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A Methodology And A Mathematical Model For Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through The Suppply Chain Redesign
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Book Synopsis A Methodology and a Mathematical Model for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through the Suppply Chain Redesign by : Carola Pinto Taborga
Download or read book A Methodology and a Mathematical Model for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through the Suppply Chain Redesign written by Carola Pinto Taborga and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virtually the entire scientific, political, business, and social community is aware of the importance of climate change. Countries adhering to the Kyoto Protocol have taken up the challenge of reducing carbon emission, implementing national policies that include the introduction of carbon emissions trading programs, voluntary programs, taxes on carbon emissions and energy efficiency standards. In this context, the business world must be able to generate a carbon reduction strategy to ensure long-term success, considering also that customers (and investors) are ever more interested in the well-being of the environment, and increasingly demand their suppliers to be eco-friendly. This thesis has addressed the problem of designing (or redesigning) the supply chain to reduce carbon emission in an economically viable and, as far as possible, optimal way. The thesis addresses the problem by designing a complete and formalized methodology, which also includes a mathematical model to determine the best decisions to take. The research begins, as usual, with a review of the basic terminology, standards and the scientific literature related to the topic. From the review of the literature, it has been concluded that, although there are authors who propose models related to the design of the supply chain including carbon reduction, there is a lack of formalized methodologies that can be applied to real cases . The methodology consists of 4 stages: 1) The creation of a corporate carbon strategy; 2) The alignment with strategic financial planning; 3) The development of a mathematical model; and 4) The implementation and tracking. In the first stage a six-step guide is developed to create a corporate carbon strategy. The steps are: 1) Determine the type of emission; 2) Boundaries definition; 3) Planning and performance information; 4) ldentify carbon reduction opportunities; 5) Determine carbon reduction goals; 6) Participating in programs and carbon markets . In the second stage, the corporate carbon strategy is evaluated from a financial point of view and integrated into the strategic planning. In the third stage, a Mixed lnteger Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed to obtain a plan for the supply chain redesign, so that: 1) the carbon reduction targets are achieved; 2) the strategic financial plan is taken into account; 3) all the real possibilities are contemplated to redesign the supply chain; and 4) a solution is achieved to optimize the economic results of the company. The carbon reduction methodology , including the mathematical model, has been applied to three case studies that are useful for adjusting sorne elements and for its validation . The first case study corresponds to a company that operates in the Home and Personal Care sector in Brazil, where the system of taxes is more complex than in other countries and illustrates how the mathematical model can be adapted to any context. The second case study deals with a multinational company which operates in the Foods sector in Spain and requires a redesign of the supply chain to improve its product cost. Finally, the third case used a company in the U.S. to show the effect of the scope definition on the carbon strategy. In the three cases, the solution of the mathematical model maximizes the net profit, whilst the carbon reduction target is achieved. Therefore, the carbon reduction methodology is useful for achieving economic and environmental benefits, as well as providing benefits related to the improvement of the corporate image, strengthening of brands and avoiding possible carbon taxes risks. In conclusion, the carbon reduction methodology proposed in this thesis, was developed to support companies that want to generate a competitive advantage and a sustainable development. In addition, it was designed to be flexible enough to adapt to the needs of each business and facilitate its execution in the business world.
Book Synopsis Decision-Making to Reduce Manufacturing Greenhouse Gas Emissions by : Corinne Reich-Weiser
Download or read book Decision-Making to Reduce Manufacturing Greenhouse Gas Emissions written by Corinne Reich-Weiser and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The manufacturing sector is a significant contributor to environmental damage and resource use, which has potential long-term implications if resources are overused and our air, water, and soil are altered irreversibly. To alleviate these impacts, the manufacturing research community has primarily focused on reducing the environmental impacts of specific manufacturing processes and systems within a factory; however there are opportunities for environmental impact reductions that emerge from a supply chain perspective. For example, researchers have recognized that by taking advantage of regional differences when locating facilities there is the opportunity to alleviate global water scarcity and reduce the human health effects of pollution. We add to this body of work by focusing on the opportunity to take advantage of regional variability to reduce supply chain GHG emissions. Through the development of targeted environmental return-on-investment (ROI) metrics and hybrid life-cycle assessment techniques, we enable the minimization of global greenhouse gas emissions through informed supply chain design. Founded on the premise that GHG emissions are a global problem that can benefit from global optimization, we focus on the tradeoffs between transportation emissions and electricity emissions. A three-pronged approach to management and reduction of GHG emissions in manufacturing is presented: (1) metric design for environmental decision-making (2) comprehensive, repeatable, and efficient life-cycle assessment using a hybrid approach (3) optimization of the system to take advantage of regional tradeoffs. This approach is demonstrated through a generic case study of automotive manufacturing and a case study of SolFocus Inc. concentrated solar photovoltaic panels. The case-studies show that 30-40% of GHG emissions in the supply chain are from electricity and transportation and can be reduced by up to 50% through changes in supplier location. Furthermore, regional variability in electricity emissions means that local manufacturing is not always optimal. Finally, the incorporation of ROI metrics for the SolFocus system presented the most rapid path to global reductions in GHG emissions. Installation of solar technology in Australia results in a savings of nearly 20 kg-CO2eq for every kg-CO2eq emitted during production; whereas the savings from installation in Spain, Northern California, or Arizona is 7-8 kg-CO2eq. This dissertation presents the following new contributions to the field (1) a method for global GHG reductions, separate from product re-design, through optimization of supply chain layout based on transportation and electricity GHG emissions tradeoffs; (2) development of effective and targeted ROI environmental metrics to guide decisions that promote the fastest route to reduce environmental impacts in manufacturing; (3) validation of the feasibility of using of iterative financial hybrid LCA to ensure a comprehensive LCA and guide regional input-output electricity estimates and tradeoffs in key areas; (4) demonstration and development of the greenhouse gas ROI metric, iterative hybrid LCA methodology, and supply chain layout decision-making for concentrator solar PV We note that these supply chain efforts must occur in conjunction with efforts on sustainable product design such as design for remanufacture, improved use-phase efficiencies, or utilization of new materials.
Book Synopsis Corporate Environmental Management, Climate Change and Sustainable Development by : Khaldoon Albitar
Download or read book Corporate Environmental Management, Climate Change and Sustainable Development written by Khaldoon Albitar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-09 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United Nations action plan for sustainable development, named “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” represents an international governance arrangement in response to the recent environmental challenges and social inequalities. Importantly, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework sets a purpose to protect human rights, end poverty, reduce inequality, protect the planet and its natural resources, and enhance sustainable economic growth. Recently, due to the deterioration in global environmental conditions, increasing stakeholder demands, and stricter regulations and law all over the world, firms have realized the importance of integrating Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their strategic orientations in order to enhance their environmental, social performances and keep sustainable development.
Book Synopsis Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations under Uncertainty by : Alexander Golub
Download or read book Modeling Environment-Improving Technological Innovations under Uncertainty written by Alexander Golub and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-12-08 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issues of technology and uncertainty are very much at the heart of the policy debate of how much to control greenhouse gas emissions. The costs of doing so are present and high while the benefits are very much in the future and, most importantly, they are highly uncertain. Whilst there is broad consensus on the key elements of climate change science and agreement that near-term actions are needed to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, there is little agreement on the costs and benefits of climate policy. The book looks at different ways of reconciling the needs for sustainability and equity with the costs of action now. Presenting a compendium of methodologies for evaluating the economic impact of technological innovation upon climate-change policy, this book describes mathematical models and their predictions. The goal is to provide a practitioner’s guide for doing the science of economics and climate change. Because the assumptions motivating different problems in the economics of climate change have different complexities, a number of models are presented with varying levels of difficulty: reduced-form and structural, partial- and general-equilibrium, closed-form and computational. A unifying theme of these models is the incorporation of a number of price and quantity instruments and an analysis of their respective efficacies. This book presents models that contain structural uncertainty, i.e., uncertainty that economic agents respond to via their risk attitudes. The novelty of this book is to relate the effects of risk and risk attitudes to environment-improving technological innovation.
Book Synopsis Quantifying the Impact of Green Supply Chain Management by : Nandie Coetzee
Download or read book Quantifying the Impact of Green Supply Chain Management written by Nandie Coetzee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South African supply chains have moved from basic survival mode to a focus on optimised supply chains. These focus mainly on a reduction of inventory, cost, and lead time. The further shift to end-to-end supply chain visibility might be required to improve customer service and the competitiveness of supply chains (KPMG n.d.). The World Resources Institute (WRI) reported that, since the Conference of Parties 21 (COP21) in December 2015, six climate change milestones have been met. These milestones are: 2015 being recorded as the warmest year on record; record levels of heat was experienced in each month in 2016; the Arctic Sea ice currently at record low levels; a clearer connection between extreme weather conditions and climate change induced by humans; the impact of carbon-intense behaviour being more serious than predicted; and the Western Artic ice sheet is melting at a faster rate than previously predicted (Gilder, Parker and Rumble 2016). South Africa's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions constitute the largest single contribution on the African continent. If carbon emissions (CO2e) are not reduced, this will continue to grow exponentially. South Africa's emissions are placed in the top twenty in the world when considering per capita emissions. The intensity of the emissions, calculated as the ratio of emission to gross domestic product (GDP), is also above the world average and is similar to that of other industrialised countries globally, such as Japan. The indication is that the South African Parliament will implement a carbon tax from January 2017 (as predicted in April 2016). It is not a question of whether a carbon tax will be implemented in South Africa, but when (Gilder et al. 2016). From the above statements it is clear that there is a need to understand and quantify the impact of implementing environmentally-friendly initiatives on business profitability and sustainability. This would be carried out through a multiple case study approach at a global, South African-based, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) company, so that the carbon tax could be minimised and the impact on the environment be reduced. This will be the main objective of the study. To achieve this, objective, the following secondary objectives must be achieved in order to develop a framework that can be used to quantify the impact of green supply chain initiatives on the profitability and sustainability of a business' supply chain. The developed Green Business Profitability Framework is applied to a South African company's supply chain to determine whether the framework can successfully quantify the impact on environmental and business profitability. Yin (2014) emphasises that a good research design should address the research objectives or questions, the propositions, and the unit of analysis. The research design should also enable a logical link to the propositions and the criteria that will be used to analyse the results of the case study. This research investigates the difference between environmental management and green supply chain management (GSCM). Subsequently, the history and theories behind GSCM are highlighted. Different decision-making methods for GCSM are identified to address supply chain performance, environmental performance, cost modelling, and performance measures. Existing frameworks of GSCM are also analysed. The research study aims to answer how the impact of implementing environmental initiatives on business profitability and sustainability is best quantified in a South African business. Previous supply chain research is reviewed, and arranged in an end-to-end supply chain matrix view to understand on which areas of the previous supply chain methods, frameworks, and research to focus. This research suggests that there is a need to quantify the impact of implementing green supply chain initiatives in a company, based on the profitability and sustainability of that company's supply chain. Existing methods that are used to assess the business profitability and sustainability impacts of initiatives do not focus on monitoring the complete supply chain, from operational activities to longer-term strategic initiatives (Porter and Van der Linde 1999; Schaefer and Kosansky 2008; Marchal et al. 2011). In this study, carbon emissions are used as a measure for the impact of sustainability, and are combined with the activity-based costing (ABC) method to understand the impact on profitability as well. The analytical framework aims to help a company to evaluate the financial and environmental impact of sustainability initiatives, make strategic decisions to improve the business' environmental impact, and to operate in such a way to gain competitive advantage. The end-to-end supply chain view can aid the understanding of GSCM from a wider perspective, and can help the business to be more responsive to, and aware of, the impact of business decisions on its supply chain. The notion of business profitability impact, rather than performance measures, is used to evaluate the supply chain in view of the greater impact business profitability will have on the supply chain. Relevant case studies were identified and used to determine the impact on the environment and on profitability of implementing initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The supply chain operations reference model (SCOR) level 1 processes aided in selecting the case studies to ensure that different areas of the supply chain were addressed. The duration of the case studies was one year, because all the peak and off-peak times were included, and because financial performance is reported annually to the business and its shareholders; only then could the full annual impact be assessed. The developed green business profitability framework uses a combination of existing methods: the value-added analysis (VAA) approach, life cycle assessment (LCA), SCOR, product costing, 'cost to serve', the ABC method, the green supply chain operations reference model (GreenSCOR), and business profitability modelling (BPM). GreenSCOR enabled environmental initiatives to be tracked back to logistics operations, which made it easier to understand and implement. GreenSCOR also helped to link carbon emissions to their source, and to translate green supply chain actions into goals. Cash and Wilkerson (2003) noted that GreenSCOR helps with green management by linking best practices to the detailed processes; and, if it is applied, it can help to reduce carbon emissions. The framework of the South African Department of the Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) as used to convert the savings into carbon emission savings. The green business profitability framework aims to determine the impact of green supply chain initiatives on business profitability and sustainability. The case studies addressed different applications of optimisation initiatives, from short-term to longer-term strategic objectives. In the plan case study, the framework was applied to determine whether it could be used to solve short-term network planning queries. The source area focused on long-term strategy development, while the make case study incorporated recommendations from a third party consultant. The deliver case study focused on modelling the impact of the current internal initiatives and market trends, while the return case study determined the impact caused by operational changes in the case study company. The results from using the green business profitability framework to model short-term strategic planning indicated that the reduction in kilometres travelled obtained by optimising the secondary transportation network was directly related to the total carbon emissions, but not to the increase in business profitability. In the case study, the net effect was reduced carbon emissions and increased business profitability; but it could not be assumed that all the distribution centres (DCs) would show a carbon emission saving. The case study results interpreting the third party consultant's environmental sustainability initiatives indicated that the impact on profitability from implementing the various sustainable manufacturing initiatives was directly related to the carbon emissions, while the savings in lliquefied petroleum gas (LPG) had a bigger impact on profitability but a lower impact on sustainability. The deliver case study indicated that the impact on profitability was not directly related to carbon emissions. The daylight harvesting initiative had a bigger impact on carbon emission reduction, but a lower increase in business profitability than the fluorescent lighting initiative. The return case study showed that a higher carbon emissions reduction had minimal impact on business profitability. As South African businesses move from basic supply chains to optimised supply chains under the current economic pressure, business will need to reconsider all options to reduce costs. With the carbon tax legislation looming in 2017, businesses need to become smarter about implementing sustainability initiatives that makes financial sense. The green business profitability framework developed here is a possible tool to consider, as it could help determine the break-even point between environmental sustainability and cost saving.
Book Synopsis Supply Chain Decarbonisation II by : Eugene Wong, Danny Ho, Stuart So, Emma Zhou
Download or read book Supply Chain Decarbonisation II written by Eugene Wong, Danny Ho, Stuart So, Emma Zhou and published by 滾石移動股份有限公司. This book was released on 2019-12-01 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Logistics and transportation is one of the highest carbon emitters among all the economic sectors. Following the Paris Climate Conference (COP21), where countries adopt first-ever universal and legally binding global climate deals, governments start to set emission targets and impose regulations on disclosing carbon emission activities. Campaigns have also been organized to initiate corporations to mitigate carbon emissions and raise public awareness on carbon footprint. This book gives a foundation on carbon footprint concepts, and methodologies on carbon footprint mapping and reporting. It also provides illustrations on pilot implementation of carbon footprint toolkits, as well as case studies showing the best practices on carbon emission mitigation for practitioners, scholars, and students.
Book Synopsis Methods and Policies to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission in Logistics by : Hrucha Ghatpande
Download or read book Methods and Policies to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission in Logistics written by Hrucha Ghatpande and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2021-10-05 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Business economics - Supply, Production, Logistics, grade: 2.6, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, course: MBA&E Global Procurement, language: English, abstract: The report is focused on carbon dioxide emissions in the logistics industry. It evaluates some segments of the logistics industry that how carbon dioxide emission is takes place in the logistics operations. Global warming and climate control elements are turning into a genuine worldwide concern. The enactment is turning into a fundamental plan to control the measure of carbon dioxide discharge that may impact the entire world in upcoming years. To figure out this issue, the research is conducted to investigate the methods and policies which support the logistics operation to lessen or control the carbon dioxide emission. The report has some insight that how various logistics factors are responsible to influence the level of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, various opportunities to reduce transportation as well as warehouse-related carbon dioxide emission are identified. With the analysis of different industries, the most promising and feasible methods for logistics operations are determined such as increasing load factor, modal shift, alternative fuels, electric forklifts. In addition to this, analysis of environmental policies is also determined namely carbon emission trading, carbon tax. The impacts on organizations after applications of studied methods and policies have been also reviewed. The research outcome has an overall contribution to green logistics management.
Book Synopsis Doing Business in a New Climate by : Paul Lingl
Download or read book Doing Business in a New Climate written by Paul Lingl and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2010 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2010. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Book Synopsis Climate Change, Supply Chain Management and Enterprise Adaptation: Implications of Global Warming on the Economy by : Pappis, Costas P.
Download or read book Climate Change, Supply Chain Management and Enterprise Adaptation: Implications of Global Warming on the Economy written by Pappis, Costas P. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2010-08-31 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mounting scientific evidence shows that Earth?s climate is dramatically changing due to the greenhouse emissions caused by human activities, notably by burning fossil fuels for energy production and transport. Climate Change, Supply Chain Management and Enterprise Adaptation: Implications of Global Warming on the Economy aims to provide one among many diverse responses to a growing sense of urgency fed by climate change and experienced by international institutions, governments, local authorities, and enterprises. It provides an interdisciplinary treatment of issues raised by climate change in connection with its implications for society, environment and economy, particularly at the company and the supply chain levels.
Book Synopsis Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change Economics by : Zheng Wang
Download or read book Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change Economics written by Zheng Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the principles of integrated assessment models (IAM) for climate change economics and introduces various computable models for different development mechanisms under climate change governance. The authors present several new models they have constructed based on the RICE framework, specifically the MRICES((multi-factor RICE)) and EMRICES models, which incorporate global economic interactions into the RICE framework, and the CINCIA model, which describes technological advances and industrial structure evolution, introducing the mechanism of evolutionary economics. The models discussed in the book help governments and policy-makers tackle climate change and take positive measures on climate governance as well as promote economic and social development to narrow the gaps between countries.
Book Synopsis MODELING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN. by : Maria Lucchi
Download or read book MODELING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN. written by Maria Lucchi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the topic of climate change creeps into the forefront of consumer thoughts, government agendas, and business strategies, organizations on a global scale are taking steps to adapt internally in an effort to fight a changing environment. Furthermore, this research along with many others shifts the focus to the role that business plays in climate change. Because business worldwide has the most harmful impact on the environment and potentially has the greatest ability in terms of wealth and scale to reverse and minimize that harm, corporations are beginning to take action. Much of this action is directed towards reducing the size of an organizations carbon footprint. This paper uses a Fortune 500 chemical company to build a modeling tool to calculate a portion of the companys carbon footprint regarding emissions caused by its operations in transportation. The subsequent modeling tool required a specific methodology to estimate the carbon emissions of their in-scope operations. This paper will outline relevant background information, methodology, assumptions, limitations, and validity of the completed tool. Additionally, the next steps for the company regarding the use and future scaling of the modeling tool as well as data collection and formatting for model input will be carefully described.
Book Synopsis Process Systems Engineering by : Edwin Zondervan
Download or read book Process Systems Engineering written by Edwin Zondervan and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-10-03 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Process systems engineering (PSE) is a discipline that delivers tools for guided decision-making in the development of new processes and products. Proven successful in the pharmaceutical-, food- and water sectors, it has also breached the field of energy systems. The future energy systems aim to be more efficient, cost-effective, environmentally benign, and interconnected. The design and operation is extremely challenging for decision-makers, engineers, and scientists and here lies a crucial role for the process systems engineer.
Book Synopsis Green Supply Chain Network Design with Emission Sensitive Demand by : Cynthia Waltho
Download or read book Green Supply Chain Network Design with Emission Sensitive Demand written by Cynthia Waltho and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last few decades, the argument for a link between greenhouse gas emissions and global warming has become stronger. In response, there has been a global shift. Politicians are implementing carbon policies while consumers are becoming more aware of their own impact on the environment. This thesis explores how environmental policies and consumer awareness impact supply chain network design and provides a new modelling framework in which demand is dependent on carbon footprint. In the first part of the thesis, a comprehensive literature review on green supply chain network design between 2010 and mid 2017 is presented. The review focuses on models and methodologies that explicitly include carbon emissions and environmental policies. It is evident that incorporating carbon policy is popular, particularly carbon cap, carbon offset, cap-and-trade, and carbon tax. By reconfiguring the supply chain and investing in lower-emitting resources, each policy is able to achieve significant emission reduction with marginal increase in total cost. This is achieved by reconfiguring the supply chain and investing in lower-emitting resources. The review finds that there is a lack of models that consider the complex nature of emissions. Other complexities, such as multivariate emissions and uncertainty, are considered in only a few papers. Most importantly, however, it is clear that demand as a function of supply chain emissions is rarely accounted for in supply chain network design literature. In the second part, a two echelon supply chain with emission sensitive demand is considered. A new model is provided that determines at which points investments in lower emitting technologies at the warehouses is necessary. Being nonlinear due to the complex carbon footprint constraint, the resulting model is first reformulated as a second-order cone program, and is tested on a hypothetical e-commerce supply chain. The results illustrate that without proper response to consumer preferences, companies will lose out on revenue. It also illustrates investments are made at clear points as consumer sensitivity to emissions increases, rather than continuously. This work is important for e-commerce companies who wish to set themselves apart from competitors by catering to environmentally conscious consumers. The third part of the thesis presents a new model for green supply chain network design with emission sensitive demand. The supply chain is composed of one plant and multiple warehouses that serve multiple customer zones. Decisions pertaining to the technology type used at the plant, the location and technology of the warehouses, the assignment of customer zones to warehouses, and the flow between the different echelons are modelled. In addition, demand is modelled as a function of carbon footprint. The resulting model is nonlinear due to the carbon footprint constraint. To be able to solve it, we reformulate the problem as a second-order cone program. To test the model and draw insights from it, we build a hypothetical, but realistic potato chip supply chain located in the province of Ontario, Canada. The testing confirms the ability of the model to trade-off between demand and emissions for environmentally conscious customers and provides insight into to how companies could advertise carbon footprint information to capture demand, and their potential impact on the supply chain.
Book Synopsis Green Supply Chain Design by : Ryan J. Merrick
Download or read book Green Supply Chain Design written by Ryan J. Merrick and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expansion of supply chains into global networks has drastically increased the distance travelled along shipping lanes in a logistics system. Inherently, the increase in travel distances produces increased carbon emissions from transport vehicles. When increased emissions are combined with a carbon tax or emissions trading system, the result is a supply chain with increased costs attributable to the emission generated on the transportation routes. Most traditional supply chain design models do not take emissions and carbon costs into account. Hence, there is a need to incorporate emission costs into a supply chain optimization model to see how the optimal supply chain configuration may be affected by the additional expenses. This thesis presents a mathematical programming model for the design of green supply chains. The costs of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were incorporated in the objective function, along with the fixed and transportation costs that are typically modeled in traditional facility location models. The model also determined the unit flows between the various nodes of the supply chain, with the objective of minimizing the total cost of the system by strategically locating warehouses throughout the network. The literature shows that CO2 emissions produced by a truck are dependent on the weight of the vehicle and can be modeled using a concave function. Hence, the carbon emissions produced along a shipping lane are dependent upon the number of units and the weight of each unit travelling between the two nodes. Due to the concave nature of the emissions, the addition of the emission costs to the problem formulation created a nonlinear mixed integer programming (MIP) model. A solution algorithm was developed to evaluate the new problem formulation. Lagrangian relaxation was used to decompose the problem by echelon and by potential warehouse site, resulting in a problem that required less computational effort to solve and allowed for much larger problems to be evaluated. A method was then suggested to exploit a property of the relaxed formulation and transform the problem into a linear MIP problem. The solution method computed the minimum cost for a complete network that would satisfy all the needs of the customers. A primal heuristic was introduced into the Lagrangian algorithm to generate feasible solutions. The heuristic utilized data from the Lagrangian subproblems to produce good feasible solutions. Due to the many characteristics of the original problem that were carried through to the subproblems, the heuristic produced very good feasible solutions that were typically within 1% of the Lagrangian bound. The proposed algorithm was evaluated through a number of tests. The rigidity of the problem and cost breakdown were varied to assess the performance of the solution method in many situations. The test results indicated that the addition of emission costs to a network can change the optimal configuration of the supply chain. As such, this study concluded that emission costs should be considered when designing supply chains in jurisdictions with carbon costs. Furthermore, the tests revealed that in regions without carbon costs it may be possible to significantly reduce the emissions produced by the supply chain with only a small increase in the cost to operate the system.
Book Synopsis Strategic Bargaining and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Mitigations by : Zili Yang
Download or read book Strategic Bargaining and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Mitigations written by Zili Yang and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh approach to the economics of climate change that bridges integrated assessment modeling and game theoretic modeling.Strategic Bargaining and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Mitigations: An Integrated Assessment Modeling Approach
Book Synopsis Modeling Carbon Footprint Across the Supply Chain of Food Industry by : Shyam Sundar Sundararaman Shanmugaraja
Download or read book Modeling Carbon Footprint Across the Supply Chain of Food Industry written by Shyam Sundar Sundararaman Shanmugaraja and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling and Simulation of Energy Systems by : Thomas A. Adams II
Download or read book Modeling and Simulation of Energy Systems written by Thomas A. Adams II and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Systems Engineering is one of the most exciting and fastest growing fields in engineering. Modeling and simulation plays a key role in Energy Systems Engineering because it is the primary basis on which energy system design, control, optimization, and analysis are based. This book contains a specially curated collection of recent research articles on the modeling and simulation of energy systems written by top experts around the world from universities and research labs, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, National Energy Technology Laboratory of the US Department of Energy, University of Technology Sydney, McMaster University, Queens University, Purdue University, the University of Connecticut, Technical University of Denmark, the University of Toronto, Technische Universität Berlin, Texas A&M, the University of Pennsylvania, and many more. The key research themes covered include energy systems design, control systems, flexible operations, operational strategies, and systems analysis. The addressed areas of application include electric power generation, refrigeration cycles, natural gas liquefaction, shale gas treatment, concentrated solar power, waste-to-energy systems, micro-gas turbines, carbon dioxide capture systems, energy storage, petroleum refinery unit operations, Brayton cycles, to name but a few.
