A Phenomenological Study Of Parents Accessing And Receiving Professional Care For Their Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder Asd During The Covid 19 Outbreak In Washington State

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A Phenomenological Study of Parents Accessing and Receiving Professional Care for Their Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Washington State

Author : Patrick M. Barry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis A Phenomenological Study of Parents Accessing and Receiving Professional Care for Their Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Washington State by : Patrick M. Barry

Download or read book A Phenomenological Study of Parents Accessing and Receiving Professional Care for Their Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Washington State written by Patrick M. Barry and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 changes and restrictions have necessitated a change in the way schools, mental health providers, medical providers, and other educational and therapy services provide for children with autism. This study explores, in-depth, the experience of parents of children with ASD as they have navigated the COVID-19 required changes to professional treatment and services for children with ASD and their families. Research suggests that raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be an overwhelming experience for parents and families, and greater family burden is positively associated with the number of unmet professional help service needs. As services were moved to online or discontinued during COVID-19 in Washington state, participants experienced a reduced access to care and describe in this study how it impacted their families. Specifically, parents and children preferred professional supports that were in person and when treating the child, participants appreciated a whole family approach where they were included in the therapy process but were not compelled to provide the therapy. Parents added that the further isolation that lockdowns, move to online therapies, online schooling, and shutting down of parks, and other venues had an outsized negative impact on them and their family. The systemic family impact of the COVID-19 mitigation efforts by providers of professional supports were significant to parents and varied across delivery methods, age of the children, parental transgenerational challenges, and other significant factors.

Adaptive and Developmental Health Outcomes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Author : Laura L. Mason
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Adaptive and Developmental Health Outcomes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic by : Laura L. Mason

Download or read book Adaptive and Developmental Health Outcomes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic written by Laura L. Mason and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are uniquely vulnerable to any adverse effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic due to greater healthcare needs, dependency on resources and services, and difficulty in adapting to environmental changes. Caregivers of children with autism also experience substantial stress, even under ideal conditions, and have simultaneously been negatively impacted by the pandemic based on disruptions in routines and social infrastructures that typically bolster against mental health problems. Comprising data from two studies, this dissertation reports changes throughout the pandemic regarding the adaptive and developmental health of children with autism; access and barriers to telehealth; and the emotional wellbeing of their parents, with an additional aim to determine whether clinical or sociodemographic characteristics affect outcomes. Study 1 was a secondary analysis of 3,941 parents of children with autism between the ages of 3- and 10-years-old, shared from the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK) national autism project. Study 2 consisted of primary data collected from 85 parents of children with ASD within this same age range, recruited throughout the United States. Both studies obtained direct responses from caregivers to comprehensively explore challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic and characterize the outcomes of children with ASD and their families. Participants were given an online battery of standardized and novel measures, administered across Baseline and Follow-Up timeframes (spanning 1–6 months in Study 1, and 3 months for Study 2). Tests of group and mean differences and regression analyses assessed relations among behavioral characteristics of the children, general experiences and concerns regarding current service delivery, and the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on parental wellbeing, while quotes and free-response comments were reviewed descriptively for common themes. Results showed children with ASD mostly demonstrated increases in adaptive and self-care behaviors between evaluation points, yet still performed below chronological age-level. Most families faced disruption in autism services due to COVID-19, but transitioning to online/remote delivery has been possible and successful in some instances. Finally, all children and parents experienced negative mental health effects during this time, though the extent of this impact varied based on risk and/or protective factors inherent to each individual family. Results also uncovered demographic disparities in COVID-19-related stressors and outcomes, particularly for parents from a lower educational background, families who are economically disadvantaged, and those residing in smaller geographic areas. Thematic analyses revealed parent concerns surrounding finances, fear of sickness, and the overarching impacts on child development, given the shift in education, therapies, and social interaction opportunities. Positive changes frequently included increased time for family togetherness, reduced academic and social worry in children, and benefits provided by technology. These findings outline the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the autism population and can guide efforts to maintain and promote health and development while in crisis and inform strategies to limit potential harm in future emergencies. The value of this dissertation is its qualitative and quantitative consideration of both child and caregiver, and emphasis on the importance of ASD services during this critical age of development, recommending both parent and provider training programs as the best method to ensure continuity of care.

Autism and COVID-19

Author : Matthew Bennett
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1804550353
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Autism and COVID-19 by : Matthew Bennett

Download or read book Autism and COVID-19 written by Matthew Bennett and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autism and COVID-19 both reviews the existing literature and presents new findings from a survey distributed to autistics and parents of autistics during the pandemic, all of which offer a unique and timely contribution to researchers, academics, practitioners, and those working with autistics and their families.

Online Training for Parents of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders During COVID-19 Pandemic

Author : Sayyed Ali Samadi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Online Training for Parents of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders During COVID-19 Pandemic by : Sayyed Ali Samadi

Download or read book Online Training for Parents of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders During COVID-19 Pandemic written by Sayyed Ali Samadi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caregiving for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) during COVID-19 lockdown was a challenge for parents. Daycare centers were closed, and parents had to provide 24-hour caregiving. Parents and children spent more time together during the pandemic. This study aimed to understand the impacts of online systems as parental support and to comprehend the parental perception regarding this type of service. Eight weeks of training were provided for the volunteer daycare centers. The centers covered a sizable group of parents of children with ASD in different age levels. A mixed-method approach for data collection was considered to understand the impacting factors. Telecommunication facilities enable daycare service providers to continue their support from a distance by enabling parents to provide care for a longer period and in a wider range during the pandemic. Parental feedback after the training course was collected. A low dropout rate was reported. Parents, in general, were satisfied with the course. Different contributing factors contributed to this satisfaction. Results also indicate that the use of online parental support is a good choice for parents in emergencies and times of lockdown. To understand the advantage and shortcomings of online parents,Äô training services, further studies are needed.

Parent Perspectives of Inclusion for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author : Rebecca A. Mack
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Parent Perspectives of Inclusion for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Rebecca A. Mack

Download or read book Parent Perspectives of Inclusion for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Rebecca A. Mack and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the experiences with inclusion for parents of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and combined intellectual impairment in elementary schools in the United States. The theory guiding this study is Bandura’s theory on social cognitive learning as it applies to students with disabilities learning from observing their peers without disabilities. This study design was a transcendental phenomenological qualitative design to explore multiple parents’ unique experiences with the same phenomenon—inclusion for their child with ASD. Participants were chosen using criterion and snowball sampling from social media groups and live across the United States. Data were collected via interviews, focus groups, and document analysis. The data were analyzed using the modified Stevick Colaizzi-Keen method from Moustakas. The data analysis led to four major themes: (a) adult support in inclusion, (b) peer relationships, (c) “closing the gap,” and (d) IEP participation. These results indicate an ongoing need for teachers to communicate and include parents in the decision-making processes for children with ASD and intellectual impairments. Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, intellectual impairment, inclusion, elementary school

Reconstructing Autism

Author : Laura Elizabeth Solomon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Reconstructing Autism by : Laura Elizabeth Solomon

Download or read book Reconstructing Autism written by Laura Elizabeth Solomon and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study aims to serve as a deconstruction of the experience of parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The increasing number of families with children affected by ASDs has led to many questions about the impact of ASDs on the family unit; however, the voice of parents is sorely missing in the extant research. The history of ASDs and disability in general continues to impact the ways families, society, and professionals treat families affected by ASDs, and particularly the ways they view and value the parent-child relationship. Six mothers of children with ASDs were interviewed about their experience parenting a child on the autism spectrum and their relationship with their child. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to give voice to the parents’ collective experiences. Clinical implications and limitations of this study, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

Qualitative Research Methods

Author : Pranee Liamputtong
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780190304287
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Qualitative Research Methods by : Pranee Liamputtong

Download or read book Qualitative Research Methods written by Pranee Liamputtong and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2019-10-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An Australian cross-disciplinary approach to qualitative research methods."--Back cover.

COVID and Autism 2023: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions for Research

Author : Michaela DuBay
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832554105
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis COVID and Autism 2023: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions for Research by : Michaela DuBay

Download or read book COVID and Autism 2023: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions for Research written by Michaela DuBay and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-05 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been three years since many countries around the world were sent into a nationwide lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic. As the disease infected the lungs of many people across the world, there were other adverse effects that came with not only the disease itself but the aftermath of the lockdowns. Those living with pre-existing conditions saw the COVID-19 pandemic affect them in different ways to those who were otherwise healthy. This Research Topic aims to highlight evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected and continues to affect autistic individuals and to provide insights into research and interventions on how this can be tackled going forwards, in the hope that the research presented will translate to best practice applications in clinical and public health settings.

A Phenomenological Exploration of Parents' Psychological Experiences Obtaining a Diagnosis and Access to Services for Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Author : Nina J. Hidalgo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis A Phenomenological Exploration of Parents' Psychological Experiences Obtaining a Diagnosis and Access to Services for Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Nina J. Hidalgo

Download or read book A Phenomenological Exploration of Parents' Psychological Experiences Obtaining a Diagnosis and Access to Services for Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Nina J. Hidalgo and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Autism in a time of COVID-19

Author : Antonette Maye-Manning
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (142 download)

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Book Synopsis Autism in a time of COVID-19 by : Antonette Maye-Manning

Download or read book Autism in a time of COVID-19 written by Antonette Maye-Manning and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Special education teachers play an integral role in the lives of students with autism spectrum disorder. During the COVID-19 pandemic, their skills were required as online teaching necessitated new technology and strategies to aid students on a spectrum and often display symptoms affecting their school success. This study explored how high school special education teachers prepared for their students with autism spectrum disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic and the teachers’ understanding of students with autism spectrum disorder needs during virtual learning. Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, with emphasis on the more knowledgeable other, was employed. The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews for this qualitative phenomenological study. Six participants from a Facebook group were interviewed about their challenges when teaching students with autism spectrum disorder and what their school districts can do while transferring them online in times of medical disasters similar to the COVID-19 pandemic. A thematic analysis of the transcripts revealed three themes: a) working with technology, b) lack of motivation, and c) professional development. The findings provided recommendations for teachers and district administrators regarding practice with students and teachers. The study provides insights for future research.

Family Training Under the Medicaid Autism Benefit

Author : Karis A. Casagrande
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Family Training Under the Medicaid Autism Benefit by : Karis A. Casagrande

Download or read book Family Training Under the Medicaid Autism Benefit written by Karis A. Casagrande and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Family training, in which providers coach parents to use intervention strategies with their child, is considered evidence-based and best practice for families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Parents generally value family training, but this service is underutilized in community-settings and many parents report it as an unmet need. Families receiving services through Medicaid have much to gain from family training, as it can increase the accessibility, intensity, and effectiveness of services in a system with limited resources. However, existing research with underserved populations reveals differences in perspectives on underutilization between families and providers and families in the Medicaid system are significantly underrepresented in this research, highlighting the need for a more thorough exploration of perspectives from parents in these communities.We partnered with eight agencies that provide Medicaid-funded Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) services to develop this survey-based study and recruit 226 caregivers to participate. Participants were similar to the state-level Medicaid service population in terms of racial and ethnic background, suggesting a representative sample. Our first aim was to better understand caregivers' current experiences with, satisfaction with, and attitudes toward evidence-based family training as part of their child's ABA services. We found that caregiver's experiences with evidence-based family training were limited, but attitudes toward that model were positive; this was unrelated to parent, child, or service characteristics. Satisfaction with ABA was positively correlated with experiences of family training and other aspects of caregiver involvement in treatment. Our second aim was to explore caregivers' perspectives on engagement in family training using Staudt's (2007) conceptual model of the engagement process, which outlines the influence of provider behaviors on caregiver's engagement in treatment through family-level logistical, relational, and attitudinal factors. We conducted a multiple, parallel mediation analysis using Staudt's (2007) model as a guide and found that relationships with providers and attitudes toward treatment played a strong role in caregivers' readiness to participate in evidence-based family training, while logistical factors, such as stress and external demands, did not. Furthermore, the relationship between supportive provider behaviors and caregiver interest in engagement was fully mediated by relational and attitudinal factors. This suggests that parents' experience of supportive provider behaviors, such as enabling participation and coordinating care, improved relationships and strengthened positive attitudes about treatment, which in turn increased their motivation to engage in family training. Interestingly, this was only true for caregivers who indicated that their provider engaged in some degree of supportive behavior. These results suggest that providers may benefit from spending more time building relationships with caregivers of the children they serve and supporting the development of positive attitudes towards evidence-based family training.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author : Elizabeth Jane Whittinghill
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (747 download)

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Book Synopsis Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders by : Elizabeth Jane Whittinghill

Download or read book Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders written by Elizabeth Jane Whittinghill and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Parents of Young Children with Autism Receiving Special Education Services

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Parents of Young Children with Autism Receiving Special Education Services by :

Download or read book A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experiences of Parents of Young Children with Autism Receiving Special Education Services written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades reported rates of autism have steadily risen. The current incidence is 1 in 68 children. While autism can be reliably diagnosed at 18 months in most children with the condition, specialized autism treatment rarely begins before a child's third or fourth birthday. As screening and diagnosis procedures improve so does the need for effective early interventions for autism. Researchers and professionals have expressed a growing concern over the need for effective early interventions for infants and toddlers with autism. At the same time, there is a dearth of qualitative research exploring the needs and experiences of parents with a very young child with autism. Employing a phenomenological framework, the purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of parents of a young child with autism receiving early special education services. Unstructured interviews and photo elicitation were used to generate rich, detailed descriptions of the phenomenon. Data analysis from photographic images and narrative dialogues illuminated six essential themes across participants: (a) parents as pioneers: forging the way for future families; (b) making the journey as a family; (c) navigating uncharted service systems; (d) overcoming challenges and obstacles; (e) resilience, ingenuity and hope; and (f) reflecting on the first three years and looking forward. Participants expressed that they felt this study gave them a "voice" in the research literature. This study is one of the first to investigate the lived experiences of parents as they seek and secure autism services for their child under five with autism.

Raising a Child on the Autism Spectrum in the Time of COVID-19

Author : Susan Pyle
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Raising a Child on the Autism Spectrum in the Time of COVID-19 by : Susan Pyle

Download or read book Raising a Child on the Autism Spectrum in the Time of COVID-19 written by Susan Pyle and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This qualitative study explored the ways in which families with a child on the ASD spectrum were affected by the lockdowns and restrictions associated with COVID-19 through the lens of family systems theory. The restrictions placed on families during this time were unfamiliar and unexpected, making the experience difficult for many. The aim of this study was to capture the lived experiences of the participating families during the COVID-19 timeframe. Participants included six couples who had a child on the ASD spectrum. They were interviewed together and asked to discuss their family's experience throughout the COVID-19 timeframe. Using thematic analysis, three main themes emerged including major changes the families experienced, how they were affected emotionally by the COVID-19 protocol, and how the families adapted.

Experience with Accessing Education Resources and Special Education Services

Author : Verenice Orozco Corona
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780355529456
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (294 download)

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Book Synopsis Experience with Accessing Education Resources and Special Education Services by : Verenice Orozco Corona

Download or read book Experience with Accessing Education Resources and Special Education Services written by Verenice Orozco Corona and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: This qualitative phenomenological interview study investigated the barriers faced by Latino Spanish speakers with limited English proficiency (LEP) when seeking to obtain a diagnosis and special education resources for their children. This minority population faces several barriers that may be linked to a later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among Latino children; however, limited research has focused on the identification of these barriers and factors that contribute to a later ASD diagnosis in Latino families. Five Latina Spanish-speaking mothers with LEP were included in this study. Two 1-hour interviews were conducted per participant. The results showed barriers associated with the health care system, culture beliefs, cultural differences in the view of disability, limited health literacy, LEP, lack of ASD knowledge, and lack of competent interpreters.

Community Mental Health Providers' Use of Parent Training with Medicaid-enrolled Families of Children with Autism

Author : Diondra Kathryn Straiton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781392092361
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (923 download)

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Book Synopsis Community Mental Health Providers' Use of Parent Training with Medicaid-enrolled Families of Children with Autism by : Diondra Kathryn Straiton

Download or read book Community Mental Health Providers' Use of Parent Training with Medicaid-enrolled Families of Children with Autism written by Diondra Kathryn Straiton and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parent training, in which providers train parents to address their child's maladaptive behavior or skill development, is an underutilized evidenced-based treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This mixed methods project examined the use of parent training as part of the Michigan Medicaid Autism Benefit, which covers applied behavior analysis (ABA) services for Medicaid-enrolled children with ASD under age 21 in Michigan. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used to analyze Medicaid claims data for 879 children and survey data from 97 ABA providers who service Medicaid-enrolled children with ASD. Content analysis was used to analyze open-ended survey items and phenomenological analysis was used to analyze interviews from a subset of 13 providers. Results demonstrated that: a) frequency of parent training encounters was very low, with evidence to suggest that Hispanic/Latino children receive fewer encounters; b) ABA providers' conceptualization of parent training is inconsistent with the literature; c) providers report using evidence-based parent training strategies at a moderate-to-high level on the survey, but infrequently mention strategies in interviews; d) providers use sessions for other purposes; e) providers report having limited related training; f) providers report numerous barriers and facilitators which are related to their reported extensiveness of parent training; and g) parent training and family-centered care are significantly related. Implications for increasing use of parent training for this population are discussed.

A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Parents as They Choose the Appropriate Classroom for Their Child with High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Author : Lorie Mick
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Parents as They Choose the Appropriate Classroom for Their Child with High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder by : Lorie Mick

Download or read book A Phenomenological Study of the Experiences of Parents as They Choose the Appropriate Classroom for Their Child with High-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder written by Lorie Mick and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study is to explore the experiences and challenges of parents as they choose an appropriate classroom setting for their child with highfunctioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) at an elementary school. Parents of students with HFASD must grapple with this decision each year at their child’s annual IEP review meeting. The theory guiding this study is Knowles’ adult learning theory. Adult learning theory states that adults use both their personal experiences and intrinsic motivation to discover information that they need to make a decision. Ten parents of elementary-aged children diagnosed with HFASD were selected as participants in this study in an attempt to combine their shared experiences with this phenomenon. The data collected for this research included interviews, participant journals, and a focus group. Data analysis followed van Manen’s hermeneutic circle. In hermeneutic phenomenology, the focus is on the researcher’s interactions with the data. The themes found in this study were the prior experiences of parents, successful outcomes for students with HFASD, level of functioning, and personal factors. Ultimately, the findings of the study revealed that parents of students with HFASD feel like they are equal partners with the IEP team but have a varying degree of confidence in their role as decision-makers. The full experience of the parents including their thought processes, challenges, and opinions were extracted from the data collection process. These findings show a strong connection to the Knowles adult learning theory.