A Dod Conundrum The Handling Of Federal Retail Excise Tax On The Armys Medium Heavy Truck Fleet

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A DOD Conundrum: The Handling of Federal Retail Excise Tax on the Army's Medium & Heavy Truck Fleet

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (946 download)

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Book Synopsis A DOD Conundrum: The Handling of Federal Retail Excise Tax on the Army's Medium & Heavy Truck Fleet by :

Download or read book A DOD Conundrum: The Handling of Federal Retail Excise Tax on the Army's Medium & Heavy Truck Fleet written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the genesis of a Federal excise tax known as, FEDERAL RETAIL EXCISE TAX (FRET), and its impact on the acquisition of Medium & Heavy Tactical Wheeled Vehicles by the US Army and its sister Services. The thesis examines how DOD is impacted by the payment of this tax to the Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, and it reviews and discusses the direct cost, lost opportunity costs, and administrative burden to both DOD and its wheeled vehicle manufacturers. DOD payment of FRET to its contractors is in actuality the payment by one Government agency, the Army, to another Government agency, the IRS, through a third party, the defense contractor; who is considered by the IRS to be the taxpayer of record. As a result of this "three party" arrangement, no feedback mechanism exists between the Army and the IRS to verify actual payments, or for the Army to discuss and mitigate tax issues directly with the IRS. The result has been numerous tax disputes between the Army, its contractors, and the IRS, resulting in at least three different opinions between the IRS, the General Accounting Office (GAO), and the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) for the proper handling of FRET in sealed bid acquisitions. This adds complexity to tax applicable acquisitions, and may allow defense contractors to manipulate the competitive acquisition process. This situation costs DOD millions of dollars each year, and is examined by addressing the primary research question: "What is the cost to the Government, both monetary and otherwise, of the Army paying FRET to the IRS, through third party defense contractors?

A DOD Conundrum

Author : Harry P. Hallock
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781423526575
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (265 download)

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Book Synopsis A DOD Conundrum by : Harry P. Hallock

Download or read book A DOD Conundrum written by Harry P. Hallock and published by . This book was released on 2001-06 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the genesis of a Federal excise tax known as, FEDERAL RETAIL EXCISE TAX (FRET), and its impact on the acquisition of Medium & Heavy Tactical Wheeled Vehicles by the US Army and its sister Services. The thesis examines how DOD is impacted by the payment of this tax to the Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, and it reviews and discusses the direct cost, lost opportunity costs, and administrative burden to both DOD and its wheeled vehicle manufacturers. DOD payment of FRET to its contractors is in actuality the payment by one Government agency, the Army, to another Government agency, the IRS, through a third party, the defense contractor; who is considered by the IRS to be the taxpayer of record. As a result of this "three party" arrangement, no feedback mechanism exists between the Army and the IRS to verify actual payments, or for the Army to discuss and mitigate tax issues directly with the IRS. The result has been numerous tax disputes between the Army, its contractors, and the IRS, resulting in at least three different opinions between the IRS, the General Accounting Office (GAO), and the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) for the proper handling of FRET in sealed bid acquisitions. This adds complexity to tax applicable acquisitions, and may allow defense contractors to manipulate the competitive acquisition process. This situation costs DOD millions of dollars each year, and is examined by addressing the primary research question: "What is the cost to the Government, both monetary and otherwise, of the Army paying FRET to the IRS, through third party defense contractors?

A DOD Conundrum: The Handling of Federal Retail Excise Tax on the Army's Medium & Heavy Truck Fleet

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)

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Book Synopsis A DOD Conundrum: The Handling of Federal Retail Excise Tax on the Army's Medium & Heavy Truck Fleet by :

Download or read book A DOD Conundrum: The Handling of Federal Retail Excise Tax on the Army's Medium & Heavy Truck Fleet written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores the genesis of a Federal excise tax known as, FEDERAL RETAIL EXCISE TAX (FRET), and its impact on the acquisition of Medium & Heavy Tactical Wheeled Vehicles by the US Army and its sister Services. The thesis examines how DOD is impacted by the payment of this tax to the Department of the Treasury, through the IRS, and it reviews and discusses the direct cost, lost opportunity costs, and administrative burden to both DOD and its wheeled vehicle manufacturers. DOD payment of FRET to its contractors is in actuality the payment by one Government agency, the Army, to another Government agency, the IRS, through a third party, the defense contractor; who is considered by the IRS to be the taxpayer of record. As a result of this "three party" arrangement, no feedback mechanism exists between the Army and the IRS to verify actual payments, or for the Army to discuss and mitigate tax issues directly with the IRS. The result has been numerous tax disputes between the Army, its contractors, and the IRS, resulting in at least three different opinions between the IRS, the General Accounting Office (GAO), and the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (ASBCA) for the proper handling of FRET in sealed bid acquisitions. This adds complexity to tax applicable acquisitions, and may allow defense contractors to manipulate the competitive acquisition process. This situation costs DOD millions of dollars each year, and is examined by addressing the primary research question: "What is the cost to the Government, both monetary and otherwise, of the Army paying FRET to the IRS, through third party defense contractors?

Making Twenty-First-Century Strategy

Author : Dennis M. Drew
Publisher : www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK
ISBN 13 : 9781907521546
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Twenty-First-Century Strategy by : Dennis M. Drew

Download or read book Making Twenty-First-Century Strategy written by Dennis M. Drew and published by www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK. This book was released on 2010-05 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new work defines national security strategy, its objectives, the problems it confronts, and the influences that constrain and facilitate its development and implementation in a post-Cold War, post-9/11 environment. The authors note that making and implementing national strategy centers on risk management and present a model for assessing strategic risks and the process for allocating limited resources to reduce them. The major threats facing the United States now come from its unique status as "the sole remaining superpower" against which no nation-state or other entity can hope to compete through conventional means. The alternative is what is now called asymmetrical or fourth generation warfare. Drew and Snow discuss all these factors in detail and bring them together by examining the continuing problems of making strategy in a changed and changing world. Originally published in 2006.

The Third Pillar

Author : Raghuram Rajan
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0525558330
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

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Book Synopsis The Third Pillar by : Raghuram Rajan

Download or read book The Third Pillar written by Raghuram Rajan and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised and updated Shortlisted for the Financial Times/McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award From one of the most important economic thinkers of our time, a brilliant and far-seeing analysis of the current populist backlash against globalization. Raghuram Rajan, distinguished University of Chicago professor, former IMF chief economist, head of India's central bank, and author of the 2010 FT-Goldman-Sachs Book of the Year Fault Lines, has an unparalleled vantage point onto the social and economic consequences of globalization and their ultimate effect on our politics. In The Third Pillar he offers up a magnificent big-picture framework for understanding how these three forces--the state, markets, and our communities--interact, why things begin to break down, and how we can find our way back to a more secure and stable plane. The "third pillar" of the title is the community we live in. Economists all too often understand their field as the relationship between markets and the state, and they leave squishy social issues for other people. That's not just myopic, Rajan argues; it's dangerous. All economics is actually socioeconomics - all markets are embedded in a web of human relations, values and norms. As he shows, throughout history, technological phase shifts have ripped the market out of those old webs and led to violent backlashes, and to what we now call populism. Eventually, a new equilibrium is reached, but it can be ugly and messy, especially if done wrong. Right now, we're doing it wrong. As markets scale up, the state scales up with it, concentrating economic and political power in flourishing central hubs and leaving the periphery to decompose, figuratively and even literally. Instead, Rajan offers a way to rethink the relationship between the market and civil society and argues for a return to strengthening and empowering local communities as an antidote to growing despair and unrest. Rajan is not a doctrinaire conservative, so his ultimate argument that decision-making has to be devolved to the grass roots or our democracy will continue to wither, is sure to be provocative. But even setting aside its solutions, The Third Pillar is a masterpiece of explication, a book that will be a classic of its kind for its offering of a wise, authoritative and humane explanation of the forces that have wrought such a sea change in our lives.

The Emperor of All Maladies

Author : Siddhartha Mukherjee
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1439170916
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis The Emperor of All Maladies by : Siddhartha Mukherjee

Download or read book The Emperor of All Maladies written by Siddhartha Mukherjee and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-08-09 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a documentary from Ken Burns on PBS, this New York Times bestseller is “an extraordinary achievement” (The New Yorker)—a magnificent, profoundly humane “biography” of cancer—from its first documented appearances thousands of years ago through the epic battles in the twentieth century to cure, control, and conquer it to a radical new understanding of its essence. Physician, researcher, and award-winning science writer, Siddhartha Mukherjee examines cancer with a cellular biologist’s precision, a historian’s perspective, and a biographer’s passion. The result is an astonishingly lucid and eloquent chronicle of a disease humans have lived with—and perished from—for more than five thousand years. The story of cancer is a story of human ingenuity, resilience, and perseverance, but also of hubris, paternalism, and misperception. Mukherjee recounts centuries of discoveries, setbacks, victories, and deaths, told through the eyes of his predecessors and peers, training their wits against an infinitely resourceful adversary that, just three decades ago, was thought to be easily vanquished in an all-out “war against cancer.” The book reads like a literary thriller with cancer as the protagonist. Riveting, urgent, and surprising, The Emperor of All Maladies provides a fascinating glimpse into the future of cancer treatments. It is an illuminating book that provides hope and clarity to those seeking to demystify cancer.

Violence and Social Orders

Author : Douglass Cecil North
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521761735
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (217 download)

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Book Synopsis Violence and Social Orders by : Douglass Cecil North

Download or read book Violence and Social Orders written by Douglass Cecil North and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-02-26 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book integrates the problem of violence into a larger framework, showing how economic and political behavior are closely linked.

Sustainable Security

Author : Jeremi Suri
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190611480
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Sustainable Security by : Jeremi Suri

Download or read book Sustainable Security written by Jeremi Suri and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can the United States craft a sustainable national security strategy in a world of shifting threats, sharp resource constraints, and a changing balance of power? This volume brings together research on this question from political science, history, and political economy, aiming to inform both future scholarship and strategic decision-making.

Defence Reforms

Author : Gurmeet Kanwal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789386618344
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis Defence Reforms by : Gurmeet Kanwal

Download or read book Defence Reforms written by Gurmeet Kanwal and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keeping in mind the necessity as well as the urgency of reform, this volume brings together practitioners as well as researchers on defence issues, on the key issue of defence reforms. The aim is not just to interrogate the status of reforms in current times but to also place the issue before a wider readership.

The Goodriches

Author : Dane Starbuck
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780865971844
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis The Goodriches by : Dane Starbuck

Download or read book The Goodriches written by Dane Starbuck and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When local author Dane Starbuck set out several years ago to write the biography of Pierre Goodrich, scion of one of Indiana's most prominent twentieth-century families, he soon discovered that it was impossible to really understand Pierre Goodrich without also closely examining his family. Starbuck's years of research culminated in The Goodriches: An American Family, now available from Liberty Fund. This work is a revealing window into the founding ideals of both Indiana and our country, and how our founders meant these ideals to be lived. The Goodriches: An American Family begins with the birth of James P. Goodrich in 1864 and continues through the death of his son Pierre F. Goodrich in 1973. As the story of two fascinating and fiercely individualistic men, it is compelling reading, but as author Dane Starbuck says in the preface, ''the later chapters of this book are as much a social commentary on American life in the twentieth century as parts of a biography of two accomplished men." In his foreword to The Goodriches: An American Family, James M. Buchanan, Nobel laureate in economics and celebrated Liberty Fund author, says, "The Indiana Goodriches are an American family whose leading members, James and Pierre, helped to shape the American century. . . . This biography makes us recognize what is missing from the millennial setting in which we find ourselves. We have lost the 'idea of America, ' both as a motivation for action and as a source of emotional self-confidence. We have lost that which the Goodriches possessed." What did the Goodrich family "possess" which made them so unique? A belief in the power of knowledge, the importance of education, and a strong work ethic combined to imbue the Goodrich family with a distinctive sense of civic duty. James Goodrich served as governor of Indiana from 1917 to 1921 and as adviser to Presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. During his eulogy of James Goodrich, the Reverend Gustav Papperman explained, "The Governor felt that he had been given talents that were a trust, that he was to administer them faithfully. . . ." According to author Dane Starbuck, "Education was a large part of the Goodriches' work ethos. . . . The family viewed education as a process by virtue of which the individual remained informed, made better business decisions, learned the importance of citizenship, and was given an opportunity for individual self-improvement. Therefore, work and education became the centerpieces of the Goodrich family's ethical and practical life." In later years, Pierre Goodrich, successful businessman and entrepreneur, would set aside a portion of his estate to found Liberty Fund because he believed that the principles of liberty on which our nation was founded need to be constantly kept before the public.

Encyclopedia of American Business

Author : Rick Boulware
Publisher : Infobase Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1438109865
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of American Business by : Rick Boulware

Download or read book Encyclopedia of American Business written by Rick Boulware and published by Infobase Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Buying, selling, budgeting, and saving are fundamental business practices that almost everyone understands on a basic level.

Enforcing Competition Rules in South Africa

Author : David Lewis
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1781953759
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (819 download)

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Book Synopsis Enforcing Competition Rules in South Africa by : David Lewis

Download or read book Enforcing Competition Rules in South Africa written by David Lewis and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fascinating book describes and analyses the development of competition law in South Africa, promoting a deeper understanding of the development of this foundational economic law within its specific national, social and economic context. Enforcing Competition Rules in South Africa is a clear and insightful account of the establishment and first decade of one of the most successful competition law institutions to have mushroomed over the past 15 years. David Lewis believes that, while there is much to learn from international scholarship and jurisprudence and from participation in the various multinational initiatives in this field, competition law and its institutions have to be understood within their national economic and social contexts. Drawing strongly on case law and enforcement experiences, this book will appeal to academics, researchers and practitioners of competition law and economics.

Governing Greater Boston

Author : Charles C. Euchner
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780971842717
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Governing Greater Boston by : Charles C. Euchner

Download or read book Governing Greater Boston written by Charles C. Euchner and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gre Vocab Capacity

Author : Vince Kotchian
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781477650554
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Gre Vocab Capacity by : Vince Kotchian

Download or read book Gre Vocab Capacity written by Vince Kotchian and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2015 version published on 12/29/14. Need a good way to remember that the word "prodigal" means "wasteful"? Just think ofprada gal - a girl who spends all of her money on designer clothes. Brian McElroy (Harvard, '02) and Vince Kotchian (Boston College, '97), two of San Diego's most sought after test-prep tutors, provide a series of clever, unconventional, and funny memory devices aimed toward helping you to improve your vocabulary and remember words long-term so that you don't ever forget their meanings. Brian and Vince, combined, have been tutoring the test for over 20 years. They have analyzed all available official GRE tests to select the words that appear in this book. The vocabulary words in this book are best suited for students at a 9th-grade level or above. The words in this edition are specifically targeted toward the GRE exam, but they are also helpful for students who are preparing for other standardized tests such as the SAT, ACT, ISEE, SSAT, GMAT, LSAT or MCAT, or anyone at any age who simply wants to improve his/her knowledge of English vocabulary. Disclaimer: a few of our mnemonics might not be appropriate for kids – some contain adult language or situations. Over 950 of the words in this book appear in our other mnemonics book,SAT Vocab Capacity. So if you're easily offended, the SAT version might be a better choice. Why This Book Is Different If you're studying for the GRE, SAT, or for any other standardized test that measures your vocabulary, you may be feeling a little bit anxious – especially if you've taken a practice test and encountered words you didn't know (or maybe never even saw before)! Whether you have seven days or seven months to prepare for the test, you're going to want to boost your vocabulary. But it's not that simple – you've got to remember the words you learn. And on many GRE text completion and sentence equivalence questions, getting the right answer comes down to knowing the precise definition of the words. You could make vocabulary flashcards. You could look up words you don't know. You could read a book with lots of big words. But unless you give your brain a way to hold on to the words you learn, it will probably have a harder time remembering them when they appear on the test. That's the problem with most vocabulary books: the definitions and sentences in the books aren't especially memorable. That's where this book is different. We've not only clearly defined the words but we've also created sentences designed to help you remember the words through a variety of associations - using mnemonics. Mnemonic Examples A mnemonic is just a memory device. It works by creating a link in your brain to something else, so that recall of one thing helps recall of the other. This can be done in many ways – but the strongest links are through senses, emotions, rhymes, and patterns. Consider this example: Quash (verb): to completely stop from happening. Think: squash. The best way to quash an invasion of ants in your kitchen is simple: squash them. Now your brain has a link from the word quash (which it may not have known) to the word squash (which it probably knows). Both words sound and look the same, so it's easy to create a visual and aural link. If you picture someone squashing ants (and maybe get grossed out), you also have another visual link and an emotional link. Here's another example: Eschew (verb): to avoid. Think: ah-choo! Eschew people who say "ah-choo!" unless you want to catch their colds. The word eschew sounds similar to a sneeze (ah-choo!), so your brain will now link the two sounds. If you picture yourself avoiding someone who is about to sneeze in your face, even better! Again, the more connections you make in your brain to the new word, th

Warhogs

Author : Stuart D. Brandes
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813157609
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Warhogs by : Stuart D. Brandes

Download or read book Warhogs written by Stuart D. Brandes and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Puritans condemned war profiteering as a "Provoking Evil," George Washington feared that it would ruin the Revolution, and Franklin D. Roosevelt promised many times that he would never permit the rise of another crop of "war millionaires." Yet on every occasion that American soldiers and sailors served and sacrificed in the field and on the sea, other Americans cheerfully enhanced their personal wealth by exploiting every opportunity that wartime circumstances presented. In Warhogs, Stuart D. Brandes masterfully blends intellectual, economic, and military history into a fascinating discussion of a great moral question for generations of Americans: Can some individuals rightly profit during wartime while others sacrifice their lives to protect the nation? Drawing upon a wealth of manuscript sources, newspapers, contemporary periodicals, government reports, and other relevant literature, Brandes traces how each generation in financing its wars has endeavored to assemble resources equitably, to define the ethical questions of economic mobilization, and to manage economic sacrifice responsibly. He defines profiteering to include such topics as price gouging, quality degradation, trading with the enemy, plunder, and fraud, in order to examine the different guises of war profits and the degree to which they have existed from one era to the next. This far-reaching discussion moves beyond a linear narrative of the financial schemes that have shaped this nation's capacity to make war to an in-depth analysis of American thought and culture. Those scholars, students, and general readers interested in the interaction of legislative, economic, social, and technological events with the military establishment will find no other study that so thoroughly surveys the story of war profits in America.

The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions

Author : Jeremy Atack
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139477048
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions by : Jeremy Atack

Download or read book The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions written by Jeremy Atack and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-03-16 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collectively, mankind has never had it so good despite periodic economic crises of which the current sub-prime crisis is merely the latest example. Much of this success is attributable to the increasing efficiency of the world's financial institutions as finance has proved to be one of the most important causal factors in economic performance. In a series of insightful essays, financial and economic historians examine how financial innovations from the seventeenth century to the present have continually challenged established institutional arrangements, forcing change and adaptation by governments, financial intermediaries, and financial markets. Where these have been successful, wealth creation and growth have followed. When they failed, growth slowed and sometimes economic decline has followed. These essays illustrate the difficulties of co-ordinating financial innovations in order to sustain their benefits for the wider economy, a theme that will be of interest to policy makers as well as economic historians.

Mortal Doubt

Author : Anthony W. Fontes
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520969596
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

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Book Synopsis Mortal Doubt by : Anthony W. Fontes

Download or read book Mortal Doubt written by Anthony W. Fontes and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018-11-06 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fear of violent crime dominates Guatemala City. In the midst of unprecedented levels of postwar violence, Guatemalans struggle to fathom the myriad forces that have made life in this city so deeply insecure. Born out of histories of state terror, migration, and US deportation, maras (transnational gangs) have become the face of this new era of violence. They are brutal organizations engaged in extortion, contract killings, and the drug trade, and yet they have also become essential to the emergence of a certain kind of social order. Drawing on years of fieldwork inside prisons, police precincts, and gang-dominated neighborhoods, Anthony W. Fontes demonstrates how gang violence has become indissoluble from contemporary social imaginaries and how these gangs provide cover for a host of other criminal actors. Ethnographically rich and unflinchingly critical, Mortal Doubt illuminates the maras’ role in making and mooring collective terror in Guatemala City while tracing the ties that bind this violence to those residing in far safer environs.