A Study Of The Friction Of The Power Cylinder System In Internal Combustion Engines Using A Floating Liner Engine

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A Study of the Friction of the Power Cylinder System in Internal Combustion Engines Using a Floating Liner Engine

Author : Zach Westerfield
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)

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Book Synopsis A Study of the Friction of the Power Cylinder System in Internal Combustion Engines Using a Floating Liner Engine by : Zach Westerfield

Download or read book A Study of the Friction of the Power Cylinder System in Internal Combustion Engines Using a Floating Liner Engine written by Zach Westerfield and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent worldwide quest to increase the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines has led to great effects to reduce friction of many of the components in these engines. One area of major concern pertaining to this area is the friction of the piston/ring pack assembly. Because of the importance and necessity of this component to the internal combustion engine, any improvements can have relatively large implications for friction reduction. The purpose of this paper is to investigate several key components of the piston/ring pack assembly and how they influence friction levels. Specifically, experimental friction trends related to the oil control ring, piston skirt, liner surface and lubricant will be discussed. The Floating Liner Engine is used in this study in both the motored and fired configuration to isolate results from components and provide data for comparative analysis. The oil control ring (OCR) controls the supply of lubricating oil to the top two rings of the ring pack and has a significant contribution to friction of the system. This study investigates the two most prevalent types of OCR in the automotive market: the twin land oil control ring (TLOCR) and three piece oil control ring (TPOCR). The effect of changing the land width and spring tension on different liner surfaces for the TLOCR is investigated, and distinct trends are identified. A comparison is then done between the TLOCR and TPOCR on different liner surfaces. Results showed the TPOCR displayed different patterns of friction compared the TLOCR in certain cases. The piston skirt is also an important contributor of friction in the piston assembly. This thesis discusses the investigation into low friction coatings on the piston skirt. A brief study of piston skirt patterns is presented, with little gains being made by applying patterns the piston skirt coating. Next the roughness of the piston skirt coating is analyzed, and results show that reducing piston skirt roughness can have positive effects on friction reduction. Finally, an introductory study into the profile of the piston skirt is presented, with the outcome being that friction reduction is possible by optimizing the skirt profile. The final section of this thesis discusses the effects of lubricants pertaining to friction in the piston assembly. The effects of changing lubricant viscosity through both temperature and formulation are presented, as well as results from testing the effects of select anti-wear additives in the oil. The results identify new developments related to lubricant/additive effects on the liner surface, and how these effects can influence friction.

A Study of the Friction (piston-liner Interaction) in Internal Combustion Engines Using a Floating Liner Engine

Author : Sarthak Vaish
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (986 download)

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Book Synopsis A Study of the Friction (piston-liner Interaction) in Internal Combustion Engines Using a Floating Liner Engine by : Sarthak Vaish

Download or read book A Study of the Friction (piston-liner Interaction) in Internal Combustion Engines Using a Floating Liner Engine written by Sarthak Vaish and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the increasing interest in decreasing the environmental impact from internal combustion engines as well as increasing the fuel efficiency has led to deeper investigation into the components of the engine. The mechanical friction in an engine is a major concern, any improvements or reductions in friction can have large implication on the' efficiency of the engines. This thesis focuses on the piston/ ring pack assembly and its contribution to friction. It investigates several key components and trends in friction for the piston/ ring pack assembly, specifically the trends related to the oil control ring and the liner surface. The Floating Liner Engine is used in this study to isolate results from different components. The data collected can be used for comparative analysis and to identify trends in the friction trace. The thesis starts with describing the Floating Liner Engine system at MIT in detail. Both the data collection and the hardware systems are described as well as the test capabilities of the Floating Liner Engine. The results used in the thesis have been collected using the motoring condition. The oil control ring plays a key role in controlling the supply of oil to the top two rings and hence has a higher tension that the top two rings. This leads to the oil control ring having a significant contribution to the total friction of the system. The two most prevalent oil control rings used in the industry are the twin land oil control ring (TLOCR) and the three piece oil control ring (TPOCR). The thesis investigates the effect of changing liner roughness on the friction of the TLOCR. A comparison between the TLOCR and the TPOCR is also performed using the same liner surfaces. The results from these studies show a marked difference between the friction traces from the two oil control rings.

Improvement Trends for Internal Combustion Engines

Author : Bilge Albayrak Ceper
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 953513891X
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Improvement Trends for Internal Combustion Engines by : Bilge Albayrak Ceper

Download or read book Improvement Trends for Internal Combustion Engines written by Bilge Albayrak Ceper and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-03-21 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal combustion engines have remained a challenge due to depending heavily on fossil fuels, which are already limited reserves, and a requirement for improvement in emission levels continuously. The number of advanced technologies such as hybrid systems and low-temperature combustion engines has been introduced, and a number of reports about the use of alternative fuels have been presented in recent years to overcome these challenges. The efforts have made the new concepts to be used in practical along with the new problems which are required advanced control systems. This book presents studies on internal combustion engines with alternative fuels and advanced combustion technologies to obtain efficiency and environment-friendly systems, measurement methodology of exhaust emissions and modelling of a hybrid engine system, and mechanical losses arising from ring-cylinder and ring-groove side contacts as well. The main theme here is to identify solutions for internal combustion engines in terms of fuel consumption, emissions, and performance.

Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain

Author : Homer Rahnejat
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845699939
Total Pages : 1059 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain by : Homer Rahnejat

Download or read book Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain written by Homer Rahnejat and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 1059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tribology, the science of friction, wear and lubrication, is one of the cornerstones of engineering’s quest for efficiency and conservation of resources. Tribology and dynamics of engine and powertrain: fundamentals, applications and future trends provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the disciplines of dynamics and tribology using a multi-physics and multi-scale approach to improve automotive engine and powertrain technology.Part one reviews the fundamental aspects of the physics of motion, particularly the multi-body approach to multi-physics, multi-scale problem solving in tribology. Fundamental issues in tribology are then described in detail,from surface phenomena in thin-film tribology, to impact dynamics, fluid film and elastohydrodynamic lubrication means of measurement and evaluation. These chapters provide an understanding of the theoretical foundation for Part II which includes many aspects of the physics of motion at a multitude of interaction scales from large displacement dynamics to noise and vibration tribology, all of which affect engines and powertrains. Many chapters are contributed by well-established practitioners disseminating their valuable knowledge and expertise on specific engine and powertrain sub-systems. These include overviews of engine and powertrain issues, engine bearings, piston systems, valve trains, transmission and many aspects of drivetrain systems. The final part of the book considers the emerging areas of microengines and gears as well as nano-scale surface engineering.With its distinguished editor and international team of academic and industry contributors, Tribology and dynamics of engine and powertrain is a standard work for automotive engineers and all those researching NVH and tribological issues in engineering. Reviews fundamental aspects of physics in motion, specifically the multi-body approach to multi physics Describes essential issues in tribology from surface phenomena in thin film tribology to impact dynamics Examines specific engine and powertrain sub-systems including engine bearings, piston systems and value trains

Power Cylinder System for Internal Combustion Engines

Author : Chao Cheng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Power Cylinder System for Internal Combustion Engines by : Chao Cheng

Download or read book Power Cylinder System for Internal Combustion Engines written by Chao Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piston ring pack is one of the most critical components for engine performance, durability, and emission. It has become a decisive factor for engine life. From previous study, a three-dimensional ring model has been developed using finite element method to study the interactions between the ring-cylinder liner and the ring-groove side interfaces. The ring-cylinder and ring-groove side contacts are modeled using finite element method based on penalty method optimization algorithm. Ring deformation, reaction forces at the ring sides and ring face, and the twist angles along the entire ring circumference are obtained from the model. However, the dynamic behavior of the ring is still less understood. In this study, the dynamic response of the ring over an engine cycle is studied for a second compression ring with a non-symmetric cross section.

Proceedings of the ... Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division

Author : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Technical Conference
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 900 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the ... Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division by : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Technical Conference

Download or read book Proceedings of the ... Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division written by American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Technical Conference and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 900 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Powell Leverage Cycle, in Four Parts

Author : Alvah L. Powell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (334 download)

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Book Synopsis Powell Leverage Cycle, in Four Parts by : Alvah L. Powell

Download or read book Powell Leverage Cycle, in Four Parts written by Alvah L. Powell and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Modeling of Two-body Fatigue Wear of Cylinder Liner in Internal Combustion Engines During the Break-in Period and Its Impact on Engine Lubrication

Download Modeling of Two-body Fatigue Wear of Cylinder Liner in Internal Combustion Engines During the Break-in Period and Its Impact on Engine Lubrication PDF Online Free

Author : Chongjie Gu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling of Two-body Fatigue Wear of Cylinder Liner in Internal Combustion Engines During the Break-in Period and Its Impact on Engine Lubrication by : Chongjie Gu

Download or read book Modeling of Two-body Fatigue Wear of Cylinder Liner in Internal Combustion Engines During the Break-in Period and Its Impact on Engine Lubrication written by Chongjie Gu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal combustion engines are widely utilized in modem automobiles. Around 10% of the total fuel energy is dissipated to heat due to mechanical friction, among which 20% is caused by the contact between the cylinder liner and the piston rings. The wear of cylinder liner not only leads to surface damage, but also results in the change of liner lubrication conditions. Therefore, a large number of tests are performed by researchers to investigate the liner wear process and its impact on engine lubrication. This work is the first step toward developing a wear model to predict the evolution of liner roughness and ring pack lubrication during break-in period. A physics-based liner wear model is built in this work, with focus on two mechanisms: surface plastic flattening and fatigue wear. Both mechanisms are simulated through a set of governing equations and are coupled together to complete the algorithm of the liner wear model. Simulations of break-in wear are performed to different liner surfaces finishes, with different external normal pressures. Simulation results indicate that the liner wear rate depends on the size and shape of liner surface asperities, which may provide guidance for surface manufacturing. The results also show consistence with the Archard's wear law, describing the proportional correlation between normal pressure and steady state wear rate. This wear model is then used to study the influence of liner wear on engine lubrication. Through the friction for entire engine cycles, simulated results are compared with experimental friction measurements. The comparison shows that the calculated friction evolution during break-in has the same trend and comparable magnitude as the measurements, indicating the efficiency of the wear model. Some initial work of modeling of third-body abrasive wear is also discussed in this thesis.

Modeling the Lubrication of the Piston Ring Pack in Internal Combustion Engines Using the Deterministic Method

Author : Haijie Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (763 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling the Lubrication of the Piston Ring Pack in Internal Combustion Engines Using the Deterministic Method by : Haijie Chen

Download or read book Modeling the Lubrication of the Piston Ring Pack in Internal Combustion Engines Using the Deterministic Method written by Haijie Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piston ring packs are used in internal combustion engines to seal both the high pressure gas in the combustion chamber and the lubricant oil in the crank case. The interaction between the piston ring pack and the cylinder bore contributes substantially to the total friction power loss for IC engines. The aim of this thesis work is to advance the understanding of the ring liner lubrication through numerical modeling. A twin-land oil control ring lubrication model and a top two-ring lubrication model are developed based on a deterministic approach. The models take into consideration the effect of both the liner finish micro geometry and the ring face macro profile. The liner finish effect is evaluated on a 3D deterministically measured liner finish patch, with fully-flooded oil supply condition to the oil control rings and starved oil supply condition to the top two rings. Correlations based on deterministic calculations and proper scaling are developed to connect the average hydrodynamic pressure and friction to the critical geometrical parameters and operating parameters so that cycle evaluation of the ring lubrication can be performed in an efficient manner. The models can be used for ring pack friction prediction, and ring pack/liner design optimization based on the trade-off of friction power loss and oil consumption. To provide further insights to the effect of liner finish, a wear model is then developed to simulate the liner surface geometry evolution during the break-in/wear process. The model is based on the idea of simulated repetitive grinding on the plateau part of the liner finish using a random grinder. The model successfully captures the statistic topological features of the worn liner roughness. Combining the piston ring pack model and the liner finish wear model, one can potentially predict the long term ring pack friction loss. Finally the thesis covers the experimental validation of the twin-land oil control ring model using floating liner engine friction measurements. The modeled ring friction is compared with the experimental measurement under different ring designs and liner finishes. The result shows that the model in general successfully predicts the friction force of the twin-land oil control ring/liner pair.

A Floating Liner Facility and Studies of Friction at a Reciprocating Piston-cylinder Wall Interface

Author : Md Rezaul Islam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis A Floating Liner Facility and Studies of Friction at a Reciprocating Piston-cylinder Wall Interface by : Md Rezaul Islam

Download or read book A Floating Liner Facility and Studies of Friction at a Reciprocating Piston-cylinder Wall Interface written by Md Rezaul Islam and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Annual Index/abstracts of SAE Technical Papers

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1218 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Index/abstracts of SAE Technical Papers by :

Download or read book Annual Index/abstracts of SAE Technical Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Characterization of Oil Transport in the Power Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines During Steady State and Transient Operation

Download Characterization of Oil Transport in the Power Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines During Steady State and Transient Operation PDF Online Free

Author : Steve Victor Przesmitzki
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization of Oil Transport in the Power Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines During Steady State and Transient Operation by : Steve Victor Przesmitzki

Download or read book Characterization of Oil Transport in the Power Cylinder of Internal Combustion Engines During Steady State and Transient Operation written by Steve Victor Przesmitzki and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) This work was the first comprehensive investigation of the mechanisms of oil transport in the piston ring pack of internal combustion engines during transient operation. Additionally, the understanding of oil transport to the cylinder liner during steady state operation was enhanced. This work is also the first investigation that developed a general overview of oil transport on the piston skirt. Such understanding of oil transport is a major step to controlling oil consumption during transient and steady state operation.

Modeling of Contact Between Liner Finish and Piston Ring in Internal Combustion Engines Based on 3D Measured Surface

Author : Qing Zhao (S.M.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (895 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling of Contact Between Liner Finish and Piston Ring in Internal Combustion Engines Based on 3D Measured Surface by : Qing Zhao (S.M.)

Download or read book Modeling of Contact Between Liner Finish and Piston Ring in Internal Combustion Engines Based on 3D Measured Surface written by Qing Zhao (S.M.) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When decreasing of fossil fuel supplies and air pollution are two major society problems in the 21st century, rapid growth of internal combustion (IC) engines serves as a main producer of these two problems. In order to increase fuel efficiency, mechanical loss should be controlled in internal combustion engines. Interaction between piston ring pack and cylinder liner finish accounts for nearly 20 percent of the mechanical losses within an internal combustion engine, and is an important factor that affects the lubricant oil consumption. Among the total friction between piston ring pack and cylinder liner, boundary friction occurs when piston is at low speed and there is direct contact between rings and liners. This work focuses on prediction of contact between piston ring and liner finish based on 3D measured surface and different methods are compared. In previous twin-land oil control ring (TLOCR) deterministic model, Greenwood-Tripp correlation function was used to determine contact. The practical challenge for this single equation is that real plateau roughness makes it unreliable. As a result, micro geometry of liner surface needs to be obtained through white light interferometry device or confocal equipment to conduct contact model. Based on real geometry of liner finish and the assumption that ring surface is ideally smooth, contact can be predicted by three different models which were developed by using statistical Greenwood-Williamson model, Hertzian contact and revised deterministic dry contact model by Professor A.A. Lubrecht. The predicted contact between liner finish and piston ring is then combined with hydrodynamic pressure caused by lubricant which was examined using TLOCR deterministic model by Chen. et al to get total friction resulted on the surface of liner finish. Finally, contact model is used to examine friction of different liners in an actual engine running cycle.

Liquid Piston Engines

Author : Aman Gupta
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119323282
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Liquid Piston Engines by : Aman Gupta

Download or read book Liquid Piston Engines written by Aman Gupta and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-07-24 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only book available on liquid piston engines, covering the design, application, maintenance, troubleshooting, and advances in the technology. Whether used in irrigation, cooling nuclear reactors, pumping wastewater, or any number of other uses, the liquid piston engine is a much more efficient, effective, and "greener" choice than many other choices available to industry. Especially if being used in conjunction with solar panels, the liquid piston engine can be extremely cost-effective and has very few, if any, downsides or unwanted side effects. As industries all over the world become more environmentally conscious, the liquid piston engine will continue growing in popularity as a better choice, and its low implementation and operational costs will be attractive to end-users in developing countries. This is the only comprehensive, up-to-date text available on liquid piston engines. The first part focuses on the identification, design, construction and testing of the liquid piston engine, a simple, yet elegant, device which has the ability to pump water but which can be manufactured easily without any special tooling or exotic materials and which can be powered from either combustion of organic matter or directly from solar heating. It has been tested, and the authors recommend how it might be improved upon. The underlying theory of the device is also presented and discussed. The second part deals with the performance, troubleshooting, and maintenance of the engine. This volume is the only one of its kind, a groundbreaking examination of a fascinating and environmentally friendly technology which is useful in many industrial applications. It is a must-have for any engineer, manager, or technician working with pumps or engines.

Numerical Modeling of the Power Cylinder System for Internal Combustion Engine with an Emphasis on Ring Pack Design

Author : Chao Cheng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781321425369
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (253 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Modeling of the Power Cylinder System for Internal Combustion Engine with an Emphasis on Ring Pack Design by : Chao Cheng

Download or read book Numerical Modeling of the Power Cylinder System for Internal Combustion Engine with an Emphasis on Ring Pack Design written by Chao Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Numerical Modeling of Piston Secondary Motion and Skirt Lubrication in Internal Combustion Engines

Author : Fiona McClure
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (232 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Modeling of Piston Secondary Motion and Skirt Lubrication in Internal Combustion Engines by : Fiona McClure

Download or read book Numerical Modeling of Piston Secondary Motion and Skirt Lubrication in Internal Combustion Engines written by Fiona McClure and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal combustion engines dominate transportation of people and goods, contributing significantly to air pollution, and requiring large amounts of fossil fuels. With increasing public concern about the environment and the reliability of oil supplies, automotive companies are pushed to improve engine design in order to reduce engine emissions and fuel consumption. This project aims to develop a numerical model of piston dynamics and lubrication in internal combustion engines, enabling prediction of friction generation at the piston -cylinder bore interface, and oil transport in the power cylinder system. It is currently estimated that the piston - cylinder bore friction accounts for up to 25% of the power loss in a typical engine, while oil transported to the combustion chamber by the piston and ring-pack contributes significantly to engine emissions. A dry piston model was first developed to allow fast calculation of approximate piston dynamics. An elastohydrodynamic lubrication model was then developed to allow direct numerical simulation of the effect of piston tooling marks, and comparison with results obtained using an Average Reynolds equation with flow factors. The lubrication model was incorporated into the piston dynamics model, enabling more accurate evaluation of friction and oil transport. Comparison between the dry and lubricated model results demonstrate the effect of oil film thickness on piston lateral motion, tilt, friction generation and oil transport.

Oil Transport Inside the Oil Control Ring Grove and Its Interaction with Surrounding Areas in Internal Combustion Engines

Author : Eric B. Senzer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (785 download)

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Book Synopsis Oil Transport Inside the Oil Control Ring Grove and Its Interaction with Surrounding Areas in Internal Combustion Engines by : Eric B. Senzer

Download or read book Oil Transport Inside the Oil Control Ring Grove and Its Interaction with Surrounding Areas in Internal Combustion Engines written by Eric B. Senzer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In piston ring pack design, there is a tradeoff between reducing friction and increasing oil consumption. While friction reduces engine efficiency, oil consumption can poison exhaust aftertreatment systems. The primary method in studying the balance between friction and oil consumption is by understanding and modeling oil transport. This study used Two-Dimensional Laser Induced Fluorescence (2D LIF) on a one-cylinder spark ignition research engine to view real-time oil transport in the power cylinder. The Lower Region, comprised of the 3' Land, skirt chamfer, the oil control ring (OCR), and the OCR groove, was the focus of this study for a number of real-world engine operating conditions. Previous studies noted that the interaction between oil and blowby gas flow is complex and important. What this research study attempted was a characterization and decoupling of the mechanisms governing oil transport into and out of the groove. This was accomplished by testing multiple piston ring pack configurations, thereby analyzing the effects of OCR and groove design. Namely a piston with no drain holes, a "Multi-Enlarged Hole" piston, and a baseline/production piston were used in conjunction with a U-Flex and Two-Piece OCR. In carrying out this analysis, a gross scaling relationship was created, utilizing the obtained LIF videos as a connection between the scaling model and the experiments' results. Mechanisms were classified into three types of oil transport: supply, release, and leakage. The primary mechanism of oil supply to the groove occurred during the intake stroke due to OCR downscraping. Oil's release from the groove was via the drain holes due to viscous shearing by blowby gases during the expansion stroke. It was found necessary that the releasing mechanism properly utilize the gas flow as well as the drainage area. Oil leakage out the groove was shown to be caused by inertia forcing oil out through the OCR gap during the intake, compression, and exhaust strokes. It was revealed that this leakage supplied oil to the Upper Region under throttled conditions. Additionally, the leakage locally affected the oil patterns of the 3rd Land and skirt. This study is the first to document many phenomena involved in oil transport within the Lower Region. The scaling relationships that resulted from such analysis created a framework that is an initial step towards a more complete model of oil transport in the Lower Region.