based on a real tight gas field in the North German Basin. Through analysis of simulation results, a new calculation formula of FCD was proposed, which takes the proppant position and concentration into account and can predict the gas production rate more accurately. However, not only FCD but also proppant distribution and hydraulic connection of stimulated fractures to the well, geological structure and the interaction between fractures are determinant for the gas production volume. Through analysis the numerical results of sensitivity analysis and optimization variations, there is no unique criterion to determine the optimal number and spacing of the fractures, it should be analyzed firstly in detail to the actual situation and decided then from case to case.

Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics

Author : Mark D. Zoback
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107087074
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics by : Mark D. Zoback

Download or read book Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics written by Mark D. Zoback and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.

Designing Enhanced Geothermal and Hydraulic Fracturing Systems Based on Multiple Stages and Proppant

Author : Sogo Shiozawa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Designing Enhanced Geothermal and Hydraulic Fracturing Systems Based on Multiple Stages and Proppant by : Sogo Shiozawa

Download or read book Designing Enhanced Geothermal and Hydraulic Fracturing Systems Based on Multiple Stages and Proppant written by Sogo Shiozawa and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report consists of two chapters. In the first chapter, designs of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) with horizontal wells, multiple stages, and proppant are discussed. In EGS, hydraulic stimulation is used to improve well productivity. EGS is typically performed in a nearly vertical well, in one stage, with no proppant. Horizontal wells, multiple stages, and proppant are not used because they are considered not necessary and/or technically infeasible. We found that an EGS design with multiple stages and proppant could give dramatically improved economic performance relative to current designs. We reviewed the literature in order to assess the technical viability of our proposed design. The proposed design would increase cost but deliver substantial improvements in flow rate (and revenue) per well. The second chapter describes a simulation study of proppant transport with Newtonian fluid in a fully three-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulator, CFRAC. This model has capability to handle proppant settling due to gravity, proppant migration away from the fracture walls, and fracture closure. In the model, the conservation equations of fluid and proppant are sequentially solved in a first-order finite difference scheme. A special algorithm is applied to handle proppant packing due to fracture closure. Our simulation results show good agreement with results from other recently published proppant modeling studies. Sensitivity analysis was performed in order to investigate the effect fluid viscosity, proppant density, and proppant size. Finally, simulations of the tip-screen out (TSO) were performed.

Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing

Author : Xin-rong Zhang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111974234X
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing by : Xin-rong Zhang

Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Xin-rong Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-01-05 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.

Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing and Gravel Packing

Author : D. Mader
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080868843
Total Pages : 1277 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing and Gravel Packing by : D. Mader

Download or read book Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing and Gravel Packing written by D. Mader and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1989-03-01 with total page 1277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many aspects of hydraulic proppant fracturing have changed since its innovation in 1947. The main significance of this book is its combination of technical and economical aspects to provide an integrated overview of the various applications of proppants in hydraulic fracturing, and gravel in sand control. The monitoring of fractures and gravel packs by well-logging and seismic techniques is also included.The book's extensive coverage of the subject should be of special interest to reservoir geologists and engineers, production engineers and technologists, and well log analysts.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in High Viscosity Friction Reducers

Author : Chen Yuan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 65 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in High Viscosity Friction Reducers by : Chen Yuan

Download or read book Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Proppant Static Settling Velocity in High Viscosity Friction Reducers written by Chen Yuan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the current petroleum fracturing industry, it is necessary to understand the downhole migration and settling velocity of the proppant. If we can master this information well, it will be a great help to obtain effective propped fracture conductivity. In order to study the transport of proppants in the well, we used laboratory experiments and computer numerical simulations to compare the results to get a meaningful conclusion. We spent a lot of time building models on a powerful computer and comparing the experimental conclusions. We finally decided to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as the simulation platform, discrete phase method (DPM) as the base model, and compare the simulation data with settling velocity experiment data to draw conclusions. Three cases were run and tested including fracture fluid type, proppant size, and fracture orientations. Results show a good integration between experimental results and simulation outputs. This work will help to provide a full understanding of the distinct changes of the mechanical characterization on the High Viscosity Friction Reducers (HVFRs). The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the behavior of HVFRs under confined effect, which could be used as guidance for fracture engineers to design and select better HVFR design"--Abstract, page iii.

Effect of Proppant Wellbore Settling on Proppant Distribution in Perforation Clusters

Author : Muhammad Jahanzaib Aijaz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Proppant Wellbore Settling on Proppant Distribution in Perforation Clusters by : Muhammad Jahanzaib Aijaz

Download or read book Effect of Proppant Wellbore Settling on Proppant Distribution in Perforation Clusters written by Muhammad Jahanzaib Aijaz and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proppant settling in the wellbore during hydraulic fracturing operations is an important consideration as it affects the efficiency and slurry distribution in perforation clusters. This phenomenon has been studied in the past and experiments have been conducted but no field scale simulations have been performed to quantify the amount of proppant settled in different sections of the wellbore. This study focuses on utilizing critical velocity correlations available in the literature and incorporates them into a numerical simulator for simulating hydraulic fracturing stages. Comparisons have been drawn between cases where no settling was considered to cases where settling is considered to demonstrate the difference in total proppant mass entering individual fractures in different sections of the wellbore. Effects of various parameters such as injection rates, viscosity, proppant diameter, proppant density, fluid density and number of clusters (for fracturing and refracturing) have been studied. Proppant settling has been observed starting at the toe side of the stage where fluid velocity drops below the critical velocity. The settling progresses progressively towards mid clusters as the toe side clusters are plugged and the critical velocity in that region drops below a threshold value. Proppant settling is limited because as proppant deposits in a section, the flow area is reduced and this in turn increases the flow velocity to above the resuspension velocity. Ultimately the volume of proppant deposited is limited by the volume of the wellbore. The study was further expanded to include inclined wellbores. Most wells are not perfectly horizontal but rather have small angle undulations resulting in inclinations and models that account for wellbore inclination were used to compute the critical velocity. The predictions were validated using experimental data. Our study was limited to inclinations between - 9 degrees to + 9 degrees as most wellbore surveys indicate inclinations within this range. Trends indicate that proppant settling increases with upward inclination and decreases with downward inclination. The effect of settling diminishes as the hole-angle is increased or decreased. The overall change in proppant settling within the studied range of hole-angles is small (less than 7%). A comparison is also drawn for the volume occupied by proppant in various sections of the wellbore at different angles. Various design parameters that affect the amount of proppant settled are discussed in this study

Numerical Simulation of Proppant Displacement in Scaled Fracture Networks

Author : Yibo Song
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Simulation of Proppant Displacement in Scaled Fracture Networks by : Yibo Song

Download or read book Numerical Simulation of Proppant Displacement in Scaled Fracture Networks written by Yibo Song and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While hydraulic fracturing is recognized as the most effective stimulation technique for unconventional reservoirs, the production enhancement is influenced by several factors including proppant placement inside the fractures. The goal of this work is to understand the proppant transport and its placement process in "T" shaped fracture network through simulations. The proppant transport is studied numerically by coupling a computational fluid dynamic model for the base shear-thinning fluid and the discrete element methods for proppant particles. In the CFD model, the forces on proppants are calculated based on fluid properties, while fluid properties are updated based on the particle concentration at any point and time. In the DEM model, the motion and position of each individual proppant is calculated based on the gravity and drag forces from the CFD model, which makes it possible to reproduce some phenomena that cannot be simulated in continuum concentration-oriented models. A scaling analysis has been performed to scale down the model from field scale to lab scale by deriving relevant dimensionless variables. Different proppant size distributions and injection velocities are considered, as well as the friction and cohesion effects among particle and fracture surface. The simulation results show that in the primary fracture, the injected proppants could divide into three layers: the bottom sand bed zone, the middle surface rolling zone, and the top slurry flow zone. The total number of the proppants do not increase much after the sand dune reach an equilibrium height. A smaller size proppant would benefit the development of sand dune in the secondary fracture, whereas a larger proppant size would benefit the increase rate of the sand dune. The equilibrium height of sand dune in the minor fracture could be greater than the primary fracture, and the distribution of proppant dunes is symmetric. A lower proppant load would amplify the impact of friction as well as the erosion force, which would finally deliver a negative impact on equilibrium height. Two deposit mechanisms have also identified in the bypass fracture network.

Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing

Author : Ching H. Yew
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0124200117
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (242 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing by : Ching H. Yew

Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Ching H. Yew and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised to include current components considered for today's unconventional and multi-fracture grids, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition explains one of the most important features for fracture design — the ability to predict the geometry and characteristics of the hydraulically induced fracture. With two-thirds of the world's oil and natural gas reserves committed to unconventional resources, hydraulic fracturing is the best proven well stimulation method to extract these resources from their more remote and complex reservoirs. However, few hydraulic fracture models can properly simulate more complex fractures. Engineers and well designers must understand the underlying mechanics of how fractures are modeled in order to correctly predict and forecast a more advanced fracture network. Updated to accommodate today's fracturing jobs, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition enables the engineer to: - Understand complex fracture networks to maximize completion strategies - Recognize and compute stress shadow, which can drastically affect fracture network patterns - Optimize completions by properly modeling and more accurately predicting for today's hydraulic fracturing completions - Discusses the underlying mechanics of creating a fracture from the wellbore - Enhanced to include newer modeling components such as stress shadow and interaction of hydraulic fracture with a natural fracture, which aids in more complex fracture networks - Updated experimental studies that apply to today's unconventional fracturing cases