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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (247 download)
Download or read book A Review of Available Road Traffic Emission Models written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Nikolaos Tsanakas
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176850927
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)
Download or read book Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements written by Nikolaos Tsanakas and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-24 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic congestion increases travel times, but also results in higher energy usage and vehicular emissions. To evaluate the impact of traffic emissions on environment and human health, the accurate estimation of their rates and location is required. Traffic emission models can be used for estimating emissions, providing emission factors in grams per vehicle and kilometre. Emission factors are defined for specific traffic situations, and traffic data is necessary in order to determine these traffic situations along a traffic network. The required traffic data, which consists of average speed and flow, can be obtained either from traffic models or sensor measurements. In large urban areas, the collection of cross-sectional data from stationary sensors is a costefficient method of deriving traffic data for emission modelling. However, the traditional approaches of extrapolating this data in time and space may not accurately capture the variations of the traffic variables when congestion is high, affecting the emission estimation. Static transportation planning models, commonly used for the evaluation of infrastructure investments and policy changes, constitute an alternative efficient method of estimating the traffic data. Nevertheless, their static nature may result in an inaccurate estimation of dynamic traffic variables, such as the location of congestion, having a direct impact on emission estimation. Congestion is strongly correlated with increased emission rates, and since emissions have location specific effects, the location of congestion becomes a crucial aspect. Therefore, the derivation of traffic data for emission modelling usually relies on the simplified, traditional approaches. The aim of this thesis is to identify, quantify and finally reduce the potential errors that these traditional approaches introduce in an emission estimation analysis. According to our main findings, traditional approaches may be sufficient for analysing pollutants with global effects such as CO2, or for large-scale emission modelling applications such as emission inventories. However, for more temporally and spatially sensitive applications, such as dispersion and exposure modelling, a more detailed approach is needed. In case of cross-sectional measurements, we suggest and evaluate the use of a more detailed, but computationally more expensive, data extrapolation approach. Additionally, considering the inabilities of static models, we propose and evaluate the post-processing of their results, by applying quasi-dynamic network loading.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789279281167
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (811 download)
Download or read book Review and Evaluation of Emission Models and Vehicle Simulation Tools written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main concerns regarding the road transport sector is the fact that it constitutes one of the main sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, since the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in vehicles produces several pollutants. The most common approach for the assessment of traffic-related emission factors is the exhaust gas measurement of vehicles on chassis dynamometers over various driving cycles. A rather favourable approach in order to reduce the number of experimental procedures and thereby the cost of such tests is the development and calibration of vehicle simulation tools and emission models which could be used for the accurate evaluation and quantification of vehicle emissions without the necessity of expensive experimental campaigns. Today, there are several tools for the estimation of traffic-related emissions. Such tools are essential in any European or global policy dealing with emission projections, air pollution or climate change issues. This study presents a description of the current emission models (COPERT, EMFAC, etc) and vehicle simulation tools (ADVISOR, AUTONOMIE, PHEM etc). The review of existing models and methods provides evidence that there is a large variety of available tools to calculate traffic-related emissions and to develop road transport emission inventories, however, new trends and policies must also be fully incorporated in the existing tools. In addition, in order to use emission models and vehicle simulation tools in the proper way, detailed and precise measurements of vehicle operation are required, otherwise any potential benefits may be lost. This is likely to be rather difficult since such information is relatively expensive or difficult to collect. For example, certain input data may not be available, such as vehicle loading and gear-shift behaviour. The last point raises an important consideration regarding model complexity. More complex models have the potential to provide more accurate predictions as they take into account more variables. However, they also require more detailed input data which may not be readily available to the model user.
Author : P. G. Boulter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781846086700
Total Pages : 55 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (867 download)
Download or read book A Review of Instantaneous Emission Models for Road Vehicles written by P. G. Boulter and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Haneen Khreis
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128181230
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)
Download or read book Traffic-Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309070880
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-14 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.
Author : P. G. Boulter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781846089428
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (894 download)
Download or read book A Review of Emission Factors and Models for Road Vehicle Non-exhaust Particulate Matter written by P. G. Boulter and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789279346804
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (468 download)
Download or read book Overview of Emission and Traffic Models and Evaluation of Vehicle Simulation Tools written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main concerns regarding the road transport sector is the fact that it constitutes one of the main sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, since the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in vehicles produces several pollutants. The most common approach for the assessment of traffic-related emission factors is the exhaust gas measurement of vehicles on chassis dynamometers over various driving cycles. A rather favourable approach in order to reduce the number of experimental procedures and thereby the cost of such tests is the development and calibration of vehicle simulation tools and emission models which could be used for the accurate evaluation and quantification of vehicle emissions without the necessity of expensive experimental campaigns. Today, there are several tools for the estimation of traffic-related emissions. Such tools are essential in any European or global policy dealing with emission projections, air pollution or climate change issues.^This study presents a description of the current emission models (COPERT, EMFAC, etc.), traffic (AIMSUN, Vissim, etc.) and vehicle simulation tools (ADVISOR, AUTONOMIE, PH EM etc.). The review of existing models and methods provides evidence that there is a large variety of available tools to calculate traffic-related emissions and to develop road transport emission inventories, however, new trends and policies must also be fully incorporated in the existing tools. In addition, in order to use emission models and vehicle simulation tools in the proper way, detailed and precise measurements of vehicle operation are required, otherwise any potential benefits may be lost. This is likely to be rather difficult since such information is relatively expensive or difficult to collect. For example, certain input data may not be available, such as vehicle loading and gear-shift behaviour. The last point raises an important consideration regarding model complexity.^More complex models have the potential to provide more accurate predictions as they take into account more variables. However, they also require more detailed input data which may not be readily available to the model user.
Author : Mauro Garavello
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781601330192
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Models for Vehicular Traffic on Networks written by Mauro Garavello and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Fulvio Amato
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128117516
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)
Download or read book Non-Exhaust Emissions written by Fulvio Amato and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health comprehensively summarizes the most recent research in the field, also giving guidance on research gaps and future needs to evaluate the health impact and possible remediation of non-exhaust particle emissions. With contributions from some of the major experts and stakeholders in air quality, this book comprehensively defines the state-of-the-art of current knowledge, gaps and future needs for a better understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions, from non-exhaust sources of road traffic to improve public health. PM is a heterogeneous mix of chemical elements and sources, with road traffic being the major source in large cities. A significant part of these emissions come from non-exhaust processes, such as brake, tire, road wear, and road dust resuspension. While motor exhaust emissions have been successfully reduced by means of regulation, non-exhaust emissions are currently uncontrolled and their importance is destined to increase and become the dominant urban source of particle matter by 2020. Nevertheless, current knowledge on the non-exhaust emissions is still limited. This is an essential book to researchers and advanced students from a broad range of disciplines, such as public health, toxicology, atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, atmospheric chemistry and physics, geochemistry, epidemiology, built environment, road and vehicle engineering, and city planning. In addition, European and local authorities responsible for air quality and those in the industrial sectors related to vehicle and brake manufacturing and technological remediation measures will also find the book valuable. Acts as the first book to explore the health impacts of non-exhaust emissions Authored by experts from several sectors, including academia, industry and policy Gathers the relevant body of literature and information, defining the current knowledge, gaps and future needs
Author : Junshi Xu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality written by Junshi Xu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On-road motor vehicles are responsible for a considerable proportion of near-road air pollution. While background levels of air pollutants are continuously tracked by regional monitoring networks, assessing near-road air quality remains a challenge in urban areas with complex built environments, traffic composition, and meteorological variation, leading to significant spatiotemporal variability in air pollution. This research addresses current gaps in the literature on local traffic emissions and near-road air quality. This thesis first investigates the effect of traffic volume and speed data on the simulation of vehicle emissions and hotspot analysis. Traffic emissions are estimated using radar data as well as simulated traffic based on various speed aggregation methods. It provides recommendations for project-level analysis and particulate matter (PM) hotspot analysis. We further compare fleet averaged emission factors (EFs) derived from a traffic emission model, the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES), with EFs using plume-based measurements. This second module stresses the need to collect local traffic information for a better understanding of on-road traffic emissions. Besides, we validate default drive cycles in MOVES against representative drive cycles derived based on real-world GPS data. The validation results are helpful for transportation planners to quantify uncertainties in emission estimation and employ appropriate methods to improve the estimation of on-road emission inventories. The third module develops eco-score models and evaluates the effect of various factors such as driver and trip characteristics on emission intensities. The results shed light on the impact of driving style on emissions and identify the most important factors affecting the amount of emissions generated by every individual driver. The fourth module focuses on the impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality and presents the results of two different experiments. First, it explores the effect of various factors on near-road ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations based on short-term fixed monitoring, which stresses the significance of using local traffic characteristics to improve near-road air quality prediction. In addition, it captures the distribution of truck movements in urban environments and investigates the impacts of land-use variables and detailed traffic information on near-road Black Carbon (BC) concentrations.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264888853
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (648 download)
Download or read book Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.
Author : Edward D. Goldberg
Publisher : Wiley-Interscience
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (49 download)
Download or read book Black Carbon in the Environment written by Edward D. Goldberg and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1985 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York : J. Wiley, 1985.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309083836
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (838 download)
Download or read book Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-28 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs.1 Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.
Author : Olle Eriksson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789173738903
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (389 download)
Download or read book Sensitivity Analysis Methods for Road Traffic Emission Models written by Olle Eriksson and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309064457
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-09-23 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential for Reformulated Gasoline was asked whether the existing body of scientific and technical information is sufficient to permit a robust evaluation and comparison of the emissions from motor vehicles using different reformulated gasolines based on their ozone-forming potentials and to assess the concomitant impact of that approach on air-quality benefits of the use of oxygenates within the RFG program. As part of its charge, the committee was asked to consider (1) the technical soundness of various approaches for evaluating and comparing the relative ozone-forming potentials of RFG blends, (2) technical aspects of various air-quality issues related to RFG assessment, and (3) the sensitivity of evaluations of the relative ozone-forming potentials to factors related to fuel properties and the variability of vehicle technologies and driving patterns.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309159474
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.
